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Topic: Small world effect

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	Small World
		The pleasing idea that we live in a 'small world' where people are connected by '6 degrees of separation' may be the academic equivalent of an urban myth," she says.
		In the social setting, the "small world" experience is closely linked to the notion of "six degrees of separation" - the idea that each of us is linked to everyone else on the planet by a chain of no more than six intermediary acquaintances.
		If healthy ecosystems are small worlds characterised by a few hub species, with a preponderance of weak links providing their stability, then the global depletion of species numbers is truly alarming.
	flatrock.org.nz /topics/science/small_world.htm (5981 words)

	Small world phenomenon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The small world phenomenon (also known as the small world effect) is the hypothesis that everyone in the world can be reached through a short chain of social acquaintances.
		In his first "small world" experiment (documented in an undated paper entitled "Results of Communication Project"), Milgram sent 60 letters to various recruits in Wichita, Kansas who were asked to forward the letter to the wife of a divinity student living at a specified location in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
		Recent work in the effects of the small world phenomenon on disease transmission, however, have indicated that due to the strongly-connected nature of social networks as a whole, removing these hubs from a population usually has little effect on the average path length through the graph (Barrett et al., 2005).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Small_world_phenomenon (1486 words)

	Small world effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In his first "small world" experiment (documentedin an undated paper entitled "Results of Communication Project"), Milgram sent 60 letters to various recruits in Wichita, Kansas who were asked to forward the letter to the wife of adivinity student living at a specified location in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
		If there was somedoubt as to whether the "whole world" was a small world, there was very little doubt that there were a large number ofsmall worlds within that whole (from faculty chains at Michigan State University to a close-knit Jewish community in Montreal).
		For those chains that did reach completion the number 6emerged as the mean number of intermediaries and thus the expression "six degrees of separation" (perhaps by analogy to " six degrees of freedom ") was born.
	www.therfcc.org /small-world-effect-293209.html (1217 words)

	Small World
		The biological world turns out to be a remarkably small one, with the predator-prey links between species arranged in such a way that no species is more than a handful of steps away from any other.
		In the social setting, the "small world" experience is closely linked to the notion of "six degrees of separation" - the idea that each of us is linked to everyone else on the planet by a chain of no more than six intermediary acquaintances.
		If healthy ecosystems are small worlds characterised by a few hub species, with a preponderance of weak links providing their stability, then the global depletion of species numbers is truly alarming.
	www.flatrock.org.nz /topics/science/small_world.htm (5534 words)

	Six degrees of separation
		It turns out that the effect turns up in any type of network, from the film industry to the nervous system of living organisms.
		The old saying "It's a small world" has taken on a grim new significance for 50 million people in America and Canada, now they have experienced that is being seen as the power failure in history.
		Watts and Strogatz gave some real-world examples of "small world" networks, including the power grid that supplies US cities west of the Rockies, it was this which keeled over in August 1996, when a single short-circuit triggered America's last catastrophic power failure.
	www.fortunecity.com /emachines/e11/86/sixdeg.html (2951 words)

	big_world.html
		Milgram's own empirical findings on the small world problem do not justify his famous conclusion---that we live in a "small world" where people are connected, on the average, by "six degrees of separation." Milgram's first unpublished study and unpublished attempts at replication, available in the Milgram papers, show the weakness of the evidentiary base.
		Taken as a whole, small world studies suggest we live in neither of the two worlds about which Milgram theorizes: 1) a small world, where people are connected, or 2) a big world, where people are alienated from each other, each confined to their own circles.
		The "small world problem" that de Sola Pool and Stanley Milgram were investigating does not have the same mathematical structure as the "small world experiences" that people delighted in telling.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/sociology/watts/w3233/client_edit/big_world.html (7323 words)

	The Small World of a University
		Small world studies are interesting in organizations because there is a formal organizational structure that may alter the contacts between individuals.
		Small world studies in the organizational setting have shown that barriers between professional groups exist and these barriers make it difficult for SW folders (and other communication) to cross these barriers (Lundberg, 1975; Stevenson and Gilly, 1993).
		Small world studies in organizations have shown, given the relatively clear boundaries in organizations, the number of intermediaries between a starter and target is smaller, and more chains are likely to successfully reach their target in SW studies in organizations as compared to the larger society.
	www.analytictech.com /connections/v20(2)/smallworld.htm (3618 words)

	Issue 313 - Big foot, small world
		The erosion of food self-sufficiency in the cities of the world’s most populous nation represents a serious blow to global sustainability, and the appearance of increasingly large and heavy footprints on a fragile planet.
		But in many parts of the world the urban poor are seen only as an obstacle and the way they are treated by municipal authorities can make cities even less sustainable.
		Throughout the world new techniques for invigorating local democracy are being developed, especially under the auspices of Agenda 21 which emerged out of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit.
	www.newint.org /issue313/bigfoot.htm (1495 words)

	Abstracts
		In the presence of intergenerational effects, short-term and long-term measures of success (such as the expected numbers of surviving offspring and of farther descendants, respectively) may be in conflict.
		We must learn to scale from the small to the large, from the individual to the collective to the community, from the leaf to the plant to the biosphere.
		Both these effects increase with the strength of the impact of infestation, and with the number of species competing for space in the community.
	www.eeb.princeton.edu /~slevin/Abstracts.html (4385 words)

	Fiction. Bartleby.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Written for children in the local Danish idiom, these 20 tales have become part of world folklore.
		Short stories of the alternately complex, lonely, joyful and strange lives of the inhabitants of a small American town.
		Pulitzer Prize–winning novel of a midwestern American’s journey to the front of World War I. Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de.
	www.bartleby.com /fiction (1174 words)

	Small world phenomenon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The small world phenomenon is the theory that everyone in the world can be reached through a short chain of social acquaintances.
		After a 1967 small world experiment by psychologist Stanley Milgram found that two random US citizens were connected by an average of six acquaintances, the concept gave rise to the famous phrase six degrees of separation.
		Milgram's original research - conducted among the population at large, rather than the specialized, highly collaborative fields of mathematics and acting - has been challenged on a number of fronts.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/small_world_phenomenon (1372 words)

	Montreal Museum of Fine Arts
		These statuettes so much corresponded to the taste of the Victorian world that they soon made their effect felt on the art of the period, as seen in works of Gérome; they also rapidly became much in demand for museums and private collections.
		The distribution of this style, thus mirrored the extent of the Greek world as enlarged by the conquests of Alexandros the Great; both the origin of the style and the beginning of Alexandros’ expedition occurred at the same time, in the last third of the 4th century BCE.
		The wide spread of the style around the Greek world is the next aspect to be dealt with; examples are shown from a large range of sites and regions; another most important international contribution is here provided by the loan of an entire tomb-group from Policoro in Southern Italy.
	www.mbam.qc.ca /en/expositions/exposition_45.html (1221 words)

	GABOR SZABO: SMALL WORLD
		An unusual and fascinating entry in Gabor Szabo's discography, SMALL WORLD is the first of two records produced in Sweden for Lars Samuelson's Four Leaf Clover Records.
		SMALL WORLD is the result of Szabo's long relationship with Peter Totth [formerly Menyus Totth and also known as Peter Toth].
		SMALL WORLD was issued in its entirety on CD in early 2001 as part of the GABOR SZABO IN STOCKHOLM compilation.
	www.dougpayne.com /smalwrld.htm (1458 words)

	Blog Business World: Marketing Blogs, Public Relations Blogging, SEO Advice Blog
		As you would expect from Carnival of the Capitalists, there are many discussions of economics, marketing, business, and small business.
		In effect, the sales rep has created and enhanced the business cash flow, and is being paid what she is worth to the organization.
		With virtual companies, partners and staff members may be located across the country, or even around the world.
	blogbusinessworld.blogspot.com (4656 words)

	Ricard V. Sole Home Page
		Modularity allows the adaptation of different functions with a small amount of interference with other functions and is likely to be a prerequisite for the adaptation of complex organisms, although it arises most likely as a byproduct of adaptability rather than being an adaptation itself.
		The outcome of this process, however, is a scale-free, small world structure, which seem to result from a conflict of constraints during the optimization process.
		The widespread presence of complex networks with small world architecture and heterogeneous structure strongly suggest that common evolutionary principles (although perhaps not identical mechanisms) might be at work.
	complex.upf.es /~ricard (6046 words)

	Small World Experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Furthermore, according to unpublished research by Judith Kleinfeld, based on her survey of Milgram's original notes in the Yale archives, data that Milgram did not publish (on the Kansas study) did not support his hypothesis.
		either as equally small or smaller (in terms of number of participants), or else as highly restricted contextually (such as within a single university).
		In this project, we intend to perform the first large scale, global verification of the small world hypothesis, using the modern Email equivalent of Milgram's passport innovation.
	smallworld.columbia.edu /description.html (597 words)

	Republic of Fiji
		Its territory consists of approximately 320 islands, including the island of Rotuma (a small island in the north of the Fiji archipelago, whose people are culturally distinct from Fijians).
		Parliament is to make provision for the application of laws, including customary laws, and until such time as an act of parliament decides otherwise, Fijian customary law has effect as part of the laws of the country.
		Furthermore, the Fijian Administration, under the control of the Fijian Affairs Board, is a comprehensive system of local government, affecting only the Fijian section of the population and acting to preserve traditional communal structures.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~ogden/piir/pacific/fiji.html (1144 words)

	Twelve Thousand Days – The Small World Festival (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The small local festival scenes (Deptford was always good for a laugh) continue to burgeon.
		Small World is the tiny brother (just two this year) of the Wolds fave, Ecofest.
		The next track is a plangent lament to something or other in which Bates employs something like a bazooka to odd effect, followed by a right little rocker that wouldn’t have shamed the early Velvets before a couple of backing vocalists take the stage for a swirling invocation that sounds witchy in the extreme.
	www.eyelessingaza.com /mbrsmallworldfest.html (547 words)

	USF Research - Small World: Nanotechnology -
		The term nano refers to the size of these clumps of molecules, which are the essence of small.
		However, it has only been in very recent years that chemists have jumped up to the nanoscale and prepared synthetic molecules as large as or larger than biomolecules, and that microelectronics and materials science have jumped down to the nanoscale.
		With the advent of nanotechnology and things going small you realize that each and every problem is a multi-domain problem," says Bhansali, who hopes to develop a biosensor that when placed on the skin can provide volumes of health information.
	www.usf.edu /hppic_entry.html (1735 words)

	Small Planet : Myron Krueger
		Participants are able to move through that terrain by pretending to fly exactly as a child would by holding their hands out from their sides and leaning in the direction they want to go.
		If they keep their hands elevated, they soar up into space and see for the first time that the terrain that they were exploring is really the surface of a planet.
		His VIDEOPLACE exhibit places visitors in a computer-generated graphic world, inhabited by other human participants and graphic creatures, in which the laws of cause and effect can be composed from moment to moment.
	www.iamas.ac.jp /interaction/i97/artist_Krueger.html (547 words)

	It's a Small World After All
		Sadly, however, the possibility of the global community working together to tackle the world's vast inequities has been greatly diminished due to Bush's hyper-militaristic approach to solving global problems, his illegal and un-necessary war in Iraq, and his contempt for the UN in particular and the international community in general.
		We, the members of the International Ethical Collegium, write to you as citizens of the world who are in effect your constituents, but who have no vote.
		You can be sure it will be met with a gratitude that recognizes that you have moved beyond the responsibilities of politics to embrace the responsibilities of ethical leadership and in doing so, have affirmed both the reality and the promise of interdependence.
	www.thenation.com /edcut/index.mhtml?pid=1822 (1202 words)

	Chung-Yuan Huang, Chuen-Tsai Sun, Ji-Lung Hsieh and Holin Lin: Simulating SARS
		The second was attributed to the compound effects of secondary infections, and several emergency policies were put into effect on March 24 (e.g., a ban on visits to patients in hospitals or under home quarantine).
		KEELING M J (1999) The effects of local spatial structure on epidemiological invasions.
		SIRAKOULIS G C H, Karafyllidis I, and Thanailakis A (2000) A cellular automaton model for the effects of population movement and vaccination on epidemic propagation.
	jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk /7/4/2.html (6932 words)

	Victor M. Eguiluz - Complex Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		As the network grows, the clustering reaches an asymptotic value larger than that for regular lattices of the same average connectivity and similar to the one observed in the networks of movie actors, coauthorship in science, and word synonyms.
		These highly clustered scale-free networks indicate that memory effects are crucial for a correct description of the dynamics of growing networks.
		In the context of growing networks, we introduce a simple dynamical model that unifies the generic features of real networks: scale-free distribution of degree and the small world effect.
	www.imedea.uib.es /~victor/networks/abs/clustering.html (423 words)

	Messages \| Internet communication (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		As creatures living in a three-dimensional world, we have historically tended to think of "distance" as determined by separation in space.
		In a world of rapid transport and even more rapid communications, it often turns out that social distance is more important than geographical distance in determining who we interact with and what factors influence the important decisions we make.
		But social networks exhibit another feature which is not obvious at all: despite their high local clustering, and despite there being billions of people in the world, of whom any one of us knows only a small fraction, it appears that the typical distance between any pair of people is remarkably small.
	aries.mos.org /internet/essay.html (1465 words)

	The small world of Brazilian soccer (September 2004) - News - PhysicsWeb
		The small world of Brazilian soccer (September 2004) - News - PhysicsWeb
		Onody and de Castro found that the mean number of goals per game scored by a team was 1.03, while the average number of teams for which a footballer has played is 1.37.
		It also appears that the distance between players -- the so-called degree of separation or small-world effect -- in the networks is very short at only 3.29.
	physicsweb.org /articles/news/8/9/16/1 (368 words)

	DKNY Handbags
		Small top zip shoulder handbag made from suede and fashionably embellished with studs and leather piping.
		This small cross body handbag from DKNY is the perfect solution for an on the go woman.
		Small cross body handbag made from signature logo fabric with leather trim.
	handbags-world.com (3750 words)

	topology
		Their model does indeed possess well-defined locales, with vertices falling on a regular lattice, but in addition there is a fixed density of random "shortcuts" on the lattice which can link distant vertices.
		Their principal finding is that only a small density of such shortcuts is necessary to produce vertex-vertex distances comparable to those found on a random network.
		The network is modeled by a directed weighted graph whose positive and negative links represent `catalytic' and `inhibitory' interactions among the molecular species, and which evolves as the least populated species (typically those that go extinct) are replaced by new ones.
	www.enst.fr /egsh/enstcommed/topology.htm (6265 words)

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