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Topic: Slavery in the British and French Caribbean

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: History of slavery
		Slavery in the ancient Mediterranean cultures was a mixture of debt-slavery, slavery as a punishment for crime, and the enslavement of prisoners of war.
		Slavery in the Americas during the 17th century was an institution that made little distinction as to the race of the enslaved or the free man. But by the 18th century, the overwhelming number of enslaved "fl" persons was such that white and Native American slavery was less common.
		Slavery under European rule began with importation of white European slaves (or indentured servants), was followed by the enslavement of local aborigines in the Caribbean, and eventually was primarily replaced with Africans imported through a large slave trade as the native populations declined through disease.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/History-of-slavery (501 words)

	Slavery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Slavery in the ancient Mediterranean cultures, including Greece and Rome (and parts of the Roman Empire), and the Islamic Caliphate was a mixture of debt-slavery, marriage, slavery as a punishment for crime, the enslavement of prisoners of war, and the birth of slave children to slaves.
		Slavery in the French Republic was abolished on February 4, 1794.
		Slavery was outlawed on English Annexation of New Zealand in 1840, immediately prior to the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, although it did not end completely until government was effectively extended over the whole of the country with the defeat of the King movement in the New Zealand Wars of the mid 1860s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Slavery (7342 words)

	[No title]
		Slavery in the ancient Mediterranean cultures, including Greece and Rome (and parts of the Roman Empire), and the Islamic Caliphate was a mixture of debt-slavery, marriage, slavery as a punishment for crime, the enslavement of prisoners of war, and the birth of slave children to slaves.
		Slavery was commonly used in the parts of the Caribbean controlled by France and the British Empire.
		Slavery under European rule began with importation of European indentured labourers, was followed by the enslavement of indigenous peoples in the Caribbean, and eventually was primarily replaced with Africans imported through a large slave trade.
	www.algebra.com /~pavlovd/wiki/Slavery (7257 words)

	slavery - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about slavery
		Slavery was abolished in the British Empire in 1833 and in the USA at the end of the Civil War (1863–65); however, it continues illegally in some countries today.
		Chattel slavery involves outright ownership of the slave by a master, but there are forms of partial slavery where an individual is tied to the land, or to another person, by legal obligations, as in serfdom or indentured labour.
		Slavery became an issue in the economic struggle between southern plantation owners and northern industrialists in the first half of the 19th century, a struggle that culminated in the American Civil War.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /slavery (1849 words)

	Slavery in the British and French Caribbean - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Slavery in the British and French Caribbean refers to slavery in the parts of the Caribbean dominated by France or the British Empire.
		By the middle of the 17th century, British Jamaica and French Saint-Domingue had become the largest and most brutal slave societies of the region, rivaling Brazil as a destination for enslaved Africans.
		With the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, the new British colony of Trinidad was left with a severe shortage of labour.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean (673 words)

	slavery. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Slavery as a result of debt, however, existed in very early times, and some African peoples have had the custom of putting up wives and children as hostages for an obligation; if the obligation was unfulfilled, the hostages became permanent slaves.
		Slavery was an established institution in the Greece of Homer’s time, and a large portion of the population of the Greek city-states in later days were of the servile class.
		Another form of Muslim slavery was in the eunuch guardians of the harems; eunuchs had been widely known in Greek, Roman, and especially Byzantine times, but it was among the Muslims and in East Asia that they were to survive longest.
	www.bartleby.com /65/sl/slavery.html (3173 words)

	Slavery: Legacy debate in the House of Lords
		The under-development and poverty which affect the majority of countries in Africa and in the Caribbean, as well as the ghetto conditions in which many fl people live in the United States and elsewhere, are not, speaking in general terms, the result of laziness, incompetence or corruption of African people or their governments.
		The slavery experience has left a bitter legacy which endures to this day in terms of family breakdown, landlessness, under-development and a longing among many to return to the motherland from which their ancestors were taken.
		Slavery was abolished as the result of inspired and tireless efforts by the campaigners coupled with a growing doubt about its material economic advantages, a point to which the noble Viscount referred.
	www.arm.arc.co.uk /LordsHansard.html (9493 words)

	Digital History
		For a long time it was widely assumed that southern slavery was harsher and crueler than slavery in Latin America, where the Catholic church insisted that slaves had a right to marry, to seek relief from a cruel master, and to purchase their freedom.
		Slavery in the United States was especially distinctive in the ability of the slave population to increase its numbers by natural reproduction.
		Compared with the British and French, the Spanish and Portuguese were much more tolerant of racial mixing, an attitude encouraged by a shortage of European women, and recognized a wide range of racial gradations, including fl, mestizo, quadroon, and octoroon.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /black_voices/voices_display.cfm?id=24 (1086 words)

	French slavery
		French slavery totals in the 17th century were lower than they might have been due to incompetence, bankruptcies, and mismanagement and strict royal rules about buying from, or selling to, other empires.
		The British had occupied the colony and re-instated slavery, and by the time they handed it back to France at the Peace of Amiens (1802) the French had gotten over their flirtation with emancipation and were back in the slavery business.
		Slavery finally was abolished in Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guiana, and Réunion by the government that came to power after the 1848 revolution, spurred by slave uprisings in the colonies.
	etymonline.com /columns/frenchslavery.htm (3125 words)

	Slavery
		The Caribbean is a vastly diverse area representing the effects of colonialism, slavery, and the combination of many cultures.
		Slavery played an important role in the how the economy changed the islands because there was a shift on the main economic ingredient, Sugar.
		During the 1620’s the British colony of Barbados began to export sugar to Britain and this was the first step in the transformation of the Caribbean.
	www.trincoll.edu /~sramos/slavery.htm (2039 words)

	slavery: History — FactMonster.com
		Although it is commonly held that slavery was rare among primitive pastoral peoples and that it appeared in full form only with the development of an agricultural economy, there are numerous instances that contradict this belief.
		Slavery as a result of debt, however, existed in very early times, and some African peoples have had the custom of putting up wives and children as hostages for an obligation; if the obligation was unfulfilled, the hostages became permanent slaves.
		Slavery was an established institution in the Greece of Homer's time, and a large portion of the population of the Greek city-states in later days were of the servile class.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/bus/A0861124.html (1291 words)

	Africans in America/Part 3/The Haitian Revolution
		The French Revolution of 1789 not only propelled all of Europe into a war, but also touched off slave uprisings in the Caribbean.
		Toussaint L'Ouverture, the leader of the Saint Domingue rebellion, abandoned his Spanish allies, joined the forces of the French Republic as a brigadier general, and turned his troops against Spain.
		In 1797 Toussaint was made commander-in-chief of the island by the French Convention.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aia/part3/3p2990.html (282 words)

	Your Caribbean Cruises - St. Lucia Cruises.
		It was during slavery that the distinctive patois still spoken today developed—a combination of French and several African languages (see Languages, Creole, in the Caribbean).
		The fact that most Saint Lucian fls spoke French patois put them at a disadvantage when the country permanently became a British territory in 1814, and this linguistic difference is one of the factors that continues to contribute to the island's high illiteracy rate.
		During its 1st century of British authority Saint Lucia had been ruled by crown colony government, under which all political decisions regarding the island were made by a council appointed by the British Crown.
	www.your-caribbean-cruises.com /southern-caribbean/st_lucia.htm (1119 words)

	History of Barbados
		After slavery was abolished in 1834, many of the new citizens of Barbados took advantage of the superb education available on the island.
		Slavery, abolished in 1834, was followed by a 4-year apprenticeship period during which free men continued to work a 45-hour week without pay in exchange for living in the tiny huts provided by the plantation owners.
		Barbados was first occupied by the British in 1627 and remained a British colony until internal autonomy was granted in 1961.
	www.barbados.org /history1.htm (1326 words)

	Caribbean Net News: Martinique
		PARIS, France (AFP): The French Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique face a "health disaster" with soaring cancer and infertility rates because of the massive use of banned pesticides on banana plantations, a top cancer specialist warned Monday.
		The hurricane roared through the Caribbean, gradually increasing in intensity, leaving a trail of devastation from Martinique, Guadeloupe and St Lucia in the east to Belize in the west.
		French prime minister, Francois Fillon, arrived in Martinique and was due to follow with a trip Guadeloupe for a very short stay.
	www.caribbeannetnews.com /martinique/martinique.php (723 words)

	The Boom in Caribbean Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Caribbean, especially British and French sugar islands like Barbados, Jamaica, and St.-Domingue (now Haiti), was in some respects the cultural and economic crossroads of the world.
		The non-Spanish Caribbean holdings of the ASC Division are probably strongest for Jamaica and Haiti, which were not coincidentally the most heavily populated pair of West Indian sugar colonies in the eighteenth century.
		Students of Caribbean history have, for example, taught many historians of early British North America to see the 13 colonies and the West Indian colonies of the British Empire as part of the same economic and cultural world.
	www.library.miami.edu /RichterNews/carib.html (1731 words)

	Introducation of Caribbean Region \| Caribbean Travel Guide
		The Caribbean (Spanish: Caribe; French: Caraïbe; Dutch: Cariben) is a region of the Americas consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (most of which enclose the sea), and the surrounding coasts.
		The West Indies consist of the Antilles, divided into the larger Greater Antilles which bound the sea on the north and the Lesser Antilles on the east, and the Bahamas which are northeast of the sea.
		The name “Caribbean” is named after the Caribs, one of the dominant Amerindian groups in the region at the time of European contact during the late 15th century.
	caribbean-region.com /travel/3/introducation-of-caribbean-region.html (500 words)

	Winds of Change.NET: French Slavery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		French slavery totals in the 17th century were lower than they might have been due to incompetence, bankruptcies, and mismanagement and strict royal rules about buying from, or selling to, other empires.
		The British occupied the colony and re-instated slavery, and by the time they handed it back to France at the Peace of Amiens (1802) the French had gotten over their flirtation with emancipation and were back in the slavery business.
		Slavery finally was abolished in Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guiana, and Réunion by the government that came to power after the 1848 revolution, spurred by slave uprisings in the colonies.
	www.windsofchange.net /archives/007325.php (4544 words)

	TomDispatch - Tomgram: Solnit on Coincidences, Networks, and Conspiracies
		Slavery was outside the moral universe that even those propagating the gospel concerned themselves with, as Hochschild points out; the former slaver who wrote "Amazing Grace" worried about all sorts of minor sins long before he noticed that slavery might be a problem.
		At that moment, some sense of what it means to be human was shifting, and the antislavery movement was part of that shift, as was the Romantic movement, with its cultivation of introspective awareness and its enthusiasm for liberation and revolution.
		And what was once the British and Foreign Antislavery Society, founded in 1839 to continue the good work after the signal victory of the year before, is still active as Antislavery International, based in Thomas Clarkson House in London.
	www.tomdispatch.com /index.mhtml?pid=2190 (3671 words)

	History of Belize - Chapter 2
		The British, Dutch and French challenged Spain's monopoly in the 17th century.
		In the middle of the 17th century, some British pirates settled among logwood forests on the coast of the Bay of Honduras - what would later be called the Settlement of Belize.
		By the 19th century the British were the major power in the Caribbean.
	www.belizenet.com /history/chap2.html (503 words)

	Africans in the Caribbean/Latin America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Slavery in the Americas was generally harsh, but it varied from time to time and place to place.
		By the 1780s, slavery was being attacked, directly and indirectly, from several sources.
		Castro Alves was identified as the "poet of the slaves" for his treatment of slavery in his writings.
	www.saxakali.com /caribbean/shamil.htm (4516 words)

	Books on British Slavery with UKshelf.com
		Slavery and the Politics of Liberation 1787-1861: A Study of Liberated African Emigration and British Anti-Slavery Policy --- Â£24.56
		French Reaction to British Slave Emancipation --- Â£28.50
		Slave Populations of the British Caribbean 1807-1834 --- Â£24.95
	www.hlebooks.com /UKSHELF/MARINE/slavery.htm (1372 words)

	Powell's Books - Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire's Slaves by (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		He and his fellow activists brought slavery in the British Empire to an end in the 1830s, long before it died in the United States.
		Hochschild tells of this campaign with verve, style and humor, but without preaching or moralizing, letting the horrific facts of slavery in the Caribbean (far more brutal than in the American South) speak for themselves.
		And he refuses to make saints out of the activists; while highlighting bravery in the face of death threats and physical violence by promoters of slavery, the author equally points out their foibles and failings, and the often ironic unintended consequences of their actions.
	www.powells.com /biblio/1-0618104690-0 (772 words)

	Chronology On The History Of Slavery And Racism: 1790 - 1829
		They never repudiated the French Revolution--still cherished by many of their rank-and-file--but it was as if this part of their political stock-in-trade had been removed from the front window.
		French Constitutional Assembly abolishes slavery in France, where there are no slaves, according to the former decision of Louis the XIVth.
		Haitian slaves in the French colony of Saint Domingue (Haiti) on Hispaniola rise under the leadership of Pierre Dominque Toussaint L’Ouverture, 51, Jean Jacques Dessalines, 36, and Henri Christophe, 27.
	www.innercity.org /holt/chron_1790_1829.html (16854 words)

	Padre Engo-Spirits
		The British archeologist and writer David McRitchie declared that the Moors dominated Scotland as late as the time of the Saxon Kings.
		Nettl quotes the French writer of the sixteenth century, who stated that often in good society he would see "a youth with flened face" do this Morris dance.
		In the Caribbean, obeahmen can still be seen wearing Oriental turbans and long robes, and conjuring biblical demons with the Lesser Key of Solomon and the 6th and 7th Books of Moses.
	www.padreengo.com /html/spirits.html (4005 words)

	University of Pittsburgh: Department of History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		From Slavery To Freedom: Comparative Studies in the Rise and Fall of Atlantic Slavery (London: Macmillian/New York: NYU Press, 1999).
		English version: "Commemorating Slavery and Abolition in the United States of America," Facing up to the Past: Perspectives on the Commemoration of Slavery from Africa, the Americas and Europe, Gert Oostindie, ed.
		Symposium on the Effects of the French Revolution, Slippery Rock University, University Park, Penn State University, 1989; NEH-CUNY Institute on the French Revolution, CUNY/New York 1989.
	www.pitt.edu /AFShome/p/i/pitthist/public/html/faculty/Drescher (1993 words)

	Articles - Slaves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In this system of slavery, sometimes called trokosi(in Ghana) or voodoosi in Togo and Benin, or ritual servitude, young virgin girls are given as slaves in traditional shrines and are used sexually by the priests in addition to providing free labor for the shrine.
		Due to overwork, the death rates for Caribbean slaves were higher than birth rates.
		These cases often involve illegal immigrants who are forced to work as slaves in factories to pay off the people who transported them into the United States.
	www.kimia-sains.com /articles/Slaves (6421 words)

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