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Topic: Small world experiment

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	Small World
		The pleasing idea that we live in a 'small world' where people are connected by '6 degrees of separation' may be the academic equivalent of an urban myth," she says.
		In the social setting, the "small world" experience is closely linked to the notion of "six degrees of separation" - the idea that each of us is linked to everyone else on the planet by a chain of no more than six intermediary acquaintances.
		If healthy ecosystems are small worlds characterised by a few hub species, with a preponderance of weak links providing their stability, then the global depletion of species numbers is truly alarming.
	flatrock.org.nz /topics/science/small_world.htm (5981 words)

	realitylab » Small-World Phenomenon
		The small world phenomenon (also known as the small world effect) is the hypothesis that everyone in the world can be reached through a short chain of social acquaintances.
		In his first “small world” experiment, documented in an undated paper entitled “Results of Communication Project,” Milgram sent 60 letters to various recruits in Omaha, Nebraska who were asked to forward the letter to a stockbroker living at a specified location in Sharon, Massachusetts.
		Recent work in the effects of the small world phenomenon on disease transmission, however, have indicated that due to the strongly-connected nature of social networks as a whole, removing these hubs from a population usually has little effect on the average path length through the graph (Barrett et al., 2005).
	www.realitylab.at /wp/small-world-phenomenon (1461 words)

	Could It Be A Big World After All?
		The notion that we live in a "small world" where people are connected by only "six degrees of separation" has become part of the intellectual furniture of educated people.
		Despite the explosion of scholarly and media interest, the small world problem has dropped out of the discipline of psychology, a discipline especially suited to examining the cognitive and emotional questions that the mathematicians are identifying.
		I fantasized about finding the original target people in Milgram's small world studies--- such as the Boston stockbroker or even his children--- and asking them to be the targets for this replication more than a quarter of a century later, a bit of showmanship worthy of Stanley Milgram himself.
	www.uaf.edu /northern/big_world.html (4138 words)

	NESU (Nijmegen Experiment SetUp) - Max-Planck-Institute for Psycholinguistics
		Experimenting in the 70's and early 80's usually meant having a small number of experiment computers (often PDPs) and a small number of programmers.
		From our experience we knew that this was only possible if we were able to provide a specification interface for the user which was very simple to use and which could be used by experimenters for a very high percentage of experiments in a self-supporting manner.
		The experiment runner has a number of unique features such as opening several experiments simultaneously, running multi-subject experiments, automatic hardware presence detection, test of all low-level device functions, an option to directly change experiment parameters and the short comprehensive trial applet, and a pause/resume option.
	www.mpi.nl /world/tg/experiments/nesu.html (1083 words)

	NASA - Relativity
		In both scenarios, two friends are in the cabin, along with butterflies and other small flying animals, fish swimming in a bowl, a bottle from which drops of water fall into another container, and a ball.
		Einstein said that the "thought experiment" reveals a general truth: A person in free fall cannot determine by observation within his or her reference frame that gravitation is present.
		Therefore, their experience is the same as it would be if there were no gravity at all.
	www.nasa.gov /worldbook/relativity_worldbook.html (3490 words)

	big_world.html
		Milgram's own empirical findings on the small world problem do not justify his famous conclusion---that we live in a "small world" where people are connected, on the average, by "six degrees of separation." Milgram's first unpublished study and unpublished attempts at replication, available in the Milgram papers, show the weakness of the evidentiary base.
		Taken as a whole, small world studies suggest we live in neither of the two worlds about which Milgram theorizes: 1) a small world, where people are connected, or 2) a big world, where people are alienated from each other, each confined to their own circles.
		The "small world problem" that de Sola Pool and Stanley Milgram were investigating does not have the same mathematical structure as the "small world experiences" that people delighted in telling.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/sociology/watts/w3233/client_edit/big_world.html (7323 words)

	The Belmont Club: It's a Small World
		A small number of private intelligence companies compete with SITE in scouring terrorists' networks for information and messages, and some have questioned the company's motives and methods, including the claim that its access to al-Qaeda's network was unique.
		The small world experiment comprised several experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram to investigate the Small World phenomenon by examining the average path length for social networks of people in the United States.
		Small world social networks are a major factor in investigations and are the supporting factor in the success of software used to analyze those linkages, such as Visual Links, a tool I am intimately familiar with.
	fallbackbelmont.blogspot.com /2007/10/its-small-world.html (3218 words)

	World Community Grid - Research - FightAIDS@Home
		Scientists are able to determine by experiment the shapes of a protein and of a drug separately, but not always for the two together.
		AutoDock is used on the World Community Grid to dock large numbers of different small molecules to HIV protease, so the best molecules can be found computationally, selected and tested in the laboratory for efficacy against the virus, HIV.
		World Community Grid's Advisory Board is looking for new research projects that can benefit from grid technolgy and have a positive impact on humanity.
	www.worldcommunitygrid.org /projects_showcase/viewFaahResearch.do (588 words)

	Richard Wiseman - Research
		Most people have encountered the "small world" phenomenon - that striking coincidence that emerges while chatting to a stranger at a party when you discover that the two of you have a mutual friend or acquaintance.
		One hundred were randomly selected and were then sent a package containing postcards, envelopes and instructions explaining that the purpose of the experiment was to ensure that the parcel made its way to a certain target person.
		These results provide support for the notion that lucky people are living in a much smaller world than unlucky people and that this, in turn, helps maximise their potential for "lucky" small-world encounters in life.
	www.richardwiseman.com /research/smallworld.html (1141 words)

	Kerjodando p2p better cos its private: Only Small World P2P Network Navigation (Search) Scalable
		A small world network, where nodes represent people and edges connect people that know each other, captures the small world phenomenon of strangers being linked by a mutual acquaintance.
		The small world phenomenon (also known as the small world effect) is the hypothesis that everyone in the world can be reached through a short chain of social acquaintances.
		The concept gave rise to the famous phrase six degrees of separation after a 1967 small world experiment by social psychologist Stanley Milgram which suggested that two random US citizens were connected on average by a chain of six acquaintances.
	kerjodando.blogspot.com /2006/07/only-small-world-p2p-networks-scalable.html (819 words)

	New Horizons in Search Theory
		Milgram's original experiment on this topic was in the 1960's.
		If we look at this problem closer, we can see two significant characteristics of the small world network: short paths and people who are good at finding the paths.
		The first one is Small World Experiment II where you can nominate your own target.
	old.alidade.net /events/030903_SearchTheory/07_evening.html (686 words)

	NetLogo Models Library: Small Worlds
		To identify small worlds, the "average path length" (abbreviated "apl") and "clustering coefficient" (abbreviated "cc") of the network are calculated and plotted after the REWIRE-ONCE or REWIRE-ALL buttons are pressed.
		Clustering Coefficient: Another property of small world networks is that from one person's perspective it seems unlikely that they could be only a few steps away from anybody else in the world.
		The small worlds idea was first made popular by Stanley Milgram's famous experiment (1967) which found that two random US citizens where on average connected by six acquaintances (giving rise to the popular "six degrees of separation" expression):
	ccl.northwestern.edu /netlogo/models/SmallWorlds (1311 words)

	Sacramento State Bulletin
		There may be six degrees of separation out in the larger world, but on the Sacramento State campus a researcher and her students have found that there can be fewer than three degrees of separation among the thousands of people here—making a big university seem much smaller and friendlier than might be expected.
		She said that key to the structure of the small world phenomenon are individuals who Tom calls “mavens,” persons with a great deal of influence in social networks and who serve as multipliers who pass on information to others.
		Tom said the results of her study suggest that the small world phenomenon is instrumental in the development of connectedness among diverse social groups on campus.
	www.csus.edu /bulletin/bulletin012306/bulletin012306smallworld.htm (615 words)

	"Six Degrees of Separation: An Urban Myth?" by Judith Kleinfeld.
		Milgram's small world experiment took this idea a step further: his subjects could reach anyone in the country, maybe anyone on the planet, through a chain averaging just a few people.
		My research suggests that first, the belief that we live in a small world gives people a sense of security, a feeling that we are all somehow holding hands.
		When we say, "It's a small world," we are not talking about the chances of connection between two people taken at random.
	www.judithkleinfeld.com /ar_sixdegrees.html (781 words)

	MySpace.com - MY WAY or NO WAY!! - RALEIGH, North Carolina - Rap / Hip Hop - www.myspace.com/smallworldpremiere
		World's strong presence is felt through every bar that leaves his audience with the impression they're listening to a wise vetera in a young prodigy&body.
		World seized this opportunity to seek guidance and advice to eventually format his style to floor a universal audience.
		World gave her the demo and told her he would like to be with Def Jam.
	www.myspace.com /smallworldpremiere (1599 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: )
		While at Yale, he conducted the small-world experiment (the source of the six degrees of separation concept) and the Milgram experiment on obedience to authority.
		Most likely because of his controversial Milgram Experiment, Milgram was denied tenure at Harvard after becoming an assistant professor there, but instead accepted an offer to become a tenured full professor at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (Blass, 2004).
		The six degrees of separation concept originates from Milgram's "small world experiment" in 1967 that tracked chains of acquaintances in the US.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Stanley_Milgram (737 words)

	Stanley Milgram's Small World Experiment
		All that matters is that there is a connection-- it could be biological, genetic, by marriage, friendship, through work or school or any other kind of reason for humans to know and iteract with each other.
		It is concerned with an abstract "shape" of society and is therefore quite amenable to the mathematics of graph theory and topology.
		The phrases "six degrees of separation" and "its a small world after all" are just two examples of such explanations.
	cnx.org /content/m10833/latest (547 words)

	Essay: The Small-World Phenomenon and Decentralized Search
		But Milgram's experiment really led to two striking discoveries, of which the existence of short paths was only the first.
		The second was that people in society, with knowledge of only their own personal acquaintances, were collectively able to forward the letter to a distant target so quickly.
		In other words, nodes executing these look-up protocols are behaving very much like participants in the Milgram experiments -- a striking illustration of the way in which the computational and social sciences can inform one another, and the way in which mathematical models in the computational world turn into design principles with remarkable ease.
	www.mathaware.org /mam/04/essays/smallworld.html (695 words)

	Complexity and Social Networks Blog: Small Worlds Archives
		Small worlds-- the degrees of separation between Cambridge, MA, and Fargo, ND I recently conducted a small world experiment in my networks class, selecting an individual in Fargo, North Dakota as the target recipient.
		I selected Fargo for much the same reason that Milgram selected a small town in Nebraska: psychologically and sociologically it is about as far away as from Cambridge, Mass, as is conceivable and still be in the US.
		Even assuming that the world is “small” it is a remarkable (if understandable) thing that these e-mails could find a reasonably short path through the network.
	www.iq.harvard.edu /blog/netgov/small_worlds (809 words)

	The Small-World Phenomenon: An Algorithmic Perspective 1
		The source would initially be told basic information about the target, including his address and occupation; the source would then be instructed to send the letter to someone she knew on a first-name basis in an effort to transmit the letter to the target as efficaciously as possible.
		The success of Milgram's experiment suggests a source of latent navigational ``cues'' embedded in the underlying social network, by which a message could implicitly be guided quickly from source to target.
		10], in their ``reverse small-world experiments,'' asked a set of respondents to explain how they chose to send letters in a run of the small-world experiment, and used this information to look for common principles at an empirical level.
	www.cs.cornell.edu /home/kleinber/swn.d/swn.html (5001 words)

	» “Small World” Experiment Revivial » Cornell Info 204 - Networks
		Duncan Watts, of Watts-Strogatz model fame, is in the process of conducting a modernized version of Stanley Milgram’s original 1967 “small world” experiment as mentioned in class.
		Watts, now at Columbia University is the principal investigator on the the Columbia Small World Project.
		Much as in the Milgram experiment, the volunteers are then asked to send the message to a person they think is closer to the target with the eventual goal of reaching the target.
	expertvoices.nsdl.org /cornell-info204/2007/04/26/small-world-experiment-revivial (422 words)

	World RPS Society - Home
		The World RPS Society is pleased to announce that it is making available for purchase artwork from its historical advertising archives available at Imagekind.com.
		We are honoured to announce that Doug Walker of the World RPS Society will be speaking at the World of Mouth Marketing Summit in Washington on Tuesday, December 12th.
		The RPS experiment illustrates many of the ideals of new marketing and social media (participation, storytelling, authenticity, attention, etc.) and shows how a couple of guys with some talent and creativity can garner the attention of the world.
	www.worldrps.com /index.php?option=com_frontpage&limit=10&limitstart=100 (1570 words)

	Kenne Thomas' Drums From A Small Planet
		World Music, or World Beat, is now a part of the mainstream.
		This site and these links are meant to connect the world by pointing out our similarities and, breaking down borders.The seminar is to help people better understand their neighbors by understanding the cultures they come from through music, utilizing the most basic and intrinsic element in our common musical heritage - the drum.
		My World Music class for the Farm In The City program for kids in St. Paul, Mn, during the summer was well received.
	www.mninter.net /~thomasjp/smallplanet.html (476 words)

	Internet stays small world TRN 091201
		While the average number of hops grew from 10 for a 10,000-node network to 200 for a 100-million-node network in networks that were scale-free or small-world, the number of average hops grew much more slowly in networks that were both scale-free and small-world, said Puniyani.
		The number of steps grew "logarithmically with the size of the network, which means that for 10,000 nodes you need five steps, [but] for 100 million the number grew only to 6.5," he said.
		In large networks like the World Wide Web, the path a given piece of data must traverse to reach its destination can be incredibly complex, he said.
	www.trnmag.com /Stories/2001/091201/Internet_stays_small_world_091201.html (918 words)

	Psychology Today: Six Degrees: Urban Myth? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Milgram's small-world experiment took this idea a step further: His subjects could reach anyone in the country, maybe anyone on the planet, through a chain averaging just a few people.
		My research suggests that first, the belief that we live in a small world gives people a sense of security.
		And when an especially unlikely connection occurs, the world does feel small, whether or not the scientific evidence agrees.
	www.psychologytoday.com /articles/pto-20020301-000038.html (790 words)

	Experiment: Let's Get Small
		If you read What is a Microbe, you came across an illustration of microbial size that compared different microbes to common features of a baseball park.
		Such comparisons can help you put into perspective how small microbes are compared to, say, a human cell using objects whose size is more familiar to you.
		This experiment is based on an activity developed by the National Association of Biology Teachers.
	www.microbeworld.org /resources/experiment/experiment_lets_get_small.aspx (628 words)

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