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Topic: Slavery in antiquity

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Slavery

	Slavery in antiquity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Slavery in the ancient Mediterranean cultures comprised a mixture of debt-slavery, slavery as a punishment for crime, and the enslavement of prisoners of war.
		Most philosophers of antiquity defended slavery — douleia (the idea that not everyone should have voting rights and that some people should be forced to obey masters) as a natural and necessary institution; Aristotle believed that the practice of any manual or banausic job should be disqualifying for citizenship.
		Some other philosophers, especially in Athens, opposed slavery and believed that every person who lives in a city-state has the right to be free and to be subject to no one, except only to laws that are decided using majoritarianism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity (2656 words)

	SLAVERY - LoveToKnow Article on SLAVERY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It is not merely that in its first establishment slavery was an immense advance by substituting for the immolation of captives, often accompanied by cannibalism, their occupation in labor for the benefit of the victor.
		The Stoic regarded the condition of freedom or slavery as an external accident, indifferent in the eye of wisdom; to him it was irrational to see in liberty a ground of pride or in slavery a subject of complaint; from intolerable indignity suicide was an ever-open means of escape.
		Slavery had disappeared; the fls were employed as hired servants, receiving for their remuneration the third part of the crops they raised; and the population was rapidly rising in civilization and comfort.
	34.1911encyclopedia.org /S/SL/SLAVERY.htm (17162 words)

	slavery - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about slavery
		Slavery was abolished in the British Empire in 1833 and in the USA at the end of the Civil War (1863–65); however, it continues illegally in some countries today.
		Chattel slavery involves outright ownership of the slave by a master, but there are forms of partial slavery where an individual is tied to the land, or to another person, by legal obligations, as in serfdom or indentured labour.
		Slavery became an issue in the economic struggle between southern plantation owners and northern industrialists in the first half of the 19th century, a struggle that culminated in the American Civil War.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /slavery (1849 words)

	slavery. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Slavery as a result of debt, however, existed in very early times, and some African peoples have had the custom of putting up wives and children as hostages for an obligation; if the obligation was unfulfilled, the hostages became permanent slaves.
		Slavery was an established institution in the Greece of Homer’s time, and a large portion of the population of the Greek city-states in later days were of the servile class.
		Another form of Muslim slavery was in the eunuch guardians of the harems; eunuchs had been widely known in Greek, Roman, and especially Byzantine times, but it was among the Muslims and in East Asia that they were to survive longest.
	www.bartleby.com /65/sl/slavery.html (3173 words)

	Slavery In the South
		Under slavery the structure of white supremacy was hierarchical and patriarchal, resting on male privilege and masculinist honor, entrenched economic power, and raw force.
		What slaves hated most about slavery was not the hard work to which they were subjected, but their lack of control over their lives, their lack of freedom.
		As this happened, slavery came to define the essence of the South: to defend slavery was to be pro-Southern, whereas opposition to slavery was considered anti-Southern.
	americanrevwar.homestead.com /files/civwar/slavery.html (4841 words)

	Slavery And Abortion - phatmass phorum
		SLAVERY - Although he may have a heart and a brain, and he may be human life biologically, a slave is not a legal person.
		Don Jon is right too, but the slavery in the U.S. was "said" to be biblically justified by America's Protestant interpretation of Genesis where "Ham and his sons are to be slaves unto their brethren." They used the St. Paul stuff just as back-up.
		And since the Catholic Church has historically opposed slavery as understood in modern terms, it isn't surprising that a personal/private interpritation along side a dose of anti-Catholicism might lend itself nicely to the idea that slavery then means that slavery now is okay (in the same sense of the word).
	www.phatmass.com /phorum/index.php?showtopic=6468 (954 words)

	Slavery in Antiquity
		Slavery was employed in pretty much every society in the world in 1100 AD.
		The French, English and Germans owned slaves just like the Ghanaians, the Moors and other Slave economies (indeed, the word English word "slave" is a derivative of the word "Slav" since most slaves in Medieval Europe were captured from the Slavic lands; the word "Welsh" is derived from the Anglo-Saxon word wealas meaning "servant").
		The essential difference between slavery in a Slave Economy and slavery in a non-Slave economy is in scale - in Medieval Europe, slaves were employed but not in any numerically significant way; on the other hand, in Medieval Ife, something like 70% of the population were slaves.
	www.xmission.com /~bob/lote13/Rules13/Slaves.html (320 words)

	M-TH: Slavery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Classical slavery with its legal categories of rent-producing assets (instrumentum mutum [plough], instrumentum semi-vocale [ox] instrumentum vocale [slave]) raised the mystification of rent as the source of wealth to its highest degree, but this was based on the material reality of the predominant slave mode of production which had its own social logic.
		When slavery becomes assimilated to the world market and its products commensurated 'as if' they were the products of free wage labour, slavery loses its autonomy and is revealed as a mere historical anomaly.
		All those social forms: slavery, debt-bondage, domestic female servitude, whatever, are just more or less polite social fictions or fig leaves covering the same reality of exploitation by means of which surplus labour is transformed into surplus value thru commodity production.
	lists.econ.utah.edu /pipermail/marxism-thaxis/1998-July/010384.html (900 words)

	2004 Pruit Memorial Symposium "Slavery, Oppression & Prejudice" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Slavery, Oppression, and Prejudice: Ancient Roots and Modern Implications will assemble an interdisciplinary group of scholars for an international conference addressing the nature, origins, and implications of the practice of slavery from antiquity through modernity, with special attention to the wide-ranging moral and theological responses the phenomenon has prompted among Christians.
		Northern Christians continued to contest the legitimacy of slavery, but as cotton became entrenched in the South, southern Christians generally silenced their opposition to slavery, and over time turned their argument in a different direction, utilizing religion and the Bible to defend slavery as a positive good.
		Only civil war would decide the fate of slavery, and then not without a hard and prolonged fight, one in which both sides relied heavily upon religion to legitimize their cause.
	www3.baylor.edu /IFL/Pruit2004/about.htm (999 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Slavery [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Slavery is any of a number of related conditions involving control of a person against his or her will, enforced by violence or other clear forms of coercion.
		After the United Nations and western observers withdrew in 1964 leaving Indonesia in authority and able to begin a program of genocide, the natives were used as conscript labor in logging camps.
		In England in 1772 the case of a runaway slave named James Somerset, who his owner was attempting to return to Jamaica, came before the Lord Chief Justice William Murray, Lord Mansfield.
	encyclozine.com /Slavery (8168 words)

	Jew - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Defeats in the Jewish-Roman Wars in the years 70 CE and 135 notably contributed to the numbers and geography of the diaspora, as significant numbers of the Jewish population of the Land of Israel were expelled and sold to slavery throughout the empire.
		This is the traditional explanation to the Jewish diaspora, almost universally accepted by past and present rabbinical or Talmudical scholars, who believe that Jews are almost exclusively biological descendants of the Judean exiles, a belief backed up at least partially by DNA evidence.
		They were only affected by the diaspora in its spiritual sense and by the sense of loss and homelessness which became a cornerstone of the Jewish creed, much supported by persecutions in various parts of the world.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jew (5878 words)

	SLAVERY - Online Information article about SLAVERY
		The principal slaves often enjoyed the confidence of their masters and had important duties entrusted to them; and, after lengthened and meritorious SLAVERY 217 unworthy compliance on the other, the latter having its raison d'e"tre in degrading services rendered by the slave.
		Aristotle held slavery to be necessary and natural, and, under just conditions, beneficial to both parties in Theoretic the relation—views which were correct enough from the views on political side, regard being had to the contemporary slavery.
		Certain offences reduced the guilty persons to slavery (servi poenae), and they were employed in public work in the quarries or the mines.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /SIV_SOU/SLAVERY.html (6760 words)

	Black News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Before American slavery, slavery of antiquity was never a life-time situation.
		But, with this "Peculiar Institution" of slavery in America, slavery was a life-time situation.
		At a ceremony attended by prominent African-Americans in politics, science, business and the arts, the president said all American children need to be taught about the indignity of slavery, and the courage and dignity shown by the leaders of the civil rights movement.
	www.blacknewsweekly.com /news53.html (467 words)

	Digital History
		Slavery in the classical and the early medieval worlds was not based on racial distinctions.
		Racial slavery originated during the Middle Ages, when Christians and Muslims increasingly began to recruit slaves from east, north central, and west Africa.
		It was only in the New World that slavery provided the labor force for a high-pressure profit-making capitalist system of plantation agriculture producing cotton, sugar, coffee, and cocoa for distant markets.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /database/article_display.cfm?HHID=62 (334 words)

	Christianity and Slavery
		After all, Christianity was born into a world where chattel slavery, one person owning another, was the cornerstone of the economy.
		The result of hers and similar efforts was that, by the eleventh century, slavery had been effectively abolished in western Europe.
		Despite the Bible's apparent acknowledgment of slavery, what the Bible taught us about God and man led Christians to conclude that the holding of another man or woman in bondage was a sin.
	acct.tamu.edu /smith/ethics/BP_Christianity_and_Slavery.htm (609 words)

	HistoryWiz: Slavery
		Slavery in the Roman Republic Ancient History Sourcebook - the conduct and treatment of slaves as seen through Roman comedy
		Slavery in the Roman Empire: Numbers and Origins John Madden Dublin University
		Parts of the exhibits include Slavery, the Peculiar Institution, Free Blacks in the Antebellum Period, Abolition, the Civil War, and later periods in African American History
	www.historywiz.com /slavery.htm (702 words)

	Amazon.com: Slaves and Other Objects: Books: Page duBois (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		And yet the ubiquity of slaves in ancient societies has been overlooked by scholars who idealize antiquity, misconstrued by those who view slavery through the lens of race, and obscured by the split between historical and philological approaches to the classics.
		DuBois begins her study by exploring the material culture of slavery, including how most museum exhibits erase the presence of slaves in the classical world.
		She contends throughout that portraying the difference between slave and free as natural was pivotal to Greek concepts of selfhood and political freedom, and that scholars who idealize such concepts too often fail to recognize the role that slavery played in their articulation.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0226167879?v=glance (996 words)

	OUP: UK General Catalogue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Against the traditional opinion that after the Babylonian Exile Jews refrained from employing slaves, Catherine Hezser shows that slavery remained a significant phenomenon of ancient Jewish everyday life and generated a discourse which resembled Graeco-Roman and early Christian views while at the same time preserving specifically Jewish nuances.
		Hezser examines the impact of domestic slavery on the ancient Jewish household and on family relationships.
		Like their Graeco-Roman and Christian counterparts, ancient Jewish intellectuals did not advocate the abolition of slavery, but they used the biblical tradition and their own judgements to ameliorate the status quo.
	www.oup.com /uk/catalogue/?ci=9780199280865 (340 words)

	Spring 2005 Courses in Classical Culture
		A series of case studies illustrating the practice of slavery from Bronze Age Greece through the late Roman Empire.
		The course will begin with a review of Near Eastern and Biblical slavery, and will conclude by studying the influence of ancient thought on slavery in the Spanish Caribbean.
		We will also examine ancient racism through the prism of a variety of social processes in antiquity: slavery, trade and colonization, racial migrations, imperialism, assimilation, native revolts, and genocide.
	www.temple.edu /classics/spring2005.html (663 words)

	Amazon.ca: The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Davis depicts the various ways different societies have responded to the intrinsic contradictions of slavery from antiquity to the early 1770's in order to establish the uniqueness of the abolitionists' response.
		This exemplary introduction to the history of slavery in Western culture presents the traditions in thought and value that gave rise to the attitudes of both abolitionists and defenders of slavery in the late
		Winner of the Bancroft Prize, the National Book Award, and the Beveridge Award of the A.H.A., he is the author of several books, including Slavery and Human Progress and The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0195056396 (498 words)

	Robert Watson - West Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The discussion included differences between slavery in Africa and the Americas.
		Closer to slavery in antiquity than American slavery.
		Done from an African/African-American perspective, this story is a vastly different one from the generally distorted representations of African people that Hollywood gives us.
	www.stratalum.org /july23/watson.html (257 words)

	Department of the Study of Religions \| SOAS, University of London
		Jewish Slavery in Antiquity, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 (in press).
		Hezser has distinguished herself as a major expert in the social history of Jews in Roman Palestine in late antiquity.
		She employs the methods and results of the social sciences and of (post-modern) literary criticism to better understand Jewish life and culture in Hellenistic and Roman times.
	www.soas.ac.uk /Religions/staff/hezser.htm (306 words)

	Latin American and Caribbean Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Traces slavery from Antiquity to late eighteenth-century "America".
		Highlighting the legal, economic, and religious basis for slavery, we chart the rise of slavery in the New World, exploring the similarities and salient differences between the experiences of the enslaved across time and space.
		Explores the history of African-descended people throughout Latin America during the period from 1492 to 1800, emphasizing the varied experiences of slavery and freedom, the emergence of race and colonial categories of difference, and the gendered lives of racialized colonial subjects.
	www.wcas.northwestern.edu /lacs/current.html (1000 words)

	slavery: Bibliography
		The First Emancipation: The Abolition of Slavery in the North
		Slavery in the Structure of American Politics, 1765–1820
		Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire's Slaves
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/bus/A0871004.html (210 words)

	Hellenic Studies Program
		Speros Vryonis, Jr., Emeritus Alexander S. Onassis Professor of Hellenic civilization and Culture, New York University, "The Historical Experience of the Greek People in Antiquity, Byzantium, Pax Ottomanica, and Modern Times: Continuity and Change." 5:00pm, Room 211, Hall of Graduate Studies, 320 York Street.
		Polymnia Athanassiadi, Professor of Late Antique Studies, University of Athens, "Late Antiquity: From Man to God.
		The Benaki Museum is planning to hold a wide-ranging, multidisciplinary exhibition on Late Antiquity in its spacious new exhibition premises in Piraeus Street.
	www.yale.edu /ycias/hsp/past_events.html (750 words)

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