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Topic: Small hydro

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Hydropower

Francis turbine

Turgo turbine

Wave power

Environmental concerns with electricity generation

Tidal power

Kaplan turbine

Renewable energy

Water turbine

Water wheel

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List of reservoirs and dams

Itaipu

	Small scale hydro - Low Carbon Buildings Programme
		Improvements in small turbine and generator technology mean that micro hydro schemes are an attractive means of producing electricity.
		Hydro power requires the source to be relatively close to where the power will be used, or to a suitable grid connection.
		Hydro systems can be connected to the main electricity grid or as a part of a stand-alone (off-grid) power system.
	www.lowcarbonbuildings.org.uk /micro/hydro (585 words)

	"RED", Oct. 1995 - Small Hydro Power in Africa
		The modular nature of small hydro technologies allow even the poorest countries of the region to begin a phased energy investment programme that does not strain their national financial resources or draw funds from other basic needs.
		The disperse and modular nature of small hydro power potential is in many respects alien to the culture of conventional utilities which are more comfortable with the large-scale and centralised projects.
		Small hydro technology dissemination initiatives can be a component of an existing integrated income-generating project or environment programme; rural industrial programme or health extension programme.
	www.sei.se /red/red9510b.html (893 words)

	Small hydro-power units for remote villages -DAWN - Business; August 28, 2006
		The promises of cheap hydro energy from large dams, if analysed from a sustainable development prism, are not reliable because of two reasons; first, there is a vocal demand to include the social displacement and environmental degradation costs in the up-front capital costs of such projects.
		Development of small hydro power plants (SHP) around the world has increased substantially in the last 10 to 15 years because of limited and fast depleting fossil fuel resources such as coal, oil and natural gas.
		The world’s installed capacity of small hydro plants is 47,000 MW, against an estimated potential of 180,000 MW.
	www.dawn.com /2006/08/28/ebr15.htm (1233 words)

	Small Scale Hydro -- Ram Pumps and Water Motors
		Step zero is to carefully determine if you have a hydro resource that is worth developing -- some of the references cover how to do this in detail.
		Part 2 covers in detail the process of determining if you have a sufficient hydro resource to be worthwhile-- a good starting place.
		Quite a bit of detailed information on sizing, designing and building a Turgo wheel micro hydro system, as well as what appear to be reasonably priced parts to build such a system.
	www.builditsolar.com /Projects/Hydro/hydro.htm (929 words)

	Small wind turbines, ETTE, windmills, micro hydro, PM generators, solar energy
		Small wind turbines, ETTE, windmills, micro hydro, PM generators, solar energy
		Small Hydro Turbines (Water Turbines) designed for low head waterfalls
		Floating Vertical Hydro Turbines are designed for use in river and tidal flows.
	www.ette.no (364 words)

	Small-hydro Atlas
		A recently completed inventory of Canadian small hydro sites identified over 5500 sites with a technically feasible potential of about 11,000 MW but only about 15 per cent of this total would be economically feasible under currently socio-economic conditions and at the current state-of the â“art.
		A comparison of the yield factors of various types of Energy plant suggests that hydro power remains the most valuable form of energy since it provided the highest quantity of energy produced over its lifetime as compared to the energy required for manufacture, operation and disposal including secondary energy.
		The objective of the Canadian Small Hydro Technology Development Program (2) is to promote the development of appropriate technology to enable a greater ranger of small-scale and low-head hydro resources to be exploited economically.
	www.small-hydro.com /index.cfm?Fuseaction=countries.country&Country_ID=13 (777 words)

	EnergyInfoNZ - Industry Overview
		Small hydro power schemes are similar to the large hydro power system in components and structures and are generally designed for run-of-the-river situations to avoid costs associated with the construction of the dam and spillways.
		Small hydro power systems are used to provide electricity for a national grid or a local grid.
		Large hydro resources in New Zealand are more reliable than small hydro resources, which are susceptible to river flow variations because of their smaller storage potential.
	www.energyinfonz.co.nz /home/IndustryOverview/Resources/Hydro/Small_hydro_power.html (348 words)

	Small hydro - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Small hydro is the application of hydroelectric power on a commercial scale serving a small community or medium sized industry.
		Small hydro is often developed using existing dams or through development of new dams whose primary purpose is river and lake water-level control, or irrigation.
		Micro hydro is usually the application of hydroelectric power sized for small communities, single families or small enterprise.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Small_hydro (272 words)

	Small Hydro - Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Many small hydro projects require that a small dam or weir (a submerged dam) be built to create a headpond or reservoir to ensure adequate year-round flow.
		Small hydro developments can provide a competitive source of reliable energy, the cost of which is not subject to fluctuations in the international oil market.
		Small hydro projects can bring economic benefits to a region through construction jobs, use of local services, and revenue through selling energy to a grid.
	www.ainc-inac.gc.ca /clc/tp/sh_e.html (625 words)

	[Report] World Markets for Small Hydro and Ocean Energy Conversion Equipment
		For small hydro, the study focuses on an upper bound of 10 MW capacity and a lower bound of 1 MW, except in a few instances where the national definition of small hydro is different and impacts the market in that country.
		Small hydro markets are investigated in terms of the annual new capacity and project revenues (on a geographic basis) for this well-established technology.
		The world resource for small hydro and ocean energy is estimated, as is the extent that resources can be tapped on a mass basis and where.
	www.the-infoshop.com /study/bc19500_hydro_ocean_energy.html (1546 words)

	Small Hydro as an Energy Option for Rural Areas (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Small hydro is a renewable and clean energy option, used extensively in the past for applications of shaft power or to provide electricity to small towns.
		As said before, regarding small hydro schemes, it is possible to do substantial cost reduction without affecting the performance and the reliability of the schemes and the quality of the electricity service if the right technology and right methods and concepts are used for the implementation and management.
		Small hydro schemes for specific productive uses are financially viable, but their use depends upon the access to credits, which are not present in rural areas.
	www.dams.org /kbase/submissions/showsub.php?rec=opt049 (3689 words)

	Small scale hydro (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Improvements in small turbine and generator technology mean that micro hydro schemes are an attractive means of producing electricity.
		Hydro power requires the source to be relatively close to where the power will be used, or to a suitable grid connection.
		Hydro systems can be connected to the main electricity grid or as a part of a stand-alone (off-grid) power system.
	www.est.org.uk /myhome/generating/types/hydro (677 words)

	Practical Action - Small-scale hydro power
		Small hydropower is a local energy resource, which can be usefully harnessed for rural energy demands from small rivers, where there is a gradient of a few meters and the flow rate is more than a few litres per second.
		Small hydro schemes are environmentally friendly; because they are generally built using simple structures with minimum alteration of the watershed conditions, they do not need the construction of temporary settlements or access roads as large infrastructure systems require when built [9]Large infrastructure systems generally require temporal settlements and access roads.
		Hydro energy resources are fully predictable, and generate energy 24 hours a day, so they can safely be used to provide a range of services to health and educations centres, for drinking water, for communication and other services.
	practicalaction.org /?id=smallscale_hydro (2853 words)

	Hydro
		Small installations for which the sophisticated technology of large hydro is often scaled down indiscriminately, have higher capital cost per unit of installed capacity.
		In an small hydro power plant, flow must be adjustable to either accommodate to seasonal variations of the available water or to adjust power output according to the demand of the consumers.
		Hydro ram is not an animal but a self-driven pump first installed at the turn of the century when they were popular with farmers who had natural water courses on their land.
	www.seps.sk /zp/fond/dieret/hydro.htm (17672 words)

	Micro Hydro Power - Pros and Cons (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It only takes a small amount of flow (as little as two gallons per minute) or a drop as low as two feet to generate electricity with micro hydro.
		Hydro produces a continuous supply of electrical energy in comparison to other small-scale renewable technologies.
		The ecological impact of small-scale hydro is minimal; however the low-level environmental effects must be taken into consideration before construction begins.
	www.alternative-energy-news.info /micro-hydro-power-pros-and-cons (1075 words)

	IEAHydro :: Hydropower FAQ
		Small-scale hydro is normally run of the river design and is one of the most environmentally benign energy conversion options available, because it does not attempt to interfere significantly with river flows.
		However, it is estimated that about 5 percent of the total hydro potential is in the small hydro range which would yield a result of 100 billion to 150 billion kilowatt hours per year.
		The RETScreen Small Hydro Project Model can be used world-wide to easily evaluate the energy production, life-cycle costs and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) reduction for central-grid, isolated-grid and off-grid small hydro projects, ranging in size from multi-turbine small and mini hydro installations, to single-turbine micro hydro systems.
	www.ieahydro.org /faq.htm (3028 words)

	EECA - Renewable Energy - Hydro (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hydro electricity is created by moving water through turbines, which in turn drive generators to make electricity.
		Although hydro electricity can be generated for as long as rain keeps falling, the hydro lakes do slowly fill up with silt and may require dredging over time.
		Unlike other forms of renewable energy, hydro electricity is already a well established technology and a major contributor to energy supplies both in New Zealand and overseas.
	www.eeca.govt.nz /renewable-energy/hydro.html (189 words)

	Hydro (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Small installations for which the sophisticated technology of large hydro is often scaled down indiscriminately, have higher capital cost per unit of installed capacity.
		In an small hydro power plant, flow must be adjustable to either accommodate to seasonal variations of the available water or to adjust power output according to the demand of the consumers.
		Hydro ram is not an animal but a self-driven pump first installed at the turn of the century when they were popular with farmers who had natural water courses on their land.
	www.geocities.com /dieret/re/Hydro/hydro.html (17513 words)

	Micro Hydro Power, Clean Renewable Water Power - An Alternative Energy Source
		A small amount of the flow needs to be diverted into a pipe where it can drop several feet before driving the turbine.
		A small hydro system can easily generate enough clean power for a family, farm, clinic, and the like.
		In the past, hydro power was a major source of power, mostly in the form of water wheels that drove grain millstones, or generated power for textile mills, sawmills and other industrial applications.
	secure3.ihwy.com /sol4power/hydro.html (928 words)

	Small Scale Hydro Power
		Hydro power has the advantage that the supply is continuos as long as the stream or river doesn't dry up.
		So while you are considering using hydro power, I hope you will design a system that will not alter nor harm the ecosystem around you.
		When the valve slams shut it momentarily produces a short-lived pressure that causes a small amount of water to be released through the check valve into the pressure tank.
	www.daycreek.com /dc/HTML/DC_hydro.htm (880 words)

	New Rules Project - Democratic Energy - DG Technology Spotlight: Micro Hydropower (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In Canada 'small' can refer to upper limit capacities of between 20 and 25 MW, in the United States 'small' can mean 30 MW, however, a value of up to 10 MW total capacity is becoming generally accepted.
		The vast majority of the hydropower capacity (92 percent) is generated by large-scale hydro projects even though a vast majority (89 percent) of the hydropower dams would be considered a small-scale hydro project (~under 30 MW), according to the Low Impact Hydro Institute.
		This type of hydro project is referred to as "run of the river." Wim Klunne's Micro Hydropower web portal offers dozens of case studies of existing projects.
	www.newrules.org /de/archives/000035.html (555 words)

	GIS in small hydro planning resource management
		In small hydro projects planning and development, GIS and RS was adopted for SHP planning resource management to acquire latest information from the analysis of RS data and manage all these thematic information along with other attribute information on a GIS platform for UNDP-GEF-HPP.
		Small hydro power is probably the oldest and yet the most reliable and environment friendly source of all renewable energy, with bulk of its potential yet to be harnessed in many countries including India.
		Though hydro power development started with small units of 100 KW and more in the beginning, the attention was diverted to harnessing medium and major hydro because their comparative economics.
	www.gisdevelopment.net /application/nrm/water/surface/watsw0003.htm (1570 words)

	BC Hydro - Environment - Small and Micro Hydro Energy
		Small and micro hydroelectric developments have significant potential for contributing to B.C.'s energy mix.
		For example, BC Hydro has signed electricity purchase agreements for 19 green small hydro projects to be owned, built and operated by independent power producers.
		Micro and small hydro developments are similar in terms of impacts and operation – the main difference is size.
	www.bchydro.com /environment/greenpower/greenpower1751.html (342 words)

	ENERGY FACTS: HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER
		Hydro power is currently the world's largest renewable source of electricity, accounting for 6% of worldwide energy supply or about 15% of the world's electricity.
		This resulted in a proliferation of small to medium sized hydro-electric generating stations distributed wherever there was an adequate supply of moving water and a need for electricity.
		As well, many small hydro electric sites were abandoned in the 1950's and 60's when the price of oil and coal was very low, and their environmental impacts unrealized.
	www.ecology.com /archived-links/hydroelectric-energy (2068 words)

	Small Hydro Project (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Out of this, a potential of approximately 750 MW is estimated to be in the small hydro sector, on the basis of remote sensing data.
		Small hydropower has been recognized as re-liable eco-friendly and renewable energy source, which can be exploited in decentralized and cost effective manner.
		The process of exploitation of hydel potential in small hydro sector through private sector participation began during 1995-96.
	himachal.nic.in /himurja/smallhydro.html (377 words)

	Hydro power
		Continuous improvements in small turbine and generator technology mean that 'Micro' (under 100kW), and 'Small-scale'(up to 5 MW), hydro-schemes are an increasingly attractive means of producing electricity.
		Useful power may be produced from anything upwards of a small stream; the likely range is from a few hundred watts (possibly for use with batteries) for domestic schemes, to a minimum of 25 kW for commercial schemes.
		Before installing a hydro scheme, a number of consents and licences may be required from the relevant authorities.
	www.ecocentre.org.uk /hydro-power.html (1026 words)

	Energy - New and Renewable Energies - Small Hydro
		Small hydroelectricity plants, defined by installations with capacities of less than 10 MW, are an integral part of the European Union electricity production system.
		The situation of small hydropower remains contrasted between those countries that have revalorised their purchase prices (Spain, Italy and France) and those that want, on the contrary, to call their incentive systems into question (Austria and Sweden).
		The positive point is that the obligation of the member States to transpose the two European directives incites the States to redefine much clearer regulatory frameworks and to reconsider their national hydroelectric potential in launching new studies.
	ec.europa.eu /energy/res/sectors/small_hydro_en.htm (533 words)

	Hydro Power (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hydro power works by using falling water to drive a turbine, which generates electricity.
		Hydro power produces no pollution in operation and does not produce carbon dioxide so it does not contribute to climate change.
		The turbine and the majority of the machinery for small hydro power systems can be hidden in a small building by the side of the river.
	www.swea.co.uk /facthydro1.htm (411 words)

	Small HydroPower Handbook
		Small hydro installations have, historically, been cheap to run but expensive to build.
		The losses in a hydro plant are: (a) losses in energy caused by flow disturbances at the intake to the pipeline, friction in the pipeline, and further flow disturbances at valves and bends; and (b) losses of power caused by friction and design inefficiencies in the turbine and generator.
		A very small turbine-generator unit (1.0 - 1.5 kw) with batteries and a battery-charger might be suitable for lighting and a few appliances in a small, well-insulated house or summer cabin.
	smallhydropower.com /manual3.htm (9406 words)

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