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Topic: Slave trade

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	Transatlantic Slave Trade
		Slave vessels sailed from Europe with large crews, including surgeons, carpenters, coopers (barrel-workers), cooks (some of whom were of African descent), sailors (who apprenticed to sea at a young age), and others hired to guard slaves on the African coast and on the Middle Passage, where threats of rebellion and insurrection were constant.
		Slave vessels remained on the coast of Africa usually from four to six months, depending on the trading location, availability of slaves and provisions, and the health of slaves and crew.
		This expansion of the transatlantic slave trade in the 18th century, therefore, is a function of the income of European consumers and their demand for plantation goods.
	archive.blackvoices.com /research/encarta/trading.asp (5008 words)

	MSN Encarta - Atlantic Slave Trade
		Atlantic Slave Trade, the forced transportation of at least 10 million enslaved Africans from their homelands in Africa to destinations in Europe and the Americas during the 15th through 19th centuries.
		The Atlantic slave trade involved the largest intercontinental migration of people in world history prior to the 20th century.
		Although the trans-Saharan trade transported nearly as many slaves, the Atlantic slave trade took place over a much shorter period and on average moved much larger numbers of slaves per year.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761595721 (1050 words)

	The Slave Trade
		Today, we take it for granted that issues of trade are often imbued with moral issues, we continually mix politics and economics, but in 1806 and 1807 legislators had to find a way to cope with the moral, as well as commercial and constitutional implications of abolishing the slave trade.
		As we have seen from the case study of the 1808 law prohibiting the importation of slaves, the slave trade was an issue not easily defined and confronted.
		Abolition of the slave trade, although legally applicable to the entire United States, primarily affected the Southern states where slavery was still legal, because slaves were not usually brought to ports of a free state.
	www.american.edu /projects/mandala/TED/slave.htm (2905 words)

	[No title]
		It is evident that the involvement of R.I. citizens in the slave trade was widespread and abundant.
		RHODE ISLAND'S MONOPOLIZATION OF THE SLAVE TRADE Rum, as a tradable commodity in the late 1600's and early 1700's, was a factor in the establishment of the R.I. slave trade.
		Slaves in Africa were primarily taken from the "Gold Coast" slaving grounds which extended from Cape Verde and Senegal on the west, to the Bight of Berlin on the east.
	www.providence.edu /afro/students/kane/triangle.txt (1875 words)

	Learn About the UGRR: The Slave Trade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A large majority of slaving activities took place along the West African coast, chiefly between the Senegal River to the north and the Bight of Biafra in the south, though some slaving expeditions stretched around Cape Horn to today’s Tanzania.
		Slaving forts, such as James Fort, Sierre Leone and Cape Coast were a vital feature of the slave trade, and served as a central clearinghouse where slavers could exchange material trade goods for human chattel.
		Though the United States withdrew from the international slave trade in 1808, the internal slave trade between slaveholding states became a multi-million dollar industry during the nineteenth century.
	www.cr.nps.gov /ugrr/learn_a1.htm (1124 words)

	The Slave Trade - Middle Passage - African-American History Through the Arts
		Slaves were revolting and tried to flee the hardships of labor.
		A federal law, which was passed in 1793, allowed for the Fugitive Slave Act, which continued the slave trade and prohibited the freedom of the Africans.
		Before the Middle Passage began a slave trade already existed in Africa, but this slave trade was much different than the one that Europe would create for the Africans as the Atlantic World developed.
	cghs.dade.k12.fl.us /african-american/europe/slave_trade.htm (1348 words)

	Slave Castles and Diaspora of Ghana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Slave Castles and Slave Trade of Ghana
		The volume of the slave trade in West Africa grew rapidly from its inception around 1500 to its peak in the eighteenth century.
		The demographic impact of the slave trade on West Africa was probably substantially greater than the number actually enslaved because a significant number of Africans perished during slaving raids or while in captivity awaiting transshipment.
	www.atidekate.com /Diaspora.htm (1701 words)

	Timeline: The Atlantic Slave Trade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		At the Congress of Vienna, the British pressure Spain, Portugal, France and the Netherlands to agree to abolish the slave trade (though Spain and Portugal are permitted a few years of continued slaving to replenish labor supplies).
		September 23: Great Britain and Spain sign a treaty prohibiting the slave trade: Spain agrees to end the slave trade north of the equator immediately, and south of the equator in 1820.
		June 28: The Anglo-Spanish agreement on the slave trade is renewed, and enforcement is tightened.
	amistad.mysticseaport.org /timeline/atlantic.slave.trade.html (898 words)

	SLAVE TRADE
		Slaves were needed for arranging supplies for households of all kinds of foreign Muslims from kings and nobles to commoners, constructing small residential dwellings or grand and imposing State buildings etc. Slave girls were needed in plenty for providing pleasure and other services.
		Thousands of slaves were captured in the minor yearly campaigns of Firoz Tughlaq and obviously sold, for, says the contemporary chronicler Shams Siraj Afif that “in places which are sacked and looted the captives are selected as per royal regulations.
		Slave trade spread so rapidly that no one was safe from being enslaved in the heyday of Muslim power, and fl and white slaves were traded throughout the Muslim world.
	www.bharatvani.org /books/mssmi/ch10.htm (5663 words)

	The impact of the slave trade on Africa, by Elikia M’bokolo
		Resistance by the slaves themselves was thus of capital importance in the French government’s decision, and freedom, when it came, was due more to Africa’s own efforts than to a sudden burst of humanitarian feeling on the part of the slave traders.
		The great slaving companies were formed in the second half of the seventeenth century, when the Americas, and other parts of the world which the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) and various papal edicts had reserved to the Spaniards and Portuguese, were redistributed among the nations of Europe.
		All the states along the coast or close to the slave trading areas were riven by the conflict between national interest, which demands that no resource necessary to security and prosperity be neglected, and the founding charters of kingdoms, which impose on sovereigns the obligation to defend the lives, property and rights of their subjects.
	mondediplo.com /1998/04/02africa (2478 words)

	The Middle Passage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The English abolished their slave trade in 1807 and abolished slavery in their colonies on July 31, 1834 freeing some 776,000 slaves.
		The captive slaves were wedged horizontally chained to low lying platforms that were stacked in tiers, with an average individual allotted space of 6 feet long by 16 inches wide.
		Slave deaths during the Middle Passage caused by sickness, suicide, depression, and rebellion averaged 13 to 15 percent.
	multirace.org /firstday/first30.htm (872 words)

	Chronology on the History of Slavery 1619 to 1789
		Slaves were mostly for sugar plantations, diamond mines in Brazil, house servants, on tobacco farms in Virginia, in gold mines in Hispaniola and later the cotton industry in the Southern States of the USA.
		Moreover the repercussions of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on the interior of the Bight of Biafra during the period of heaviest population displacement in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries remain poorly understood.
		While many slaves were brutalized to the extent that they died without entering into meaningful and sustainable forms of social and cultural interaction with their compatriots, many other slaves more or less successfully re-established communities, reformulated their sense of identity, and reinterpreted ethnicity under slavery and freedom in the Americas.
	www.innercity.org /holt/slavechron.html (17726 words)

	Slave Trade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		While the Romans drew slaves from all across their wideley expanding Empire, the two main sources for Rome were the Black Sea region - Thrace and Bythinia - and the area near the Danube River to the north of Italy, inhabited by various Celtic and Germanic tribes.
		In fact, despite the importance of their function in society, the profession of slave trader often carried negative connotations of being dirty and deceitful.
		Slaves were one of the higher ranking commodities in the Roman world.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~thurley/trade.html (295 words)

	Slave Trade Africa
		History of slaves and "white" slave masters - The arrival of the first slaves at the Cape.
		Slave societies living in constant fear - A task force set up to track down runaway slaves.
		Emancipation of slaves - From slavery to freedom and a new culture is born.
	www.rebirth.co.za /slavery.htm (161 words)

	Bristol and the Slave Trade - Links to Online Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Bristol is still in some denial about the facts and horrors of the slave trade.
		In October 1998, I was privileged to participate in a piece of "guerrilla theatre" at the Georgian House (built by a slaver called John Pinney).
		A brief history of the slave life of the Rev. L.
	www.hotwells.freeserve.co.uk /slavetrade.html (327 words)

	The modern West African slave trade
		Recently, we have seen the revival of the once thriving slave trade routes across West Africa, after a lapse of 25 years.
		Slavers have reappeared following the old slave trade routes, except that trucks, jeeps and modern four-wheel drive vehicles and, on occasions, aircraft, have replaced the camels.
		The Society, in discharging its historic role, is currently working for the suppression of the slave trade in West Africa and the rescue of slave children.
	www.anti-slaverysociety.addr.com /slavetrade.htm (267 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: The SLAVE TRADE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The trade began to be institutionalized by Agreements of mutual benefit between the west coast Africans and European traders (with increasing numbers of slaves being taken from the interior by coastal states)while the plantation system began to develop in Madeira and elsewhere.
		Thomas then describes the development of "corporations" given monopolies on trading slaves by the various European monarchs and the economic benefits accruing to various European towns, as well as the growing wealth, culture and influence of various West African towns involved the trade.
		In 1807, the reluctant slave owners, Madison and Jefferson, in America, enacted legislation banning Americans from involvement in the international trade of slaves while non-slaveholders William Pitt and William Wilberforce did the same in the British Empire.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0684810638?v=glance (2504 words)

	Slave Trade
		The majority of fl Americans (who were once in slavery) trace their origin to an area in western Africa that was controlled by three great and wealthy fl empires from about the A.D. 300's to the late 1500's.
		During the early 5500's, the Europeans began the slave trade in which they transported the fls to the Americas.
		The whole slave trade can be summed up and narrowed down to three continents.
	www.angelfire.com /de/slavetrade (142 words)

	Slavery Images (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The thousand images in this collection have been selected from a wide range of sources, most of them dating from the period of slavery.
		This collection is envisioned as a tool and a resource that can be used by teachers, researchers, students, and the general public - in brief, anyone interested in the experiences of Africans who were enslaved and transported to the Americas and the lives of their descendants in the slave societies of the New World.
		It must be emphasized that little effort is made to interpret the images and establish the historical authenticity or accuracy of what they display.
	hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu /Slavery (227 words)

	The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
		From 1441 to 1888, the trans-Atlantic slave trade created an African Diaspora in the forced migration of some 12 million people from many diverse societies and cultures in west and west central Africa to European colonies in the Caribbean Islands, in Central and South America, and in North America.
		The European colonial enterprise was firmly based on African slavery, and historians have long acknowledged that the very creation of Capitalism as an economic system was inextricably intertwined with the trans-Atlantic slave trade and the wealth generated by the slave trade and the labor of those enslaved peoples.
		From Paul E. Lovejoy, "Volume of the Atlantic Slave Trade," Journal of African History 23 (1982), 473-501.
	www.unc.edu /depts/afriafam/AnniversaryConference/baw.htm (483 words)

	Slavery: Slave Trade \| eThemes \| eMINTS
		Read diary entries of Africans as they reflect on the slave trade in their countries.
		Read about life as a slave and hear some sound bites as they share their experiences.
		This ThinkQuest site explains the slave trade by the Portuguese, Dutch, French, and English that was in effect before America joined in.
	www.emints.org /ethemes/resources/S00000464.shtml (604 words)

	DPLS Archive: Slave Movement During the 18th and 19th Centuries
		Virginia Slave Trade in the Eighteenth Century, 1727-1769
		Angola Slave Trade in the Eighteenth Century, 1723-1771
		Nantes Slave Trade in the Eighteenth Century, 1711-1791
	dpls.dacc.wisc.edu /slavedata (238 words)

	UNESCO - Slave Trade Archives Project
		Slave Trade Archives Project - Feasibility study prepared by the International Council on Archives (ICA)
		USA - University of Wisconsin-Madison - Slave Movement during the eighteenth and nineteenth centurie
		Slave movement during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
	webworld.unesco.org /slave_quest/en/links.html (242 words)

	Juneteenth.com - The Middle Passage - Tom Feelings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Nowhere in the annals of history has a people experienced such a long and traumatic ordeal as Africans during the Atlantic slave trade.
		Over the nearly four centuries of the slave - which continued until the end of the Civil War - millions of African men, women, and children were savagely torn from their homeland, herded onto ships, and dispersed all over the so-called New World.
		Although there is no way to compute exactly how many people perished, it has been estimated that between thirty and sixty million Africans were subjected to this horrendous triangular trade system and that only one third-if that-of those people survived...'
	www.juneteenth.com /middlep.htm (126 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: The SLAVE TRADE: THE STORY OF THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE: 1440 - 1870 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		SIPs: illegally imported slaves, twelve thousand slaves, three thousand slaves, slave voyages, landed slaves (more)
		Buy this book with The Atlantic Slave Trade (New Approaches to the Am...
		The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History by James A. Rawley on 4 pages
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0684835657?v=glance (2652 words)

	Captive Passage: The Transatlantic Slave Trade and the Making of the Americas
		Captive Passage: The Transatlantic Slave Trade and the Making of the Americas
		Captive Passage has been made possible in part by:
		Recognition of additional sponsors for this exhibition can be found by clicking on ExhibitionSponsors.
	www.mariner.org /captivepassage (35 words)

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