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Topic: Sleeper effect

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Mere exposure effect

Carl Hovland

Social judgment theory

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Attitude (psychology)

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	"Sleeper effect" of cigarettes can last for years \| The News is NowPublic.com
		"Sleeper effect" of cigarettes can last for years
		"Sleeper effect" of cigarettes can last for years
		Scientists have discovered that a single cigarette has a "sleeper effect" that can increase a person's vulnerability for three years or more to becoming a regular smoker.
	www.nowpublic.com /sleeper_effect_of_cigarettes_can_last_for_years (158 words)

	Child Health and Safety > 'Sleeper Effect' Leaves Children Vulnerable To Starting Smoking
		The researchers conclude that this lasting predisposition - or 'sleeper effect' - may mean it is important to prevent young adolescents from trying even one cigarette.
		But for the first time we have shown that there may be a period of dormancy between trying cigarettes and becoming a regular smoker - a 'sleeper effect' or vulnerability to nicotine addiction.
		Pathways in the brain may become changed as a consequence of a single exposure to nicotine, increasing vulnerability to smoking triggers such as stress, depression or the school environment at a later date.
	www.emaxhealth.com /cms/?m=show&id=6632 (632 words)

	Memory Suggestibility as an Example of the Sleeper Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Underwood, J. and Pezdek, K. Memory suggestibility as an example of the sleeper effect.
		This effect should be especially strong for misled subjects in the delay condition.
		The cognitive processes underlying the sleeper affect appear to be similar to those underlying memory suggestibility.
	comp.uark.edu /~lampinen/underwood.html (557 words)

	Sleeper Effect
		However, under the right circumstances the sleeper effect predicts that a message from a low-credibility source can actually increase in persuasiveness.
		Low credibility may be caused by a discounting cue, such as when a prediction of improving economic conditions is given by a government spokesperson (who is presumed to be biased).
		Evidence for the sleeper effect is limited and inconsistent.
	changingminds.org /explanations/theories/sleeper_effect.htm (227 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Health \| 'One puff' link to future smoking
		It is the first to find a smoking "sleeper effect" - where desire remains years after the first cigarette.
		The researchers said the "sleeper effect" could be explained in several ways.
		Nicotine in a single cigarette may effect pathways in the brain increasing the likelihood that someone will start smoking in response to other triggers, such as stress.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/health/5012944.stm (536 words)

	Negative Campaigning in the Georgia 2002 Elections
		In this study, the effects of incumbent entrenchment are expanded using the outcome of the 1990 election.
		The sleeper effect is based on the “negativity bias” which states that, because they are less powerful, positive messages do not offset negative messages.
		The absolute sleeper effect is statistically significant between the first exposure of the negative message and the delayed increase in impact.
	www.uga.edu /juro/2004/sheriff1.htm (3235 words)

	The Shadowknight Den
		The next day, 4 warders and the sleeper were respawned by GMs and apologies were posted in addition to exp rewards consisting of some exp (the rez rushing strategy will be explained shortly) and 2 AA handed out to the players in attendance the previous day.
		On November 17, 2003, those same 3 guilds returned to Sleeper's Tomb with GM consent and monitoring, and offically re-awoke, and killed the sleeper using the same tactic as the previous battle.
		The Sleeper is (according to Lore) the child of two different colored dragons, and therefore, had all the powers of both, he is not the child of Vox and Nagafen.
	www.albrandes.com /skden/articles/sleeper.asp (4141 words)

	Memory Suggestibility as an Example of the Sleeper Effect
		Underwood, J. and Pezdek, K. Memory suggestibility as an example of the sleeper effect.
		This effect should be especially strong for misled subjects in the delay condition.
		The cognitive processes underlying the sleeper affect appear to be similar to those underlying memory suggestibility.
	www.uark.edu /misc/lampinen/read/underwood.html (557 words)

	[No title]
		Measures taken after ten days delay supported the differential decay school of thinking about sleeper effects and confirmed the supposition that reputation can be thought of as a prior source cue about a company before subjects process the company's response to negative news.
		This effect was also predicted with attitude change because of the assumed relation between message retention and attitude.
		Because durability of effect has practical implications and also serves to explore the concept of a sleeper effect, the following two hypotheses were developed.
	www.scripps.ohiou.edu /wjmcr/vol01/1-4a-B.htm (9682 words)

	Self-Quiz on Social Psychology
		No, the sleeper effect is not a memory strengthening principle.
		No, the sleeper effect does not involve attributing a memory to a dream.
		The "sleeper effect" occurs when information from a dubious source is remembered, but the source is forgotten, so the message is given more credibility than it would be if the source was recalled.
	www.psywww.com /selfquiz/ch15mcq.htm (1329 words)

	Exposure effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Exposure effect is a psychological artifact well known to advertisers: people express undue liking for things merely because they are familiar with them.
		This effect was first studied by Robert Zajonc.
		A related effect relevant to advertising and propaganda is the sleeper effect.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mere_exposure_effect (307 words)

	Self-Quiz on Social Psychology
		According to the "sleeper effect" you might read an article in a tabloid by a newspaper checkout line, then...
		No, the sleeper effect does not involve attributing a memory to a dream.
		The "sleeper effect" occurs when information from a dubious source is remembered, but the source is forgotten, so the message is given more credibility than it would be if the source was recalled.
	www.psychwww.com /selfquiz/ch15mcq.htm (1329 words)

	Just one puff enough to start a habit later on (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In a study funded by Cancer Research UK it was found that trying cigarettes as a child made it twice as likely that a person would take up smoking.
		The study on tobacco control, is the first to find a smoking "sleeper effect" - where desire remains years after the first cigarette and has encouraged Cancer Research UK to recommend that anti-smoking campaigns should focus on preventing children trying even one cigarette.
		Fidler's team found that the sleeper effect was still present after the usual factors that influence whether someone takes up smoking - ethnicity, gender, social deprivation, and whether a person's parents smoke - were taken into account.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=18135 (405 words)

	The Sleeper Effect on Students' Attitudes Toward Animal Cognition - Psi Chi
		One possible way to examine students' attitudes toward animal cognition is in the context of the sleeper effect.
		Results indicated the absence of the sleeper effect and the tendency to attribute animal behavior to instincts rather than cognition.
		These findings may demonstrate that the unwillingness to acknowledge cognition in animals still exists, and the sleeper effect may require a longer period of time between trials to appear.
	www.psichi.org /pubs/articles/article_202.asp (179 words)

	Discount Cigarettes Store news - Children are hooked on tobacco after smoking just one cigarette
		Children who smoke just one or two cigarettes in their childhood are more likely to be hooked to the habit later on in life, according to a new study by researchers at the University College London.
		The study, which is to appear in the July issue of Tobacco Control, says that this effect is a "sleeper effect" and is responsible for doubling the risk of children becoming regular smokers.
		The researchers said that the intervening period during which children abstained from smoking after their first try ""may be termed a 'sleeper effect,' a personal propensity or vulnerability to smoke that may not become manifest without additional triggers."
	www.discount-cigarettes-store.com /news.php?news_article_id=132 (406 words)

	Control Theories in Criminology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Religion does not appear to have much of an effect at influencing less-trivial crime, and the reason may be that living in secular society (which condones much bad behavior) "washes out" the religion effect.
		Goldfarb (1955) has observed that adoption as a broken home effect occurs only if adoption occurs after the child is age three, and other studies have indicated the importance of age at impact of finding out that one is adopted.
		Other studies have estimated the effects from situations in which the father is unknown or the mother decides to eliminate male figures from her life.
	faculty.ncwc.edu /toconnor/301/301lect11.htm (4774 words)

	Compulsion to smoke after just one cigarette can lie dormant for more than three years
		Young teens who smoked just one cigarette at the age of 11 were twice as likely to take up smoking within the next few years as their peers who resisted the urge, the study shows.
		The researchers say that their findings provide the first clear evidence of a "sleeper effect" or period of "dormant vulnerability," for teenagers who experiment with smoking just the once.
		Just one cigarette could change the reward pathway in the brain, which might then be activated by triggers, such as stress, depression, or the school environment, suggest the authors.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-05/bsj-cts052306.php (389 words)

	[No title]
		I think the effects of day-care will be diluted as time passes.
		It might be for example that it has an effect in grade two and if that effect is present at that time, other things will cause greater achievement.
		So later there will be no day-care effect but if it was present at a critical point, other things combine and influence achievement, if that makes any sense at all.
	web.psych.ualberta.ca /~varn/discuss_Nancy/messages/31/31.html (878 words)

	The Intangible Economy: TV makes you smarter and computers make you dumber
		This is what I call the Sleeper Curve: the most debased forms of mass diversion -- video games and violent television dramas and juvenile sitcoms -- turn out to be nutritional after all.
		I believe that the Sleeper Curve is the single most important new force altering the mental development of young people today, and I believe it is largely a force for good: enhancing our cognitive faculties, not dumbing them down.
		(Note: he calls it the Sleeper effect as a rif on the scene from the Woody Allen movie Sleeper where Allen, as a modern-day Rip Van Winkle, walks up to find that everything he was told was bad for him [i.e.
	www.athenaalliance.org /weblog/archives/2005/04/tv_makes_you_sm.html (773 words)

	Smoking Cessation
		Trying just one cigarette may not be so harmless for non-smokers after all.
		"But for the first time we've shown that there may be a period of dormancy between trying cigarettes and becoming a regular smoker -- a 'sleeper effect' or vulnerability to nicotine addition," she added.
		Fidler and her team analyzed the impact of smoking a single cigarette on more than 2,000 children aged between 11 and 16 over five years.
	www.smoking-cessation.org /cigarettes_sleeper_effect.asp (355 words)

	Sleeper Effect of Divorce
		A startling thought is occurring to the folks who study the impact of divorce on children: A good divorce may be much worse than a bad marriage.
		The "unexpected" part is that divorce produces "sleeper effects," deep and long-term emotional problems that arise only when the children enter early adulthood and begin to confront issues of romance and marriage.
		Her sample is small and not necessarily representative, drawn entirely from an upscale neighborhood in Marin County, Calif. But she has reached deeper into the psyche of children of divorce over a longer period of time than any other psychologist, and her fellow researchers seem to be leaning her way.
	www.divorceresourcecenter.com /sleeper-effects.htm (870 words)

	Public Relations Lab: Research
		Public relations field has often grounded its existence on the general theory of source credibility - sources perceived as more credible should be more influential than less credible sources.
		However, the source credibility does not always guarantee the persuasive effect of its messages.
		The most famous attempt to challenge this common sense came from Hovland's Yale school that demonstrated the effect of a low-credibility source's message on attitude change after a lapse of time, known as the sleeper effect.[read more]
	micropr.net /research.htm (100 words)

	ABC News: STAT Medical News: Many College Freshmen Males Binge Drink Excessively
		CIGARETTE SLEEPER EFFECT Kids who try smoking just one time at age 11 may be vulnerable to picking up a smoking habit in the future, even if they don't try cigarettes for more than three years.
		Their study, published in Tobacco Control, shows that kids who tried smoking once were twice as likely to be regular smokers at age 14 — even if the gap between trying the cigarette and regular smoking was as long as three years.
		Authors say this is evidence of a "sleeper effect" of cigarettes on the brain.
	abcnews.go.com /Health/story?id=2003281 (624 words)

	Adolescence: Divorce
		It is considered a sleeper effect of divorce because it is an effect that may not be seen for years after the divorce has taken place.
		When older adolescents experience the sleeper effect, they are connecting anxious feelings about their parent's divorce and anxious feelings toward their own relationship (Wallerstein and Blakeslee, 1989).
		It was this “white picket fence” mentality that led researchers to exemplify the negative effects of divorce on children and downplay the positive effects.
	www.oberlin.edu /faculty/ndarling/adfamb2.htm (4629 words)

	Research Magazine :: Negative Ads
		Among their findings is that negative campaign ads have a lasting effect — one that may even increase over time.
		Lariscy and Tinkham’s article on this “sleeper effect” was named best article in the Journal of Advertising in 1999 by the American Academy of Advertising.
		While they continue to study negative ads, the researchers also are examining voter turnout, expanding the scope of their surveys to include state legislative campaigns, and conducting experiments with specialized audiences like elderly voters.
	www.researchmagazine.uga.edu /summer2002/negative.htm (328 words)

	CollegeWriting.info: "Writing a Disagreement" Sample Papers
		Another issue to address is the so called "Sleeper Effect" which Wallerstein and Blakeslee naively claim makes women suffer from a fear of commitment due to their parents’ divorce (111).
		According to the authors, this sleeper effect affects women when they are beginning to form opinions regarding commitment, love, and sex in an adult context.
		It is quite possible that divorce does not cause the sleeper effect, but rather that the poor marriage itself contributes to the condition.
	www.tc.umn.edu /~jewel001/CollegeWriting/WRITEREAD/Disagree/samples.htm (1696 words)

	Sleeper effect? - Unexplained Mysteries Discussion Forums
		What I'm proposing is that we react the same way with regards to the unknown because it is recognition terror as well, whether it is as alien abductees or witnesses of hauntings and for the same reason.
		Joining a different world as a sleeper (Spy/ plant), we can sometimes forget our former lives and identities, having learnt to blend in well - so well in fact, you think you're a genuine member of a particular group of beings, be it humans or incarnated beings (The Stockholm Syndrome).
		This is the cause of most violence in the world as people want to prove their loyalty to whoever they've joined as a group on this Earth (Keeping up with the Jones's).
	www.unexplained-mysteries.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=60574 (494 words)

	Cancer Research UK : 'Sleeper effect' leaves children vulnerable to starting smoking years after single ...
		Cancer Research UK : 'Sleeper effect' leaves children vulnerable to starting smoking years after single cigarette
		'Sleeper effect' leaves children vulnerable to starting smoking years after single cigarette
		But for the first time weâve shown that there may be a period of dormancy between trying cigarettes and becoming a regular smoker - a âsleeper effectâ or vulnerability to nicotine addiction.
	info.cancerresearchuk.org /news/pressreleases/2006/may/161548 (940 words)

	Sleeper effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He found that when the soldiers found the source of a piece of information discredible, they would discount it.
		After several weeks, once the supposed sources of the information had been forgotten, both groups showed the same degree of attitude change.
		Gillig, P. M., and Greenwald, A. Is it time to lay the "sleeper effect" to rest?
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sleeper_effect (371 words)

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		Some of our competition has a lot to say about their memory foam mattresses, however they seem to leave out where it was manufactured, and how long it was vacuum sealed.
		Our "Memory Sleeper" memory foam mattress is our best seller, and compares to mattresses costing hundreds of dollars more.
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	www.allmemoryfoam.com (1267 words)

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