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Topic: Sleep and learning

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Sleep

REM sleep

Sleep disorder

Sleep deprivation

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Human behaviour

Circadian rhythm

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	Snoring and Learning Problems
		Severe snoring is a curable cause of learning difficulties in children.
		Sleep is the primary activity of the brain in childhood.
		This study has prompted concerns that learning deficits attributable to sleep breathing problems may be irreversible if they occur during critical times of life.
	www.acusleep.com /learning.html (929 words)

	Good sleep, good learning, good life
		Free running sleep is a sleep that comes naturally at the time when it is internally triggered by the combination of your homeostatic and circadian components.
		REM sleep is characterized by intense neural activity, increase in blood circulation and the use of oxygen, as well as an increase in the uptake of amino acids by the brain tissue.
		It is a philogenetic remnant of a biphasic sleeping rhythm.
	www.supermemo.com /articles/sleep.htm (16655 words)

	Research Links Sleep, Dreams, and Learning
		Experiments have associated intense periods of daytime learning with longer periods of sleep that night, and particularly with dreaming.
		Sutton's studies form part of a larger research effort in which computer models of the brain are tested by watching the brain at work, then using the resulting images to correct the models.
		Nerve cells in the brain stem drive sleeping and dreaming by altering the balance of chemicals used to send and receive messages in the brain.
	www.hno.harvard.edu /gazette/1996/02.08/ResearchLinksSl.html (1327 words)

	Research confirms the virtues of 'sleeping on it'
		In the case of sleep's effect on learning and memory, for example, studies have produced conflicting results over the years, with some linking REM sleep, in particular, to improved memory, and others failing to find such effects.
		The research confirms what some sleep experts have long theorized: that sleep is critical for firming up the learning that took place during the day--a process known as memory consolidation.
		In addition, the study showed that the amount of improvement that participants demonstrated was directly proportional to the amount of slow-wave sleep that they obtained early in the night and the amount of REM sleep that they obtained late in the night.
	www.apa.org /monitor/oct01/sleeponit.html (910 words)

	FAQ: Sleep and learning
		Luckily, the evidence for the role of sleep in learning is so convincing, that no serious scientific conference on the physiology of sleep will include more than a few mavericks with their own alternatives.
		As you indicate that your "normal" sleeper "sleeps enough", he or she is not likely to use an alarm clock that would cut the natural sleep.
		Your sleep rhythm is a combination of lifestyle, your particular sleep control system, your interactions with the environment, etc. Your biology seem to interact with your environment in such a way that waking up at 15:00 becomes a natural and stable routine.
	www.supermemo.com /help/faq/sleep.htm (10298 words)

	To sleep, perchance to learn
		Normally, sensory responsiveness falls, not rises, during sleep, says Daniel Margoliash, associate professor of whole-animal biology at the University of Chicago and an author of a new report on bird song and the brain in Science.
		The obvious conclusion is that the RA was attuned to hearing the bird's own song, but, as one former president famously intoned, "That would be wrong." That conclusion makes no sense, Margoliash points out, since birds don't normally hear their own song while snoozing.
		Rather than showing that the RA is "listening" while the animal sleeps, he thinks the study demonstrates that the brain changes as the animal slumbers.
	whyfiles.org /shorties/sleep_learn.html (747 words)

	Sleep Learning - Research
		These issues, including research dealing with a number of variables that may have an important influence on sleep learning have produced tentative conclusions concerning the possibility and practicality of learning during sleep.
		The facilitation group was administered a recording during sleep that was 29 minutes long and consisted of 25 Chinese words and their true English translation repeated 15 times.
		Forty students in a sleep learning program conducted at Duke University were divided into two groups.
	www.sleeplearning.com /html/research.htm (848 words)

	frontline: inside the teenage brain: from zzzz's to a's \| PBS
		Carskadon is a professor of psychiatry and human behavior at Brown University and director of chronobiology and sleep research at E.P. Bradley Hospital in Providence, R.I. Her research focuses on the interrelation between the circadian timing system and sleep/wake patterns of children and adolescents.
		Published by the National Sleep Foundation's Sleep and Teens Task Force, this report is divided into two sections: a research report that consolidates current research on the physiological, behavioral, and psychosocial patterns of poor sleep in adolescents, and a resource guide for parents and teens with tips on how to improve their sleep habits.
		Siegel argues, "Although sleep is clearly important for optimum acquisition and performance of learned tasks, a major role in memory consolidation is unproven."
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/teenbrain/from (566 words)

	Science -- Siegel 294 (5544): 1058
		Despite our unique learning capabilities, human REM and non-REM sleep parameters are not unusual and are in accord with our size and level of maturity at birth relative to other mammalian species.
		Number of hours of REM sleep and total sleep across the 24-hour cycle are listed for each animal pictured (36, 37).
		of REM sleep is the cessation of norepinephrine release (33).
	www.npi.ucla.edu /sleepresearch/science/1058full.html (4700 words)

	Local sleep and learning: Nature
		Human sleep is a global state whose functions remain unclear.
		During much of sleep, cortical neurons undergo slow oscillations in membrane potential, which appear in electroencephalograms as slow wave activity (SWA) of <4 Hz The amount of SWA is homeostatically regulated, increasing after wakefulness and returning to baseline during sleep
		Here we show that sleep homeostasis indeed has a local component, which can be triggered by a learning task involving specific brain regions.
	www.nature.com /doifinder/10.1038/nature02663 (264 words)

	Deep Sleep Cements Learning
		Another had their brains scanned while sleeping after they had spent time learning their way through the Duke Nukem environment.
		The brain's learning center got very active while people were learning to navigate through virtual reality.
		While deep sleep appears to be important for spatial learning, lighter stages of sleep appear to reinforce other kinds of learning.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/96/103559.htm (307 words)

	Sleep Disorders Learning Center
		Human beings spend approximately one third of their lives sleeping, and ample medical and scientific evidence exists to show that adequate and healthy sleep is a critical part of overall good general health.
		Even with these facts, sleep disorders continue to be underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed, and even when diagnosed correctly, these disorders are frequently undertreated or mistreated by many clinicians.
		Primary sleep disorders are presumed to result from an endogenous disturbance in sleep-wake generating or timing mechanisms, often complicated by behavioral conditioning.
	www.emedicine.com /rc/rc/i10/sleep.htm (267 words)

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