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Topic: Slavery in the Americas

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	sociology - Slavery
		Slavery in the ancient Mediterranean cultures was a mixture of debt-slavery, slavery as a punishment for crime, and the enslavement of prisoners of war.
		Slavery in the Americas during the 17th century was an institution that made little distinction as to the race of the enslaved or the free man. But by the 18th century, the overwhelming number of enslaved "fl" persons was such that white and Native American slavery was less common.
		Slavery under European rule began with importation of white European slaves (or indentured servants), was followed by the enslavement of local aborigines in the Caribbean, and eventually was primarily replaced with Africans imported through a large slave trade as the native populations declined through disease.
	www.aboutsociology.com /sociology/Slavery (7955 words)

	Slavery - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-24)
		Slavery in the ancient Mediterranean cultures was a mixture of debt-slavery, slavery as a punishment for crime, and the enslavement of prisoners of war.
		Slavery in the Americas during the 17th century was an institution that made little distinction as to the race of the enslaved or the free man. But by the 18th century, the overwhelming number of enslaved "fl" persons was such that white and Native American slavery was less common.
		Slavery under European rule began with importation of white European slaves (or indentured servants), was followed by the enslavement of local aborigines in the Caribbean, and eventually was primarily replaced with Africans imported through a large slave trade as the native populations declined through disease.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /slavery.htm (8267 words)

	Slavery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Slavery in the ancient Mediterranean cultures and the Islamic Caliphate was a mixture of debt-slavery, marriage, slavery as a punishment for crime, and the enslavement of prisoners of war.
		Slavery under European rule began with importation of European indentured laborers, was followed by the enslavement of indigenous peoples in the Caribbean, and eventually was primarily replaced with Africans imported through a large slave trade.
		Slavery in Japan was, for most of its history, endogenous, since the export and import of slaves was restricted by the fact of Japan being a group of islands.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Slavery (5946 words)

	Questioning Slavery, a history book review
		In discussing the conditions experienced by Africans under slavery, Walvin is at pains to emphasise the diversity of plantation regimes in British America and the variations in demographic outcomes for slaves of life in the Americas.
		Nor, he goes on to argue, was it evident that slavery would `die a natural death' (p.164) in the British Caribbean, even after the abolition of the British slave trade in 1807 and the growth of rebelliousness among the slave populations in the British islands in 1816-31.
		Slavery was not only central to the development of Britain's first colonial empire, therefore, but concern about enslaved Africans also helped to shape the direction of political and social change in Britain after 1783.
	www.history.ac.uk /ihr/Focus/Slavery/reviews/richards.html (1420 words)

	Abolition of slavery in the United States
		Whilst slavery was gradually reduced in the northern states, the determination of the southern states to oppose emancipation led to the Civil War of 1861 - 65.
		Slavery was abolished in British Caribbean colonies from 1834, though slaves were forced to undertake a further 4 year period of apprenticeship before they were finally freed.
		The economic and political history of many of the former slave colonies of Latin America and the Caribbean has continued to be one of little improvement for the majority of the population.
	www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk /maritime/slavery/abolition_americas.asp (503 words)

	Slavery in America
		It is not too much to say that profits made from slavery and the slave trade in the years from 1600 to 1860 greatly contributed to the emergence of Western Europe and the United States as the dominant nations of the world.
		A number of northern states, had abolished slavery by 1800, and the federal Congress banned slavery from the vast region of unorganized territory north of the Ohio River with the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.
		As the institution of slavery grew and prospered in the new century, slaveholders in the new cotton producing states simply adopted the already existing laws for treating and handling slaves established prior to 1776 in the old tobacco regions..
	www.slaveryinamerica.org /history/hs_es_overview.htm (11743 words)

	slavery in the Americas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-24)
		Millions of Africans were transported across the Atlantic and sold into slavery in the Americas.
		With the growth of the African slave trade, slavery in the Western mind became associated with race as with the collapse of Native American populations, it was Africans who were enslaved in huge numbers.
		HBC has very limited information on slavery and how slave children were dressed at this time, but it is an issue we hope to persue.
	histclo.hispeed.com /act/work/slave/sg-am.html (1781 words)

	The Atlantic slave trade, slavery and reparations - JAMAICAOBSERVER.COM
		Slavery was the congenital twin of the slave trade and more important in the daily lives of the enslaved.
		Slavery everywhere was generally restrictive and harsh and slave life tended to be, in the words of Thomas Hobbes, "nasty, brutish and short".
		The question of reparations for the manifest injustices of slavery after 1500 is a legitimate exercise although enormously complex and eventually futile.
	www.jamaicaobserver.com /columns/html/20070109T180000-0500_117676_OBS_THE_ATLANTIC_SLAVE_TRADE__SLAVERY_AND_REPARATIONS_.asp (1007 words)

	Slavery's Living Legacy
		However, traditional systems of domestic slavery - brutal as they could be - were transformed and intensified on an unprecedented scale as the internal slave trade also generated an export trade, first across the Sahara and then across the Atlantic.
		The racist ideologies of the early 19th century were thus rooted in the slave trade and in turn materially affected the fate of Africans everywhere.
		It empowered regimes brutal enough to extort taxes or slaves from their neighbours and engendered the spread of domestic slavery as increasing numbers of people were needed to grow crops to feed those slaves awaiting export.
	afgen.com /slavery6.html (848 words)

	Digital History
		Slavery had been important in the medieval empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai, and slave exports had supplemented the export of gold.
		Slavery was an economically inefficient institution that impeded the growth of industry, retarded the growth of cities, and inhibited technological innovation; relations between masters and slaves were characterized by paternalism; compared to Brazil and the Caribbean, what stands out in the U.S. is the infrequency of slave revolts.
		Slavery in the U.S. was distinctive in the near-balance of the sexes and the ability of the slave population to increase its numbers by natural reproduction.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /historyonline/slav_fact.cfm (4714 words)

	African Slavery Images
		Slaves have served in capacities as diverse as concubines, warriors, servants, craftsmen, tutors, and victims of ritual sacrifice.
		Civil War, American, devastating military conflict between the United States of America and 11 former states that seceded and formed the Confederate States of America.
		Ellen Craft (1826-1891) was a light-skinned fl who helped her and her husband escape from slavery by passing as white; William Craft (1824-1900) is known for the autobiographical slave narrative that described the couple's dramatic escape.
	www.africanaonline.com /slavery.htm (321 words)

	Chronology on the History of Slavery 1619 to 1789
		Slavery had existed as a human institution for centuries, but the slaves were usually captives taken in war or members of the lowest class in a society.
		America was one of the first nations to declare that the rights of the individual were paramount, that "all men were created equal".
		In the Americas, slave labor became the key component in trans-Atlantic agriculture and commerce supporting the booming capitalist economy of the 17th and 18th centuries, with the greatest demand in the Americas coming from Brazil and the sugar plantations of the Caribbean.
	www.innercity.org /holt/slavechron.html (17488 words)

	Slavery in the North
		African slavery is so much the outstanding feature of the South, in the unthinking view of it, that people often forget there had been slaves in all the old colonies.
		The elements which characterized Southern slavery in the 19th century, and which New England abolitionists claimed to view with abhorrence, all were present from an early date in the North.
		Slavery was still very much alive, and in some places even expanding, in the northern colonies of British North America in the generation before the American Revolution.
	www.slavenorth.com (1481 words)

	BBC - The Slavery Business
		Slavery was a common institution in many societies in the pre-modern world.
		But as early as 1700 slaves could be found throughout the settled Americas in both town and country, working on ships (including the slave ships) and in most corners of the economy.
		And the plantations of the Americas were able to function because of the imports from Europe, Africa and North America.
	www.open2.net /slavery/slavery_to_freedom_p.html (794 words)

	Nonfiction. Bartleby.com
		The seven masterpieces of debate on the evil of slavery.
		The Pulitzer Prize–winning chronicle for the general reader of four bloody years that stemmed from the practice of slavery.
		Exemplifies the inner life of the Society of Friends and the first crusade against slavery in the Americas.
	www.bartleby.com /nonfiction (1199 words)

	Untitled Document
		It is not surprising therefore that Phillips and the majority of American historians who followed his lead should see the inefficiencies of slavery and the social and moral behavior of fls under slavery as a result of the Negro's race and not as a consequence of slavery.
		Latin slavery was probably milder, encouraged manumission, was abolished with less violence, and with a modern legacy of race relations which was non-racist.
		His central point was further emphasized when he asserted that the US slavery had much the same impact on fls that the Nazi concentration camps had upon their inmates.
	www.duke.edu /~sab20/slavery.htm (1262 words)

	Slavery Guide: Bibliographical Essay
		Relying on a wide array of quantitative data, this book argued that slavery was a highly profitable institution; that slave labor was highly efficient; that masters promoted stable nuclear families; and that slaves were healthy, well fed, rarely whipped, and seldom sold away from their spouses.
		The law of slavery is analyzed in Paul Finkelman, ed., Slavery and the Law (1996); A Leon Higginbotham, Jr., In the Matter of Color (1978); Mark Tushnet, The American Law of Slavery (1981); and Alan Watson, Slave Law in the Americas (1989).
		Women's lives under slavery are skillfully explored in Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Within the Plantation Household: Black and White Women in the Old South (1988); Jacqueline Jones, Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow (1985); Melton A. McLaurin, Celia: A Slave (1991); and Deborah Gray White, Ar'n't I a Woman (1985).
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /modules/slavery/bibliographical_essay.html (753 words)

	CBCF Publications
		November 20, 2003 is Brazil’s day of recognition in honor of Zumbi de Palmares—a 17th century African warrior who escaped slavery and led Brazil’s largest and strongest Quilombo, or fortified town for African escapees.
		Ecuadorian Congressman Rafael Erazo declared racism a structural problem that is endemic throughout the Americas and the Caribbean.
		Reminding participants that slavery was the first manifestation of globalization, Magali Naves, a representative of Brazil’s new Special Office for the Promotion of Racial Equality urged attendees to make eradication of racial discrimination the center of new public policies in an effort to reduce the gap between law and reality.
	www.cbcfinc.org /Resources/Neo_Slavery.html (1122 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Americas \| Brazil unveils anti-slavery plan
		He says that the country needs tougher laws allowing farms where slavery occurs to be confiscated, as well as the political will to eradicate the practice.
		In areas of the Amazon, there are frequent stories of landless peasants being lured to remote farms with promises of work only to find themselves caught in a web of debt from which they cannot escape.
		Brazil was the last country in the Americas to officially abolish slavery in 1888 and it imported the most slaves from Africa.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/americas/2842219.stm (251 words)

	Amazon.com: Slavery and African Ethnicities in the Americas: Restoring the Links: Books: Gwendolyn Midlo Hall (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-24)
		This book is an introduction to the expanding analysis of slave trade, slavery, and other records that give us a concrete look at what parts of Africa and which societies and cultures, the millions of slaves who were brought to the New World came from and where they went.
		Rather than an atomization of different African cultures, the Americas were populated by accumulations of Africans from particular regions who continued and adapted the culture they possessed in Africa and created new African American cultures.
		Anyone who has then travelled or perhaps recalled their previous experience in the Americas is shocked to realize then that the African diaspora in the Americans must reflect this, or at least used to reflect this diversity in some way.
	www.amazon.com /Slavery-African-Ethnicities-Americas-Restoring/dp/0807829730 (1242 words)

	Library Resources for "Slavery in the Americas"
		America: History and Life - World and American history from 1450 to the present.
		Note: Latin America is covered by both America: History and Life and Historical Abstracts, with more in Historical Abstracts.
		Making of America - A digital library of primary sources in U.S. social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction.
	www.indiana.edu /~libsalc/history/courses/slavery.html (799 words)

	Chronology on the History of Slavery 1619 to 1789
		Slavery had existed as a human institution for centuries, but the slaves were usually captives taken in war or members of the lowest class in a society.
		America was one of the first nations to declare that the rights of the individual were paramount, that "all men were created equal".
		In the Americas, slave labor became the key component in trans-Atlantic agriculture and commerce supporting the booming capitalist economy of the 17th and 18th centuries, with the greatest demand in the Americas coming from Brazil and the sugar plantations of the Caribbean.
	innercity.org /holt/slavechron.html (17726 words)

	More Than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas (Blacks in the Diaspora) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-24)
		A diverse variety of essays on fl women in slavery that covers America's perculiar institution from its inception to shortly after the Civil War.
		Some of the essays are poorly written and obviously missing key elements in their focused attempt to prove their argument, others are superbly written and try to account for as many aspects of culture as is possible.
		One particularly enlightening essay is "Africa to the Americas?" by Claire Robertson, in which she debunks a number of widely spouted partial truths about African culture that Americanists often use to justify gender relations among slaves.
	www.enotalone.com /books/0253210437.html (552 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| Slavery's living legacy
		However, traditional systems of domestic slavery - brutal as they could be - were transformed and intensified on an unprecedented scale as the internal slave trade also generated an export trade, first across the Sahara and then across the Atlantic.
		It was this hunger for labour which fed the demand for slavery in the Americas.
		It empowered regimes brutal enough to extort taxes or slaves from their neighbours and engendered the spread of domestic slavery as increasing numbers of people were needed to grow crops to feed those slaves awaiting export.
	www.guardian.co.uk /usa/story/0,12271,999979,00.html (956 words)

	Amazon.ca: More Than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas: Books: David B. Gaspar,Darlene Clark Hine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-24)
		A diverse variety of essays on fl women in slavery that covers America's perculiar institution from its inception to shortly after the Civil War.
		Some of the essays are poorly written and obviously missing key elements in their focused attempt to prove their argument, others are superbly written and try to account for as many aspects of culture as is possible.
		One particularly enlightening essay is "Africa to the Americas?" by Claire Robertson, in which she debunks a number of widely spouted partial truths about African culture that Americanists often use to justify gender relations among slaves.
	www.amazon.ca /More-Than-Chattel-Slavery-Americas/dp/0253210437 (675 words)

	H-Net Review: Jan Hogendorn on The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas
		The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas.
		In Chapter 3, "Europeans and African Slavery in the Americas," Eltis turns to the question of why European slaves were not an adequate substitute for Africans in bondage.
		An interesting review of European attempts to establish farms and plantations on or near the African coast leads to analysis of technical and ecological constraints but concludes that the main barriers were political and military, with Europeans generally unable at this stage to penetrate any significant distance inland from their ships' guns.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=27621963435443 (1078 words)

	Africa and Slavery, African Slave Trade - African History on the Internet
		A chronology of slavery, abolition, and emancipation, from the fifteenth century to the present day with details of the main historical and cultural events related to slavery.
		Slavery in South Africa as practised in the Cape Colony between 1658 and 1834.
		I find the number of slaves exported from a country to be an important determinant of economic performance in the second half of the 20th century." Nunn is a Ph.D. candidate, Department of Economics and Institute for Policy Analysis, University of Toronto.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/africa/history/hislavery.html (7363 words)

	Black Slavery in the Americas: An Interdisciplinary Bibliography, 1865-1980 Vol. 1
		Black Slavery in the Americas: An Interdisciplinary Bibliography, 1865-1980 Vol.
		Slavery in the North, the Midwest, and the West
		Slavery in the District of Columbia and the Upper South
	www.questia.com /PM.qst?a=o&d=99117218 (357 words)

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