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Topic: Snake venom

	Snake venom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The venom, which is mostly a clear, limpid fluid of a pale straw or amber colour, or rarely greenish, sometimes with a certain amount of suspended matter, is exhausted after several bites, and the glands have to recuperate.
		In all probability, the venom escapes from the sheath of mucous membrane surrounding the base of the fangs, and is mixed with ordinary saliva, the membranes of the mouth perhaps acting as lips, in which case the term “spitting” would not be incorrect.
		The effect of the venom of proteroglyphous snakes (Hydrophids, cobras, Bungarus, Elaps, Pseudechis, Notechis, Acanthophis) is mainly on the nervous system, respiratory paralysis being quickly produced by bringing the venom into contact with the central nervous mechanism which controls respiration; the pain and local swelling which follow a bite are not usually severe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Snake_venom (1782 words)

	SNAKE BITES
		Snake envenomation is termed technically as ophitoxemia [origin Ophidae and toxemia]Snakes are classified on the basis of morphological characters like their bone, musculature, sense organs, the type and arrangement of teeth [dentition] and the scales on their body.
		Snake bite is a public health concern in many countries.0.1 million of envonemated person among the 5 million estimated true incidence of venomous snake bites suffer severe sequelae.The accuracy of health reporting,the diversity of economies and ecological conditions causes a global disparity in epidemiological data available.
		Snake bite are sometime an occupational hazard for those associated with forest,farms,granaries and herpetologists.Snake bites occur mostly during dark hours as most of the snakes are nocturnal in habit.The incidence of snake bites show a distinct seasonal pattern that is prevalence in relation to rainfall and temperature.
	www.geocities.com /drvinsi/homepage/snakebites.html (6814 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Snake
		Snakes have a very flexible lower jaw, the two halves of which are not rigidly attached, and numerous other joints in their skull (see snake skull), allowing them to open their mouths wide enough to swallow their prey whole, even if it is larger in diameter than the snake itself.
		All snakes are capable of lateral undulation, in which the body is flexed side-to-side, and the flexed areas propagate posteriorly, giving the overall shape of a posteriorly propagating sine wave.
		The snakes moves corresponding to the flute movement and the vibrations from the tapping of the charmer's foot which is not noticed by the public.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Snake (2154 words)

	The Reptipage: Snake venom
		These snakes are "fixed fanged." That is to say they are unable to fold up their fangs when not in use so the fangs must be kept short enough so as not to puncture the lower jaw.
		As stated before, snakes predominantly use their venom to capture prey, but when push comes to shove, venom can mean the difference between life and death.
		Venomous snakes (of at least the elapid and viperid families) are able to meter out how much venom they intend to inject into their prey.
	reptilis.net /serpentes/venom.html (2457 words)

	CarlZimmer.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Fry says he has been fascinated by venomous snakes ever "since I could walk." By the time he started his dissertation research on the inland taipan in the late 1990's, he was already experienced at catching snakes and milking their venom.
		In almost all the other cases, venom genes evolved from ones that were active outside the venom gland - in the blood, for example, as well as the brain and liver.
		The evidence indicates that the evolution of a typical venom gene may begin with the accidental duplication of a gene that is active in another organ.
	carlzimmer.com /articles/2005/articles_2005_venom.html (1757 words)

	[No title]
		The rattlesnakes are distinguished from the nonvenomous snakes by their two elongated, canaliculated, upper maxillary teeth, which can be rotated from their resting position, in which they are folded against the roof of the mouth, to their biting position, where they are almost perpendicular to the upper jaw.
		Coral snakes have round pupils, and can be distinguished from king snakes, scarlet snakes and some shovel-nosed and milk snakes, with which they are sometimes confused, by their complete rings of fl, yellow and red, the red and yellow ring touching.
		B. Snake venoms are complex mixtures and the physician attending a patient with snake venom poisoning must remember that he is faced with a case of multiple poisoning, perhaps three or more toxic reactions, with pharmacological changes that may occur simultaneously or consecutively.
	www.phreak.org /archives/The_Hacker_Chronicles_II/misc/snakebit.txt (3747 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Snakes Work"
		Snakes do not have a diaphragm like people do, so they circulate air in and out of the lungs by narrowing the rib cage to push air out and then widening it again to create a vacuum to suck air in.
		As the snake grows, the number and the pattern of its scales stay the same, although a snake's scales are shed many times over the course of its life.
		Once a snake is ready to eat, it opens its mouth wide and begins to "walk" its lower jaw over the prey as its backward-curving teeth grip the animal -- one side of the jaw pulls in while the other side moves forward for the next bite.
	science.howstuffworks.com /snake.htm/printable (2883 words)

	Snakebite
		Snakes are remarkable animals, successful on land, in the sea, in forests, in grasslands, in lakes, and in deserts.
		Venom is a modified form of saliva and probably evolved to aid in chemical digestion.
		Snake venom is a combination of numerous substances with varying effects.
	www.emedicinehealth.com /snakebite/article_em.htm (605 words)

	Snake venom and its action. (from snakebite) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		Snake venom is a complex protein substance, and its exact composition varies from one species of snake to another.
		A bite by a venomous snake may be serious, depending on the size of the victim, the location of the bite, the amount of venom injected, the speed of absorption of...
		The snake is a member of the cobra family, Elapidae, which is characterized by short, hollow, fixed fangs and a paralyzing venom.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-208163 (919 words)

	Bites Venom
		In snakes, venom is an evolutionary adaptation to immobilize prey, secondarily used in defense.
		Africa’s rich venomous snake fauna is dominated by true vipers (ncluding arboreal vipers, desert vipers, nightadders, puffadders, and saw-scaled vipers), terrestrial elapids, (cobras and mambas), molevipers (Atractaspidinae), and two of the world’s four deadliest colubrids, the boomslang (Dispholidus typus) and the African birdsnake (Thelotornis kirtlandii).
		The venom duct is surrounded by small masses of glandular tissue, the accessory glands, which may act as valves to regulate the flow of venom to the fang.
	www.reptileallsorts.com /bites-venom.htm (9457 words)

	Snake Venom: The Pain and Potential of Poison (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Snake venom is one of the most amazing and unique adaptions of animal evolution.
		Venom is not composed of a single substance, but is a toxic saliva consisting of a complex mixture of chemicals called enzymes.
		There are approximately 20 types of toxic enzymes found in snake poisons throughout the world known to man. Although no venomous snake has all of these toxins, most snakes employ between six to twelve of these enzymes in their venom.
	coloherp.org /cb-news/Vol-28/cbn-0103/Venom.html (866 words)

	Snake Venom Doc @ National Geographic Adventure Magazine
		Because the whole operation involved an awful lot of exposure to awfully dangerous animals—sea snakes are among the world's most poisonous reptiles, and their venom can cause horrible pain, spasms, and the disintegration of muscle tissue, all en route to a quick and ugly death—Fry had taken his standard precautions.
		Snake venoms are also remarkable, Fry points out, for the sheer number of catastrophic effects that they can cause simultaneously.
		For decades it was assumed that snake venom had evolved separately in a range of snake species, based on the fact that many venomous snakes had close nonvenomous relatives.
	www.nationalgeographic.com /adventure/0509/features/snake_venom_doc.html (1432 words)

	For Goodness Snakes! Treating and Preventing Venomous Bites
		A bite from one of these, in which the snake may inject varying degrees of toxic venom, should always be considered a medical emergency, says the American Red Cross.
		Some nonpoisonous snakes, such as the scarlet king snake, mimic the bright red, yellow and fl coloration of the coral snake.
		Venomous snakes, even dangerous ones like the Eastern diamondback, don't always release venom when they bite.
	www.fda.gov /fdac/features/995_snakes.html (2181 words)

	Snake Venom May Slow Cancer Growth, Studies Hint (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Preliminary research shows a natural compound in some snake venoms may prevent the growth of cancerous tumors, potentially transforming one of nature's deadliest toxins into a curative agent.
		Today roughly a dozen diagnostic tests and drugs are derived from snake venom, according to Zoltan Takacs, a toxinologist (natural-toxins scientist) and herpetologist based at the Yale University School of Medicine in New Haven, Connecticut.
		Venoms are exquisitely complex, composed of as many as a hundred different peptides, enzymes, and toxins.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2004/06/0601_040601_tvsnakes1.html (816 words)

	Sawyer venom extractor for snake bites and other puncture wounds.
		Dr William Forgey recommends in "Wilderness Medicine" that the Extractor be used for snake bites and various other puncture wounds including human bites and insect stings.
		He states that it is "far superior to the rubber suction cup snake bite kit" (pg 4).
		With regard to suction, a negative-pressure device called The Extractor (Sawyer Products) may remove a clinically significant amount of venom if it is applied over the bite within 3 minutes of the bite and left in place for 30 to 60 minutes.
	www.backcountry-equipment.com /accessrs/a-emerg/venom_extractor.html (472 words)

	eMedicine - Snakebite : Article by Brian James Daley, MD, MBA, FACS
		A common warning is "red on yellow, kill a fellow; red on fl, venom lack." Coral snake pupils are round, and their subcaudal scales are arranged in double rows.
		Venom dosage per bite depends on the elapsed time since the last bite, the degree of threat the snake feels, and the size of the prey.
		It is derived from horse serum after the horse is injected with sublethal doses of snake venom.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic2143.htm (2611 words)

	Snake venom in marijuana.
		Snake venom is a complex ORGANIC substance which is readily broken down by heat and it doesn't take a very high temperature to do it.
		If snake venom was put in breakfest ceral we wouldn't be going on about the evils of cornflakes.
		Or it could be that burning venom has relatively harmless products that had a secondary reaction with some chemical in the marijuana to produce a highly toxic result.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-backroom/1017439/posts (2874 words)

	Snake & Scorpion Venom Therapy
		A protein in the venom of southern US copperhead snakes is an effective inhibitor of tumor growth and metastasis, researchers from the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine in Los Angeles report.
		The researchers isolated and purified the copperhead snake venom protein, which they named contortrostatin.
		"Not only does the snake protein thwart the spread of new tumors throughout the body, it also stops the growth of existing tumors by inhibiting the formation of blood vessels that feed them," a meeting abstract notes.
	www.annieappleseedproject.org /snakventher.html (224 words)

	Snake Venom
		George Van Horn, owner of Florida-based Biotoxins Inc. is a snake venom dealer, who works daily with deadly snakes from around the word.
		One of the most dangerous snakes — one that Van Horn calls a particularly "good venom shooter" — is the southern copperhead.
		In a major step forward, recent tests showed the snake venom protein successfully stopped transplanted human breast cancer tumors from growing in mice.
	www.acfnewsource.org /science/snake_venom.html (401 words)

	CBC News: Snake venom breaks up bloodstains (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Snake venom contains enzymes to stop blood from clotting.
		Bloodstains are often difficult to remove from clothes because of the clotting.
		The researchers isolated a non-toxic enzyme from the venom.
	www.cbc.ca /stories/2004/03/29/sci-tech/laundry040329 (308 words)

	Snake venom, snake venom effects, cancer snake venom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Snake venom, snake venom effects, cancer snake venom
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		snake venom - venom secreted by certain snakes venom - toxin secreted by animals; secreted by certain snakes and poisonous insects
	www.topdebt.com /snake-venom.html (290 words)

	Healthopedia.com - Snakebite (Snake Venom Poisoning)
		A snakebite occurs when a snake uses its fangs to bite a person.
		Some snakes inject venom into the person through the fangs.
		Many species of venomous snakes can bite and poison humans.
	www.healthopedia.com /snakebite (204 words)

	Venomous Snake Goodness: An Analysis of Snake Venom Toxicity
		This site is designed to be an educational guide through some of the interesting and scientific facts about venomous snakes, and snake venom.
		It is not meant to serve as a functional guide for the treatment of snake bite or to advise anyone who has been bitten by a venomous snake.
		There are many fine sites for real venom snake fans and collectors and I suggest checking out the links section.
	jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu /fieldcourses03/PapersCostaRicaArticles/VenomousSnakeGoodness.AnA.html (594 words)

	Liver Support for a decrease in Cirrhosis of the Liver
		And three studies performed between 1994 and 1999, have shown that extracts of sarsaparilla have snake venom inhibitory activity.
		Castro O, et al: Neutralization of the Hemorrhagic Effect Induced by Bothrops Asper (Serpentes Viperidae venom with Tropical Plant Extracts, Rev Biol Trop 1999, Sep;47(3): 605-616.
		ASE is often compared to extracts of milk thistle, alpha-lipoic acid, other artichoke extracts, N-acetyl cysteine, and nucleic acids in its effectiveness to support liver detoxification and aid in liver disease.
	www.extremehealthusa.com /cirrhosis.html (2378 words)

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