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	The Bosnian Conflict: Origins and History - Bosnia-Hercegovina under Ottoman Rule, 1463-1878 \| Carl Savich \| Columns \| ...
		Crucial for the Islamicization of Bosnia was the peculiar and venal Turkish Muslim institution of the boy-tribute, or Adzami-Oglan (devsirme, ìcollectingî).
		The Muslim invasion and conquest of Eastern Europe was finally halted by the Polish King John III Sobieski and his Hussars along with the forces of Prinz Eugen, who finally broke the Muslim siege of Vienna and pushed the Muslim Turks back to their bases and military staging areas in Bosnia in 1683.
		The Muslim beys and agas sought to obtain the abolished curvee and higher rents, authorized by the 1846 reforms, from the Serbian Orthodox population.
	www.serbianna.com /columns/savich/014.shtml (4453 words)

	Michael Sells, Some Religious Dimensions of Genocide
		The classic illustration of this rationale is The Mountain Wreath, written by Prince-Bishop Petar II, known by the pen-name of Njegos, which portrays the 18th century Montenegrin extermination of slavic Muslims (Istraga Poturica).
		While there is doubt whether the “extermination of the Slavic Muslims” (Istraga Poturica) occurred as a single event in the late 18th century, the eight U.S. War Crimes Reports to the UN War Crimes Commission and the two Helsinki Watch Reports (see.
		Andric portrays Bosnian Muslims not only as cowardly and covetous and the “heathen element of a young race,” but finally as the corrupted “Orient” that cut off the slavic race from the “civilizing currents” of the West.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/62/387.html (1375 words)

	Where Cultures Meet - The World and I Magazine
		Although members of the Slav Muslim elite retained the Serbo-Croatian language, they nevertheless imitated the customs and dress of the Turkish court and, as is so often the case with converts, displayed great zeal in their new faith.
		Of the non-Slavic Muslims, the vast majority are Albanians living in the Kosovo Autonomous Region of Serbia and in parts of western Macedonia.
		As a Bosnian communist sociologist once remarked to me, "I am culturally a Muslim, not a believer.'' In other words, while there are significant numbers of Slav Muslims who practice their faith to varying degrees, for others, this identity tends to be secular and is based primarily on ancestral traditions and ethnic loyalty.
	www.worldandi.com /public/1990/september/cl3.cfm (3363 words)

	Bosniaks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The beginnings of a Muslim Slav national consciousness is also first attested in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as these early Bosniak nationalists began to assert a national identity distinct from both their Orthodox and Catholic neighbors, and from the other Muslim inhabitants of the empire.
		Muslim National Organization (MNO), a political party founded in 1906, was a major opponent of the regime and promoted the idea of Muslims as a separate entity from Serbs and Croats.
		Finally, in 1968, "Muslims" with a capital M was adopted as the term for a member of a nation rather than "muslims" as adherents to Islam.
	koz.vianet.ca /boshis77.htm (5970 words)

	Origins and History Bosnia-Hercegovina Under the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1878-1918: Prelude to World War I \| Carl ...
		Austrian policy was to keep the minority Bosnian Muslims in control and in power in Bosnia and to maintain Bosnia as it had existed under Turkish rule to prevent the Orthodox Serbian population from seeking to determine its own national destiny.
		To win the support of Muslim landowners, the Habsburg Monarchy modernized the roads and industry, but left agriculture and land and education reform in a backward state because the Serbian population was primarily rural while the Muslim population was urban.
		Muslim exploitation of Serbian landed peasants had precipitated the Bosnian Revolution of 1875 in the poorer rural region of Hercegovina.
	www.serbianna.com /columns/savich/015.shtml (4150 words)

	San Francisco Faith September 1999 \| Catholic Revival in Kosovo?, by Stephen Schwartz
		Muslims and Catholics (the latter typically ignored by global media), ordinary believers and mystics, they trudged through the snow to what they believed would be safety.
		Alongside the Albanians, Slavic Muslims from the south Serbian region of Sandzhak, connecting Bosnia and Kosovo, fled to Sarajevo.
		Muslim sectarians in the camps who come to the camps from elsewhere are seldom better in their approach.
	www.sffaith.com /ed/articles/1999/0999ss.htm (1436 words)

	Do former yugoslavs equate islam with terrorism? patrick moore \| The Tharwa project
		Perhaps the best-known community is that of the Slavic Muslims of Bosnia and Sandzak, which is divided between Montenegro and Serbia.
		He said that the burden is on Muslims to prove that they are not terrorists in a world where Islam is often considered a "cancerous growth" upon society.
		Rastoder argues that Muslims in the former Yugoslavia are European in their orientation just like their neighbors, and that religious belief alone is no reason to "excommunicate" someone from the broader former Yugoslav society.
	www.tharwaproject.com /node/1096 (852 words)

	Warfare, Genocide Reemerge In Face of Bosnian Peace Plan
		On the one hand, Muslim civilians are being "cleansed'' -- forcibly expelled from their homes and lands -- in areas designated by the Vance-Owen map for inclusion in provinces that ultimately would fall under Serb or Croat control, according to diplomatic sources in the region.
		On the other hand, Serb militia commanders in provinces designated for ultimate Muslim control are reportedly attacking and expelling Muslim families in the hope that if most of them are driven away the land cannot be consigned to the Muslims.
		Muslim leaders were arrested, and armed Serbs went from house to house demanding that Muslims sign over their property and leave.
	www-tech.mit.edu /V113/N4/bosnia.04w.html (893 words)

	Despite U.S.-European Sellout, Republic of Bosnia Refuses to Die
		They hear eyewitness accounts of massacres where Muslim men and women were herded at gunpoint to the edges of open pits, steep ravines or rushing rivers and shot or stabbed to death.
		Since the urban and cosmopolitan Slavic Muslims were slow to organize, many had to join the Croat forces in order to defend their new republic.
		It is said that Sarajevo was saved only because a Muslim former gangster and his henchmen hijacked a truckload of Serbian arms and, with them, stopped the tank-led Serbian army invaders in their tracks.
	www.washington-report.org /backissues/0194/9401009.htm (2353 words)

	[No title]
		Serb nationalists used the martyrdom of the Serb prince Lazar at the battle in Kosovo in 1389 as a central component of the ideology of "ethnic cleansing." In the passion play commemorating the battle of 1389, Lazar is portrayed as a Christ figure with disciples (sometimes explicitly twelve), one of whom is a traitor.
		When it was pointed out that the Slavic Muslims are just as indigenous to the region as Orthodox Christians or Catholics, the discussion would then shift to allegations that the Bosnian Muslims were fundamentalists and that Serbia was defending the West against the fundamentalist threat of radical Islam.
		The most virulent form of hatred, the cosmic dualism between Slavic Muslim and Slavic Christian, was constructed by Romantic nationalists in the nineteenth century and revived (or, as the Serb nationalist said, "resurrected") at the end of the Cold War.
	coursesa.matrix.msu.edu /~fisher/bosnia/readings/sells1.html (6943 words)

	CER \| A History of Oppression (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Bulgarian Muslims are seen as living in some sort of communal oblivion and ignorance and they need to be helped to get out of this state.
		By 1984, the birth rate among the Muslim minorities was at 2.5 percent compared to the zero annual birth rate of the Bulgarians (Bousfield and Ricardson, 1996).
		Failure to accept the Slavicized version of their Arabic names, Pomaks, Turks and Roma were either killed outright, sent to forced labor camps such as Belene on the Danube or deported.
	www.ce-review.org /01/19/jacobs19.html (1900 words)

	Untitled Document
		Muslims and Islam and is merely a way of their negation.
		When Muslims refer to conversion, as "acculturation" their emphasis is on the acceptance of the institutions introduced, not the context in which they were introduced.
		Thus, the explanatory slogan "ancient hatreds" of the South Slavic peoples, so often referred to in the western media, is but a rhetorical screen obscuring the modernity of conflict based on contested notions of state, nation, national identity, and sovreignity.
	www.zmag.org /balkanwatch/hayden_orientalisms.htm (4726 words)

	Warring Factions Agree on Plan to Divide up Former Yugoslavia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Muslim leaders expressed outrage at the agreement, which was heralded Thursday by state-controlled media in both Serbia and Croatia.
		Bosnia's Muslims have lost vast amounts of territory to local Serb insurgents, militiamen from neighboring Serbia and the Serb-dominated Yugoslav army in a month-old offensive that produced widespread death and destruction and created nearly a half-million refugees.
		Muslims acknowledge that they have neither the military power nor the foreign support to stop Serbia and Croatia from carving up Bosnia.
	www-tech.mit.edu /V112/N26/yugoslavia.26w.html (561 words)

	[No title]
		They're Slavs, descendants of Slavic tribes that migrated to the region in the sixth and seventh centuries.
		The Muslim, then, is portrayed as "the other," the Christ killer, the heretic, the pervert, the sadist.
		Slavic Muslims who converted to Islam and the Ottoman Turks are considered synonymous, an alien, non-European race bent on destroying the Christian Slavs.
	www.mosquitonet.com /~prewett/religionibosniatragedy.html (676 words)

	LINGUIST List 2.822: Serb, Croat, and Dialectal Differences
		For a non-European example of the exaggeration of differences between speech varieties for political purposes, or at leat correlated with political differences, the following may be of interest: In the early 18th century runaway slaves from Suriname's coastal plantations established a society, eventually known as the Ndjukas, in the east and southeast of the country.
		Some personal anecdotes on South Slavic may point up ways in which the dialects were treated as both similar and distinct long before the current carnage.
		The standard form used in the Repub- lic of Bosnia and Hercegovina (where most of the Slavic Muslims live, but where a lot of Serbs and Croatians also live) is comparatively close to that of V.K. It doesn't have the e reflex used in Serbia, but keeps the je or ije.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/2/2-822.html (727 words)

	Of Bogomils, Race, and Ivo Andric by Michael Sells, 7/3/96
		By converting to Islam, Njegos had insisted, Slavic Muslims 3Turkified.2 To "Turkify" was not simply to adopt the religion and mores of the Turk, but to transform oneself from a Slav into a Turk.
		The notion that the Slavic Muslims are descended from the Bogomils is one that is held by many Bosnian Muslims.
		This became one of the excuses for the genocide against Bosnian Muslims that occurred in the town on the Drina in 1992.
	www.haverford.edu /relg/sells/postings/bogomils_race_andric.html (1206 words)

	Chronicles: A Magazine of American Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Turkey is vital for access to the Central Asian basin, and she serves, with her powerful half-a-million man army, as the chief arbiter of "hydropolitics," controlling the main water routes to the Middle East.
		Turkey's memories of her lost European "glacis" are vivid, and she still longs to restore the past glory that once stretched to the doors of Vienna.
		In the United Kingdom, there are over 2.5 million Muslims, mostly immigrants from Pakistan and Arabic countries, and France has a staggering four million Muslims, mostly immigrants from North and Central Africa.
	www.chroniclesmagazine.org /Chronicles/June2002/0602Sunic.html (1259 words)

	Qur'an Lights Montenegro's Ramadan (75% Christian Country) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It is customary for Muslims during Ramadan, the ninth month on the Islamic lunar calendar, to spend most of the day studying the Qur'an.
		I didn't notice a significant Muslim presence there, in sharp contrast to my three days in Istanbul, where the prayers blare on loudspeakers several times a day and the restaurants were packed the minute the sun went down due to the Ramadan daytime fast.
		He went on to say that 9-11 was caused by bombs placed in the towers by the US government and when I asked him where he got this paranoid information he said one of his profs had told him and it was true anyway.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1721062/posts (1593 words)

	To End a War by Richard Holbrooke (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Bosnia has not become the Islamic State Muslims all around the world hoped it would be; and nor has the Bosnian State repaid Muslims by becoming a part of the Islamic movement, let alone a leader.
		But at least the Muslims of Bosnia survive as the largest Muslim community in Europe, with the potential to be a major and significant part of a future Islamic civilization.
		For Muslim readers, however, the main sentiment must be sadness - sadness that the matter of the survival of a Muslim community faced with genocide should be determined not by the righteous power of the global Islamic movement but by such hypocritical, manipulative and self-serving politicking as Holbrooke represents and portrays in his book.
	www.muslimedia.com /archives/book98/holbrookebk.htm (1021 words)

	Comment on the
		The Macedonian language was recognized as distinct from the related Slavic languages of Bulgarian and Serbian.
		Proclaiming Macedonia as "the national state of the Macedonian people" was a way to end both Bulgarian and Serbian claims, and, incidentally, to give the Macedonian people a "mother state" of their own.
		Thus the dramatic collapse of the "Yugoslav" self-identification, obviously a result of the war and the discrediting of Yugoslav nationality, as well as the evident shift of part of the Muslim population (meaning Slavic Muslims) to the "Bosniac" label, which had gained in international prestige in the interim.
	www.zmag.org /macedonia.htm (3073 words)

	Forgotten Warriors: The Story of Chechnya (by Bobeck Modjtahedi) - Media Monitors Network
		The national minorities (in this case Slavic Muslims) constitute a majority in their enclave, and of course they face constant persecution for such.
		A group of people so arrogant as to stand up to Russia and even fight for their independence is a slap on the face of the fading pride of the Russian people who have viewed their mighty super power degenerate into a meek third world country.
		Something that only makes you shake your head is the fact that supposedly Muslim states that preached a global Islamic state and freedom for all Muslims, have for the most part abandoned their Chechen brothers in favor of lucrative defense contracts.
	www.mediamonitors.net /bobeck1.html (1166 words)

	Breakup in the Balkans Video Transcript
		And it seemed logical at the time to put all the Slavic peoples in the Western half of the Balkans into one state, because they weren't Hungarian; they weren't Romanian, who are Latin; they weren't Greeks to the south; nor were they Albanians.
		The Muslims entered at a later stage, as the sort of community that could not be absorbed by the other two.
		The six UN safe areas created to shelter Bosnian Muslims are repeatedly attacked and the UN cannot guarantee the safe evacuation of refugees.
	www.cdi.org /adm/650/transcript.html (3503 words)

	The Lies of the National Albanian American Council (NAAC)
		Despite representing only slightly over 50 percent of the population, Slavic Macedonians have over 90 percent of the public sector jobs, 90 percent of the police force, and 90 percent of the student population in the universities.
		To say that Macedonia is "essentially" a state of Slavic Macedonians distorts a complex historical situation.
		The figures given are without foundation and contrary to the results of the 1994 census conducted by the "international community," which roughly confirmed the 1991 census conducted by Macedonia itself.
	www.historyofmacedonia.org /AlbanianTerrorism/AlbanianLies2.html (3055 words)

	Greater Albania
		This was the Albanian/Turkish view of the kaurin Slavs during the Muslim Ottoman Empire.
		Moreover, because Albanians were allied with the Muslim Turks and had converted to Islam, Albanians held privileged positions.
		Approximately 200-300 Albanian troops in the Bosnian Muslim 13th Waffen Gebrigs Division iHandzari or (iHandschari in German) were transferred to the newly forming Skanderbeg Division, which would consist of 6, 491 ethnic Albanians, two-thirds of whom were from Kosovo-Metohija.
	www.kosovo.net /gralb.html (8813 words)

	Amazon.com: The Bosnian Muslims: Books: Francine Friedman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		While the result is similar to The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina: Their Historic Development from the Middle Ages to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia, edited by Mark Pinson (Harvard Univ., 1994), her research further incorporates a scholarly discussion of ethnicity and its impact on international affairs.
		She lays out an accurate history of the Bosnian Muslims throughout time, providing a comprehensive look at the unfolding of events that led to their religious and societal strife.
		Her book's strength is showing the historical context for the social and relgious problems between the serbs, muslims, and croats.
	www.amazon.com /Bosnian-Muslims-Francine-Friedman/dp/0813320968 (1152 words)

	Religious - Muslim
		Muslim a society of Kostomuksha and republic Karelia "ISLAM".
		Muslim Educational Center To Be Built in Crimea.
		Muslims In The U.S.S.R. Seeking A New Dawn.
	learning.lib.vt.edu /slav/relig_muslim.html (2338 words)

	bosnia preface
		The destruction was mainly limited to Muslim mosques, the Ferhad Pasha and Arnaudiya, which had been destroyed by either Serb soldiers or thugs who detonated several thousand pounds of dynamite under the mosques.
		Other mosques had been destroyed throughout the country as well—the intent was apparently to destroy history and all traces that the Muslims had ever lived in Bosnia.
		Even in the large city of Zagreb, Croatia, there was visible evidence of the war, e.g., roped off areas of land mines at the international airport.
	www.fas.org /irp/ops/smo/docs/ifor/bospref.htm (1646 words)

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