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	Exploratorium: Science Snacks: Soap Bubbles
		When you dip these frames in a soap solution, the soap films that form on the frames are fascinating and colorful.
		The soap film is in a state of minimum energy when it's covering the least possible amount of surface area.
		When white light shines on the soap film, some light waves reflect from the front surface of the film and some reflect from the back surface of the film.
	www.exploratorium.edu /snacks/soap_bubbles.html (537 words)

	Bubbles and Soap
		As a soap bubble thins as the water drains and evaporates, the colours appear first on the upper parts, and a drop of water grows at the bottom.
		The centres of curvature of the two bubbles and of the surface separating them lie on a straight line, and obey the relation 1/r + 1/r' = 1/r", where r is the radius of the larger bubble, r" the radius of the smaller, and r' the radius of the common film.
		These are the bubbles of the "bubble chamber" in which ionizing radiation triggers the evolution of gas in a supersaturated solution.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/phys/bubbles.htm (2972 words)

	C&EN: SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY -SOAP BUBBLES
		A soap bubble is a spherical layer of soap film encapsulating air or gas.
		Bubbles take their familiar spherical shape in order to minimize the energy of the soap film.
		Bubbles may no longer be as simple as soap and water, but I still catch myself smiling when bubbles float out of the bottle of Dawn while I'm washing dishes.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/whatstuff/stuff/8117sci3.html (869 words)

	Bizarre Bubbles
		Soap bubbles are a layer of soap film on the outside, a layer of water molecules in the middle, and a layer of soap film on the inside.
		Soap bubbles are elastic and will contract to form a sphere, which provides the most volume for the least surface area.
		Bubbles are semi-permeable, meaning there are tiny holes in them large enough to let some gas molecules through, but not others.
	bizarrelabs.com /bubble.htm (901 words)

	Molecular Forces At Work: Creating Soap Bubbles
		Soap bubbles are made up of soap molecules and water molecules.
		Touch a bit of wet soap to the water inside of the silk loop and notice that it becomes a circle.
		Recipe for making soap bubbles: 85% distilled water 10% detergent (Joy recommended) 5% glycerin Students make bubbles and observe irridesent color, relative thickness of the top and bottom of the bubble, movement of water within the bubble, and longevity of bubbles.
	www.iit.edu /~smile/ch8709.html (451 words)

	- 3 Tricks and Stunts
		Several bubbles of this sort may be made to float overhead, and by putting a lighted taper to them they may be exploded without a particle of danger and with a great deal of amusement.
		The bubble having been carefully blown, it may be tossed up by means of the covered ring, which will act as a bat, the bubble rebounding on the soft felt covering as if it were made of india rubber instead of air, soap and water.
		Blowing soap bubbles without the use of clay pipes or of one's lips and breath is one of the least wonders that these toys achieve.
	homepage.mac.com /keithmjohnson/SoapBubblerHistory/page22/page22.html (1598 words)

	bubble, bubble - soap bubbles Discover - Find Articles
		Her photographs of soap bubbles were shot in 1940, when she was the picture editor of Science Illustrated.
		A bubble wafted by a summer breeze, its spherical shape enclosing a maximum volume of gas for a given area, is a perfect demonstration of the law of conservation of energy.
		Bubbles minimize their own area by settling into a mosaic of hexagons--a pattern accepted for the past century as using the least energy, but definitively proven only this spring.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1511/is_8_20/ai_55248814 (881 words)

	nsf.gov - Discoveries - Double Soap Bubbles: Proof Positive of Optimal Geometry - US National Science Foundation (NSF)
		Ultimately, the proof of the Double Bubble Conjecture was gained by the team’s use of novel instability and rotation arguments, and built upon earlier research accomplishments by distinguished mathematicians as well as undergraduate students mentored by Morgan in the 1990s.
		When a bubble wand is dipped into a soapy solution, the soap film that forms is a surface that spans the given curves with the least area.
		The surface tension of the soap film and the air pressure inside reach equilibrium by virtue of the bubble adopting the shape of a sphere, the geometric figure with the least surface area for a given volume.
	www.nsf.gov /discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=100596&org=NSF (1005 words)

	Soap films
		After with- drawing a framework from the bath a soap film is formed in the frame, bounded by the edges of the framework, with a minimum area surface.
		Because the greasy end of the soap molecule sticks out from the surface of the film, the soap film is somewhat protected from evaporation (grease doesn't evaporate), which prolongs the life of the bubble substantially.
		Tom Noddy's Bubble Magic Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Press, 1988 If you are less serious about your bubbles and just want to have fun (and learn some science at the same time) Tom will teach you to do all kinds of cool things with bubbles.
	www.arch.mcgill.ca /prof/sijpkes/arch374/winter2001/tal/soapfilm/final.htm (1851 words)

	Floating Soap Bubbles
		When soap bubbles settle into a container of carbon dioxide, the bubbles float on the carbon dioxide and can be examined closely.
		While the bubble is floating on the carbon dioxide in the container, you can observe the soap bubble closely.
		If your soap bubbles remained floating on the carbon dioxide for more than a minute, you may have noticed that the bubbles were slowly becoming larger.
	scifun.chem.wisc.edu /HOMEEXPTS/SOAPBUBL.html (1044 words)

	In the Bathroom – Bubbles
		Then, on the way up the air bubble with soap surrounding it meets the water surface, which is filled with other soap molecules.
		It's a sphere of air,surrounded by a layer of water that is trapped between soap molecules.
		The weight of the bubble, including its air, water and soap, is heavier than the weight of the same volume of air (even without the duck).
	www.seed.slb.com /en/scictr/watch/bathroom/bubbles.htm (275 words)

	Experiments on Surface Phenomena and Colloids
		Soaps and detergents are formed by special molecules, which have a hydrophilic head, which therefore loves to remain in water and a hydrophobic tail, which avoids water and loves fat substances (figure 12 A).
		Soap and detergents lower the surface tension of water and, as we have said, they are called surfactants.
		Observe that sometimes the shapes of the foam bubbles are the same as that of cells of biological tissues, in other cases the shapes of the cells are different because they have to increase their surface of contact or for other reasons.
	www.funsci.com /fun3_en/exper2/exper2.htm (11152 words)

	Soap Bubbles
		In the case of a bubble, the water drains to the bottom of the bubble producing a small bulb on the bottom.
		The swirling colors observed in the bubble are a result of thin film interference and the changing thickness of the film due to the draining liquid.
		The soap bubble demonstration done in class demonstrates the surface tension properties of water -- cohesion as demonstrated by the water contracting into the smallest possible area when air is introduced into the film, and adhesion, demonstrated as the string is pulled along by water molecules.
	www.sciencebyjones.com /soap_bubbles.htm (682 words)

	POPSCI EXCLUSIVE The 11-Year Quest to Create Disappearing Colored Bubbles - Popular Science
		Kehoe's bubble would radiate a single, vibrant hue throughout the entire sphere—a green bubble, an orange bubble, a hot-pink bubble.
		It's a bubble you don't expect to see, conditioned as you are to the notion that soap bubbles are clear.
		Kehoe made a bubble like that when he was 26, after only two years of trashed countertops and chemical fires.
	www.popsci.com /popsci/science/0a03b5108e097010vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html (471 words)

	Soap Bubbles
		A photogate triggered by the passage of a drop served as the trigger for the single flash unit used in the setup.
		The original intent of this project was to rupture a bubble by collision with a drop.
		When the soap bubble was allowed to drain for a long time, the collision with the drop was sometimes sufficient to initiate rupture.
	courses.ncssm.edu /hsi/splashes/PAGES/BUBBLES/index.htm (99 words)

	Soap Bubbles Blog
		Gift baskets are great for the people you love (pick one of ours our email us to design one of your own), and soap and bath bombs make great stocking stuffers.
		I'm totally behind on my books, my soap stock is running low, I'm clean out of some of my bath bombs....
		Oh yes, I just realised that I have yet to credit it on the site, but all the product photos were taken by the lovely and talented Karolina Kuras.
	www.sacredcircleherbs.blogspot.com (1658 words)

	James' Soap Bubbles, Slime, & More Page
		Bubbles are a wonderful diversion (and stress therapy) from real life.
		The bubbles would drift out over the stadium and surprise joggers who didn't know that bubbles were coming from above the cliff overlooking the stadium.
		I was always curious about how bubbles worked and how to make homemade solutions, so I started doing a bit of research on the Internet and found lots of pages dedicated to the subject.
	www.jamesfuqua.com /bubbles.html (458 words)

	Photography techniques: Photographing soap film colors
		The inclusion of air is therefore trapped, and the soap bubble will remain as long as the soap film is able to support the surface pressure (tension) it exerts on its own surface.
		In particular, a soap film which you may find inside a glass after doing dishes, will usually disappear within a few minutes, while the tiniest soap bubbles which make up the froth in the sink may remain for hours.
		Soap films become thinner with time, due to evaporation (for the smaller bubbles) and additionally by gravity (for very large bubbles).
	www.weather-photography.com /techniques.php?cat=miscellaneous&page=soap_films (1316 words)

	Bubbles Theme Page
		Bubbles exist in air and are a thin film of liquid surrounding air.
		Designed for K-1 students, this lesson plan has students compare commercial soap bubbles to home made bubbles, experiment with producing their own formula, and then investigate the costs of producing their own product and forming their own soap bubble company.
		Bubble Bomb An experiment in which children, under adult supervision use baking soda and vinegar to pop a plastic bag.
	www.cln.org /themes/bubbles.html (527 words)

	Soap Bubbles
		Soap is made by combining lye, fats or oils and water in a process known as saponification.
		These are basic soaps that have been grated, melted and molded into bars or fancy shapes.
		Tallow: Soaps made with large amounts of tallow are mild and hard to the touch.
	www.ourlittlesiteontheweb.com /soap/soap.html (723 words)

	Exploding Soap Bubbles: Hydrogen + Oxygen
		A tank of hydrogen and a tank of oxygen are connected to glass cylinders in which the gases bubble through water to show the rate of flow of each gas.
		Hydrogen-filled soap bubbles float upward and are ignited with a flare.
		Again soap bubbles are formed, float upward and are ignited.
	jchemed.chem.wisc.edu /JCESoft/CCA/CCA1/R1MAIN/CD1R1050.HTM (360 words)

	Why soap bubbles colored? (interference)
		The principle of interference, in which light reflected from a lower surface interferes with light reflected from an upper surface, is also seen in soap bubbles.
		When an incoming ray of light strikes the outer surface of a bubble, part of the light ray is immediately reflected, while the other part is transmitted into the soap film.
		When it leaves the bubble, it travels in the same direction as the ray that was immediately reflected and is, therefore, parallel to that ray.
	webexhibits.org /causesofcolor/15E.html (248 words)

	Soap Bubbles and Voids
		As noted in the preceding section, the distribution of luminous matter in the Universe has the character of soap bubbles and filaments.
		The intersections of the filaments produce regions of high density (signified by red) that are thought to generate bright X-ray clusters of galaxies.
		Here is a corresponding VRML 3D simulation of filament and soap bubble structure for the Universe using cold dark matter (Source).
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr162/lect/gclusters/soap.html (467 words)

	Soap & Bubbles
		You can replace the water in soap recipes with herbal tea, but to be honest, most of the properties (colour and fragrance) are lost.
		Soap that requires a 30-to-45-minute tracing time by the "cold-stir method" can trace in 30 seconds in the blender.
		The soap should be thin enough so that bubbles can escape the mixture and come to the top of the soap.
	home.pacific.net.au /~thambilton/SoapBubbles.html (869 words)

	Soap bubbles, surfactants, detergents
		This is due to the fact that the surface tension of the normal water is high and it tends to draw the water molecules into the main body of the water., to the point where the thickness of the bubble wall is too thin to remain intact and quickly bursts.
		In the above case, the radius of curvature for the smaller and larger bubbles are 3 cm and 9 cm respectively.
		Hence the pressure in the smaller bubble would be higher in comparison to the pressure inside the larger bubble.
	web.mit.edu /nnf/education/wettability/bubbles.html (632 words)

	Soap Bubbles - Need Soap's Best Soap Bubbles Resources (Site not responding. Last check: )
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		Soap Bubbles and Voids As noted in the preceding section, the distribution of luminous matter in the Universe has the character of soap bubbles and filaments.
	www.needsoap.com /soapbubbles (1164 words)

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