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Topic: Smut (fungus)

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	Smut (fungus) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The smuts are fungi, mostly Ustilaginomycetes (of the class Teliomycetae, subphylum Basidiomycota), that cause plant disease.
		Sugar Cane Smut or Culmicolous Smut is caused by the fungus Ustilago Scitaminea.
		Corn smut, which infects maize, is also sold as a food in Mexico, and Brazil, and was originally first eaten by the Aztecs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Smut_(fungus) (154 words)

	pubs
		Sporidial fusion and infection of maize seedlings by the smut fungus Ustilago maydis.
		Infection of maize stigmas by the smut fungus Ustilago maydis.
		Ultrastructure of the smut fungus Ustilago striiformis in infected tissue of Kentucky bluegrass.
	www.sju.edu /biology/ksweb/ustilago/pub.html (840 words)

	IPM : Reports on Plant Diseases : Corn Smuts
		Common smut occurs worldwide wherever corn (maize) is grown, by presence of large conspicuous galls or replacement of grain kernels with smut sori.
		The heaviest smut infection generally occurs when rainfall is light during the early stages of growth and temperatures are between 79 and 93 F (26 and 34 C).
		The smut fungus feeds on the cell contents for its further growth and the gall then consists primarily of dikaryotic mycelium and the remains of corn cells.
	www.ipm.uiuc.edu /diseases/series200/rpd203 (2011 words)

	Wheat Loose Smut (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The fungus that causes loose smut survives as dormant mycelia (fungal threads) within the embryo of an infested wheat seed.
		As the juvenile wheat head develops within the wheat stem the fungus colonizes the head develops within the wheat stem the fungus colonizes the seed primordia (tissue that would become a seed within a wheat head).
		The colonized seed appears healthy but carries the dormant smut fungus within to start the cycle over again with the planting of the seed.
	www.ppws.vt.edu /stromberg/smallgrain/biology/wlsmut.html (185 words)

	Smut diseases of cereal crops (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Smut diseases are caused by fungi which produce large masses of fl spores in the plants they attack.
		Loose smuts replace both the grain and the chaff in the affected head with a loose mass of spores which blows away in the wind, leaving behind only the bare backbone.
		Oat smuts can be controlled by dressing seed with a fungicide registered for the control of oat smuts, or by selection of seed from crops known to be free of infection.
	www.nre.vic.gov.au /DPI/nreninf.nsf/childdocs/-22C871BE2A0105794A2568B30004D413-19BEB5ECB3BFD81BCA256BC70082428C-3444578E090314AF4A256DEA00279144-F0C3814C77DC8350CA256BCF000BBFA9?open (1065 words)

	IPM : Reports on Plant Diseases : Loose Smut of Wheat
		Loose smut, caused by the fungus Ustilago tritici, is a common disease of wheat throughout the world.
		The loose smut fungus is carried as dormant mycelium within healthy-appearing seed and is spread by planting infected seed.
		The hot-water soak technique for ridding wheat seed of the loose smut fungus, while highly effective, is difficult to use and often reduces the germination percentage and vigor of the wheat seed.
	www.ipm.uiuc.edu /diseases/series100/rpd112 (892 words)

	ACES Publications : ANR-0601
		The corn smut damage is heaviest along the edges of corn fields where stink bugs have moved in from the nearby wheat fields.
		The corn smut fungus survives the winter in corn residue or in the soil.
		Smut spores are spread by insects, by wind, or in animal manure.
	www.aces.edu /pubs/docs/A/ANR-0601 (3735 words)

	Department of Plant Pathology
		Flag smut is primarily a disease of winter wheat.
		Smut was greatest in wheat seeded near December 1 when the mean air temperature was 20°C and falling.
		When inoculated seed was sown in soil at a temperature of 15.5-19.7°C, smut was 0 at 28% water content, 5 at 21.7%; 10 at 17%, 65 at 11.3%, 55 at 8%, near 40 at 5.5%, and 20 at 4.5% water (Sattar and Hafiz, 1952).
	plantpath.wsu.edu /aboutplantpath/hfsmut.htm (3856 words)

	Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Specialized Microscopy Techniques - Fluorescence Image Gallery - Corn Smut
		Smut is a disease of cereals, corn, grasses, onions, and sorghum that can be caused by any of more than 700 species of parasitic fungi.
		In the United States, after decades of trying to eradicate corn smut, some farmers are attempting to grow corn with large corn smut infestations because the fungus is becoming a prized gourmet food item, with much higher prices than healthy corn.
		The various smuts are characterized by masses of sooty spores that grow on or inside the plant during a fungus's last stage of growth.
	www.olympusmicro.com /primer/techniques/fluorescence/gallery/cornsmut.html (225 words)

	Seed Treatment for Disease Control
		In the mid-1980s, a new race of the loose smut fungus was detected in North Dakota.
		The fungus is seed-borne in the hull and seed coat.
		Loose smut of wheat infects the embryo, as with loose smut of barley (Figure 3).
	www.ext.nodak.edu /extpubs/plantsci/crops/pp447w.htm (3655 words)

	SMUTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		They are termed smut fungi because they produce a mass of fl, powdery spores (teliospores) that often develop in place of the grain in cereal crops or in place of other organs such as the anthers of some flowering plants (e.g.
		A similar smut fungus, Ustilago avenae, causes loose smut of oats and of the related wild grass, Arrhenatherum elatius (false oat grass).
		There are several other variations in the development of different smut fungi, but the most notable general point is that all the smut fungi live in intimate balance with their host plants.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/FungalBiology/grassmut.htm (568 words)

	Common Smut of Corn, HYG-3119-96 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Corn smut is an extremely common disease of sweet, pop, and dent corn in Ohio and throughout the world.
		The smut gall is composed of a great mass of fl, greasy, or powdery spores enclosed by a smooth white covering of corn tissue.
		Corn smut is caused by the fungus, Ustilago zeae, that survives as a resistant spore in the soil over winter, and possibly for 2 to 3 years.
	ohioline.osu.edu /hyg-fact/3000/3119.html (603 words)

	[No title]
		Common bunt (stinking smut), caused by the fungus Tilletia tritici, is a disease characterized by replacement of the normal wheat kernel with bunt balls containing a fl, powdery mass of spores.
		Dwarf bunt, caused by the fungus Tilletia controversa and also called dwarf smut or TCK smut, is similar to common bunt, except that it infects tillers of wheat plants in the winter under snow at temperatures near freezing, and it can survive in the soil for many years.
		The smut spores survive in the soil and germinate when wet to produce a type of spore that is carried to wheat heads where infection occurs.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~wheaties/fd96smut.html (1738 words)

	Smut - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Smut (comics), an adult British comic title dating back to the 1980s
		Obscenity, smut being a slang term for that
		Smut Shack (bianca's Smut Shack), an early pioneering virtual community
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Smut (120 words)

	Common smut more common than usual
		Common corn smut, caused by the fungus Ustilago zeae or Ustilago maydis, is a well-known disease that usually does not cause economic damage.
		Infections of the stalk, ear, or tassels result in smut galls, which are distorted growths that have a shiny, silvery-white surface.
		By harvest, the smut galls have mostly ruptured and dried, leaving nothing but masses of fl spores that become airborne when the plant is disturbed.
	www.ipm.iastate.edu /ipm/icm/2001/11-19-2001/commonsmut.html (594 words)

	smut. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Among those that cause severe annual losses to crops are corn smut, oat smut, bunt or stinking smut, and loose smut of wheat.
		The fungus may be present on the wheat seed or in the soil in which the seed is sown, or it may be blown into a field by the wind.
		Smuts are classified in the kingdom Fungi, phylum (division) Basidiomycota, order Ustilaginales.
	www.bartleby.com /65/sm/smut.html (248 words)

	Smuts on the internet, Ustilago maydis, Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for March 1998--
		Corn smut is caused by the basidiomycete fungus Ustilago maydis, sometimes called Ustilago zeae-maydis, which is pictured to the left in a photograph by Deon Nontelle of the Biology Department here at the UW-La Crosse.
		Both of these, along with proliferation of the fungus itself, cause large galls to replace the kernels of corn, sucking the energy from the development of the other kernels, drastically decreasing the yield of the corn crop.
		The fungus can grow systemically (inside the plant), spreading to other ears of corn on the same plant as well as to many other parts of the plant, including the tassels (interfering with pollination) and the stem (interfering with transport of materials and growth).
	botit.botany.wisc.edu /toms_fungi/march98.html (959 words)

	Some Common Fungal Diseases of Turf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The white to gray powder is a combination of the mycelium and spores of the powdery mildew fungus.
		Smut symptoms may return in the fall, and the fungus will continue to live inside the plant until the plant dies.
		Smut is usually not reported until lawns are three to four years old, when yellowing and thinning is first noticed and fl streaks of spores are discovered.
	www.uri.edu /ce/factsheets/sheets/turffungaldis.html (1618 words)

	Corn Smut (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Common smut of corn is caused by the fungus Ustilago maydis.
		Smut on the leaves and tassels usually appears as very small galls or pustules (generally less than an inch in diameter) that eventually become hard and dry.
		The entire ear is sometimes replaced by the smut gall, which is usually partially or wholly enclosed by the outer corn husk.
	www.ext.vt.edu /pubs/plantdiseasefs/450-706/450-706.html (564 words)

	ACES Publications : ANR-1068
		Smut spores are blown by wind to nearby healthy flowers of small grains where they infect the flower and move into the developing embryo.
		After the smut fungus invades the embryo, it remains dormant until the smut-infected grain is planted the following season.
		Since the loose smut fungus is inside the infected seed, conventional, contact fungicides are not effective against this disease.
	www.aces.edu /pubs/docs/A/ANR-1068 (736 words)

	CSREES - USDA - News - Wheat fungus masquerading as another in Oklahoma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		During harvest, the bunted kernels are broken and the spores are released to spread to the coat of healthy wheat and the soil.
		Thus, the common bunt fungus survives the rigors of summer in the soil and on the seed coat.
		In addition, spores of the loose smut fungus do not reside in the soil or seed coat, but instead are released from the heads of infected wheat plants to infect the flowering heads of healthy wheat plants.
	www.csrees.usda.gov /newsroom/news/pest/news0010.html (458 words)

	MistFlowerFungus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		A white smut fungus, native to Jamaica and Mexico, was used successfully in Hawai’i in a biological control programme against mist flower (see Biological control success stories).
		Unless the characteristic white spores of the white smut fungus are present, only an experienced plant pathologist will be able to tell symptoms caused by the two fungi apart.
		Expectations of the white smut in New Zealand were high, as this was the most effective of the three agents used in the successful programme against mist flower in Hawai’i (see Biological control success stories).
	www.landcareresearch.co.nz /research/biosecurity/weeds/MistFlowerFungus.asp (1441 words)

	Corn Smut (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Introduction: Corn smut is caused by the fungus Ustilago maydis.
		The fungus galls are considered a delicacy to eat when the gall is still greenish white all the way through, BEFORE the fl spores form.
		The purpose of this exercise is to study a fungal disease of corn, to observe the symptoms and signs caused by Ustilago maydis on corn seedlings and to examine the teliospores of Ustilago maydis.
	carroll1.cc.edu /~jclausz/msamanual/smut.html (786 words)

	Sweet corn Disease Descriptions - Common Smut (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The fungus overwinters as spores in the soil or in manure.
		Galls are formed as the common smut fungus causes cells of the corn plant to increase in size and number.
		The smut fungus is favored by high temperatures and high moisture.
	plantpathology.tamu.edu /Texlab/Grains/Sweetcorn/ccs.html (150 words)

	Karnal Bunt of Wheat: Glossary
		Flag smut- smut disease that affects primarily leaves and culms, as in Urocystis agropyri.
		Promycelium- germ tube (basidium) of a ustilispore (teliospore) of a smut fungus.
		Solopathogen- isolate of a smut fungus with diploid sporidia due to failure of meiosis.
	www.cimmyt.org /Research/Wheat/Revisar/htm/kbglossa.htm (1741 words)

	Smut Fungi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		In fact, smut is such a common occurrence on this particular grass that its common English name is Smutgrass.
		Smut typically shows up as fl and dusty masses, just like in the picture.
		Among the smuts, when the hyphae parasitizing the host plant are ready to reproduce, the hyphae's cell walls melt, or "gelatinize," and the cells' contents changes into spores.
	www.backyardnature.net /f/smuts.htm (189 words)

	APSnet Education Center - Plant Disease Lessons - Stinking smut of wheat - Significance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Stinking smut is a disease that was recognized early in agricultural development because of its prominent symptoms and signs, e.g., fl smelly masses of spores in the heads of wheat.
		From the late 1800s until the 1930s, stinking smut was a devastating disease of wheat, particularly in winter wheat grown in the Pacific Northwest.
		This smut was originally discovered in Karnal, India in the 1930s, but recently was found in Mexico, and now in a few wheat fields in the southwestern portion of the United States, particularly Arizona and neighboring areas of California.
	www.apsnet.org /education/LessonsPlantPath/StinkingSmut/signif.htm (603 words)

	Fungi and Mycology
		The name "smut" refers to the ripe galls filled with dark sooty spores that are formed when the fungus infests a plant.
		The growing parts of the corn, including the base of the internodes, the base and the midrib of leaves, and young ears are susceptible to be infected by the smut fungus.
		Eventually, the fungus produces tumor-like masses on the infected plant which are covered with silvery-white or greenish-white layer.
	www.doctorfungus.org /thefungi (1382 words)

	Lawn Diseases
		Disease develops when the pathogen (fungus) is present on a susceptible host (bluegrass) in a favorable environment (temperature, moisture/water, light, nutrients, and stress factors).
		The Fusarium Patch fungus, Microdochium nivalis, produces yellowish patches from several inches to a foot in diameter which usually appear as soon as the snow begins to melt and continue to enlarge as long as the weather is cool and the grass wet.
		Stripe Smut, caused by the fungus Ustilago striiformis, is a cool weather disease that sometimes shows up during long periods of cool weather in spring or fall.
	www.ext.nodak.edu /extpubs/plantsci/landscap/pp950w.htm (4906 words)

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