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Instrumental case - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In linguistics, the instrumental case indicates that a noun is the instrument or means by which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action. The instrumental case appears in Old English, Georgian, Sanskrit, and the Balto-Slavic languages. the inflection of the noun indicates its instrumental role -- the nominative stylus changes to the ablative (the ablative of means) stylo. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Instrumental_case   (226 words)

Instrumental variable - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia An instrumental variable is one that is correlated with the independent variable but not with the error term. In statistics, an instrumental variable (IV, or instrument) can be used in regression analysis to produce a consistent estimator when the explanatory variables (covariates) are correlated with the error terms. An instrument is a variable that does not itself belong in the regression, that is correlated with the suspect explanatory variable, and that is uncorrelated with the error term. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Instrumental_variables_estimation   (843 words)

Voice instrumental music - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Vocal instrumental concerto and the figured bass, along with a cappella compositions, during the baroque were a form of the use of the voice as an elaborate instrument. Voice instrumental music is the term used for compositions and improvisations for the human voice. Voice instrumental music is featured in Pink Floyd 's music; "The Great Gig in the Sky", from the album the Dark Side of the Moon. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mouth_music   (843 words)

Break (music) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A break is an instrumental or percussion section or interlude during a song derived from or related to stop-time being a "break" from the main parts of the song or piece. According to Peter van der Merwe (1989, p.283) a break "occurs when the voice stops at the end of a phrase and is answered by a snatch of accompaniment," and originated from the bass runs of marches of the "Sousa school". A break beat is the sampling of breaks as drum loops (beats), originally from soul tracks, and using them as the rhythmic basis for hip-hop songs. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Break_beat   (843 words)

Rock music - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Rock is a form of popular music, usually featuring vocals (often with vocal harmony), electric guitars, a bass guitar, and a strong back beat; other instruments, such as the saxophone, trumpet, and trombone are common in some styles, however, horns have been omitted from newer subgenres of rock music since the 90s. The culmination of rock and roll as a socially-unifying force was seen in the rock festivals of the late '60s, the most famous of which was Woodstock which began as a three-day arts and music festival and turned into a "happening", as hundreds of thousands of youthful fans converged on the site. If punk rock was a social and musical phenomenon, it garnered little in the way of record sales (small specialty labels such as Stiff Records had released much of the punk music to date) or American radio airplay, as the radio scene continued to be dominated by mainstream formats such as disco and album-oriented rock. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rock_music   (6909 words)

New Age Music - Relaxation, Meditation and Reiki New Earth Records also features a catalog of Osho Active Meditations and music. New Earth Records is The most profound and enchanting New Age and Lifestyle music label, featuring many renowned artists of the genre. New Earth Records has the pleasure of producing many established and recognised international artists. www.newearthrecords.com   (6909 words)

Operant conditioning - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Operant conditioning, sometimes called instrumental conditioning or instrumental learning, was first extensively studied by Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949). These two types of conditioning are also distinguished because they are conceptually different, as their names imply – operant conditioning is explained by its consequences (that is, functionally) while respondent conditioning is explained by its antecedents (that is, causally). The problem became not what 'satisfying' meant, but the better-defined question of which events would reinforce which responses of which animals under which conditions. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Operant_conditioning   (6909 words)

Singing - Open Encyclopedia Most singing involves shaping the voice to form words, but types of voice instrumental music which use open sounds or nonsense syllables ("vocables") also exist, for instance scat singing or yodeling. A piece of music that is sung is called a song ; someone who sings is called a singer. Air is expelled with the diaphragm as with ordinary breathing, and the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. open-encyclopedia.com /Sing   (6909 words)

Instrumental - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A cappella singing may be considered the opposite of instrumental music: all sounds are produced by the human body without the use of additional instruments. An instrumental is, in contrast to a song, a musical composition or piece without lyrics or any other sort of vocal music; all of the music is produced by musical instruments. Specifically, this term is used when referring to popular music; some musical genres make little use of the human voice, such as jazz, electronic music, and large amounts of Western classical music (although in electronic music, the voice can be sampled just like anything else). en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Instrumental   (6909 words)

Conditioning - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia While Pavlov explicitly conditioned his dogs to salivate to tones, the interest in Pavlov's work is that his explicit conditioning procedures are considered useful laboratory models for what happens in the natural world. Conditioning is also an engineering term for putting something (for example, a communications link) into a particular condition. Classical conditioning is generally associated with Ivan Pavlov. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Conditioning   (6909 words)

SEM: Instrumental Variables (David A. Kenny) For this example, variable Q serves as an instrumental variable for Y in the Z equation, and X serves as an instrumental variable for Z in the Y equation. Denote Y as the endogenous variable, U as its disturbance, I as an instrumental variable, and Z as the set of variables that cause Y but not needing an instrumental variable. Spuriousness (Third Variable Causation): A variable causes both the endogenous variable and one its causal variables and that variable is not included in the model. davidakenny.net /cm/iv.htm   (446 words)

INST Instrumental variable estimation can also be done using the AR1 procedure (for models with first order serial correlation) and the LSQ procedure (for nonlinear and multi-equation models). The data and the instruments are multiplied by the square roots of the weighting series before the regression is computed, so that the weighting series should be proportional to the inverses of the variances of the disturbances. This is followed by statistics on goodness-of-fit: the sum of squared residuals, the standard error of the regression, the R-squared, the Durbin-Watson statistic for autocorrelation of the residuals, and an F-statistic for the hypothesis that all coefficients in the regression except the constant are zero. www.tspintl.com /products/tsphelp/inst.htm   (1348 words)

Instrumental - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia An instrumental is, in contrast to a song, a musical composition or piece without lyrics or any other sort of vocal music; all of the music is produced by musical instruments. Acappella singing may be considered the opposite of instrumental music: all sounds are produced by the human body without the use of additional instruments. In commercial music, some tracks or songs on a compact disc include instrumental tracks. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Instrumental   (232 words)

Ensemble instrumental du Québec It began performing under the aegis of the Institut canadien in Quebec City, where it gave two concerts a season for two years. In 1974 the ensemble was reduced to oboe, flute, double-bass, and harpsichord and incorporated in Quebec as a non-profit organization. The ensemble's records are held at the ANQ in Quebec City. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0001136   (200 words)

Instrumental - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia An instrumental is, in contrast to a song, a musical composition or piece without lyrics or any other sort of vocal music; all of the music is produced by musical instruments. Specifically, this term is used when referring to popular music; some musical genres make little use of the human voice, such as jazz, electronic music, classical, and large amounts of Western classical music (although in electronic music, the voice can be sampled just like anything else). These tracks are exact copies of the corresponding song, but do not have vocals. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Instrumental   (162 words)

14_Instrumental_Adverbs.html Nowak is characterized as a professor of mathematics and "professor" is in the instrumental case. Prepositionless instrumental case expressions are also used to express the time and the place of the action, e.g., pracować wieczorami/wieczorem (work evenings/in the evening), iść lasem (go by way of the woods). Instrumental case is used to express the instrument or means of the verbal action, e.g., Piszę zadanie piórem (I'm writing the assignment with a pen), Jedziemy do miasta autobusem (We're going to town by bus). slavic.lang.uiuc.edu /gladney/Elementary_Polish/14_Instrumental_Adverbs.html   (2134 words)

instrumental - Wiktionary (grammar): Applied to a case expressing means or agency—and is generally indicated in English by by or with with the objective; as, the instrumental case. Instrumental errors, those errors in instrumental measurements, etc., which arise, exclusively from want of mathematical accuracy in an instrument. This is found in Sanskrit as a separate case, but in Greek it was merged into the dative, and in Latin into the ablative. en.wiktionary.org /wiki/instrumental   (239 words)

Glörsa - Nouns Instrumental phrases (2.11) are usually placed after the verb phrase (4.5) and act as a qualitative (5) on the verb to show the tool used to make the action of the verb happen. The object of some postpositions are put in the associative case. This quantifier is used to indicate all of the objects in a group or the total amount of some uncountable noun. www.gregory-gadow.info /conlangs/glorsa/Nouns.asp   (2149 words)

Epiq Noun Cases The instrumental case is used to mark the object of a postposition in the ablative mode. In either case, the forms you see should be added to the last non-glide consonant of the noun. Finally, the dative case is used to mark some added or demoted arguments. dedalvs.free.fr /epiq/ncases.html   (3001 words)

DR V3.1: OBOE AND THE HUMAN VOICE Many instrumental types were discarded and only those remained that had an acceptable indoor sound, that were accurately controllable in pitch and dynamics, and that could attain the personal attributes inherent in the solo voice". In the case of the human voice, the resonators are the various throat, mouth and head cavities, while for the oboe the resonator is the hollow body of the instrument. As the quality of the human voice can be greatly affected by the degree of flexibility and elasticity of the vocal folds, so can the quality of the oboe tone be considerably influenced by the quality, density and various other characteristics of the cane from which the reed is made. idrs.colorado.edu /Publications/DR/DR3.1/oboe.html   (3001 words)

Payment for Voice Evaluation and Treatment Instrumental evaluation of voice disorders includes the following codes, as appropriate: 92520 (laryngeal function studies) for aerodynamic (laryngeal resistance) and acoustic voice measures; 31579 (laryngoscopy, flexible or rigid fiberoptic, with stroboscopy) for videostroboscopy; 31575 (laryngoscopy, flexible fiberoptic; diagnostic); 70371 (complex dynamic pharyngeal and speech evaluation by cine or video recording); and 92511 (nasopharyngoscopy with endoscope). CPT 92598 (modification of voice prosthetic device) is parallel with the temporary Medicare code G0201 designated for modification of artificial larynges and voice amplifiers. CPT 92597 (modification for use and/or fitting of voice prosthetic) is analogous to the temporary Medicare code G0200, which applies to artificial larynges as well as voice amplifiers. www.nsslha.org /about/publications/leader-online/b-line/bl020723.htm   (3001 words)

GAUSS Programming for Econometricians: Chapter VII Instrumental variable estimation for a lagged dependent variable model is the focus of Lesson 27. To handle a lagged dependent variable model estimation with instrumental variables, LSQ implements an estimation technique which use the current and lagged explanatory variables as the instruments for the lagged dependent variable. If longer lags of the dependent variable are adopted or an autocorrelated error structure is identified, instrumental variables may need to include more lags of the explanatory variables as well. eclab.econ.pdx.edu /gpe/chap8.htm   (1406 words)

Health Services Research: Does aggressive care following acute myocardial infarction reduce mortality? Analysis with instrumental variables to compare effectiveness in Canadian and United States patient Populations - Quality For this pseudorandomization to occur, the instrumental variable must be associated with the main independent variable but not be directly associated with the outcome variable of interest (Greenland 2000). The differences in care received across instrumental variable groups allows for unbiased estimation of the effects of a treatment for the "marginal" subpopulation of subjects whose type of care received was dependent on the instrumental variable (Harris and Remler 1998). In the instrumental variable estimation strategy, an instrumental variable is used in analyses to form groups of subjects that are unrelated to confounding variables, but that have different probabilities of receiving a particular treatment (Ho, Hamilton, and Roos 2000; Ettner, Hermann, and Tang 1999; Gowrisankaran and Town 1999). www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m4149/is_6_38/ai_112541749   (1343 words)

CD Baby: New METAL: Instrumental Metal Instrumental music with a flair toward heavy metal, classical, and neo-classical electric guitar. Instrumental rock fusion jam band with jazz, latin, blues and progressive rock elements utilizing classic structures and improvisation. This instrumental jazz trio does not play tunes that should be listened to on a romantic date. www.cdbaby.com /new/91?cdbaby=da85ac7caf176c50c30b03807f9f60d6   (1343 words)

Science -- Rankin 296 (5573): 1624 Similarly, during instrumental conditioning, the setting and cues associated with training lead to a form of classical conditioning called context conditioning, which tells the animal what to expect in that environment (pressing the lever leads to food delivery) (3). For example, classical conditioning contains an instrumental component because the response (salivation at the sound of the bell) is rewarded by the important event (food). Modern theorists (3) see the contingencies constituting instrumental conditioning as S(R-O), which means that in the presence of a specific stimulus (S), a response (R) leads to an expected outcome or reward (O). www.brembs.net /learning/aplysia/rankin2002   (1343 words)

Researchers in the Field Instrumental case study- “This use of case study is instrumental to understand something else. Thus case study research is thought to have little pay-off in the advancement of social practice by some. As stated by the author, “One of the two major purposes of this book is to delineate just what a case study is and, in particular, what a qualitative case study is. Second, the objective is to present the mechanics of conducting a case study in a simple, straightforward manner” (xii). www.people.iup.edu /rhml/qualCaseStdy.htm   (1647 words)

The Russian Prepositions (Instrumental Case) However, the instrumental is also associated with the sense of accompaniment in many languages and Russian is one of them. This is a crucial distinction in Russian for the instrumental alone (without a preposition) expresses the former sense and the preposition с(о)+Ins marks only the second, sociative meaning. This is what the instrumental alone signifies, usually corresponding to the English prepositions with or by. www.departments.bucknell.edu /russian/language/prepins.html   (526 words)

Introduction to Case Study Case study questions are posed to the investigator, and must serve to remind that person of the data to be collected and its possible sources. Levy (1988) established the use of the case study as appropriate for the research project, and this researcher also used the literature to confirm the use of case methodology in the study at Fairfield University. The unit of analysis defines what the case is. This could be groups, organizations or countries, but it is the primary unit of analysis. www.nova.edu /ssss/QR/QR3-2/tellis1.html   (5406 words)

INSTRUMENTAL CASE. The Columbia Guide to Standard American English. 1993 This was the distinctive case form in (among other languages) Old English that was used normally with the prepositions by or with, as in with [by] the sword, wherein sword would be put in the instrumental case. www.bartleby.com /68/41/3341.html   (94 words)

Instrumental guitar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Instrumental guitar is a genre of music featuring the guitar played by virtuoso guitar players. Younger players, such as Johnny A, Bill Lonero, Curtis Fornadley and Andy Martin have taken instrumental to a whole new level creating songs based around melodies rather than solos like the 1980s style of instrumental guitarists. Usually thought of as a self-indulgent style of music focusing more on solos, it has come to prominence in the recordings of players such as Joe Satriani, Steve Vai, Eric Johnson, Jeff Beck (the Godfather of the genre), Chet Atkins, Gary Hoey and more. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Instrumental_guitar   (148 words)

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