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Topic: Soap film

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	Soap films
		After with- drawing a framework from the bath a soap film is formed in the frame, bounded by the edges of the framework, with a minimum area surface.
		Because the greasy end of the soap molecule sticks out from the surface of the film, the soap film is somewhat protected from evaporation (grease doesn't evaporate), which prolongs the life of the bubble substantially.
		Consequently soap films can be used to solve mathematical problems requiring the minimization of a surface area contained by a boundary.
	www.arch.mcgill.ca /prof/sijpkes/arch374/winter2001/tal/soapfilm/final.htm (1851 words)

	Soap Film
		I use the term soap film to mean a surface that does not exclose a volume, the way a soap bubble does.
		The critical soap film is the red curve, reflected across the r-axis and rotated about the z-axis.
		The red dot corresponds to an unstable soap film, and the blue dot corresponds to a stable soap film.
	oak.ucc.nau.edu /jws8/dpgraph/soap_film.html (1023 words)

	Convection in soap films
		A vertical soap film supported on a rectangular wire frame of height 3.5 cm and width 15 cm drains under the influence of gravity in an unsaturated environment.
		Evaporation at the top of the film disrupts the film shape, giving rise to a horizontal bump which grows in amplitude until becoming gravitationally unstable and generating a series of sinking plumes of relatively thick film.
		Note the fl film adjoining the wire frame at the top of the film, and the relatively weak convective motions, associated with marginal regeneration, evident near the base of the film.
	www-math.mit.edu /~bush/soap.html (121 words)

	Soapflow Outline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Soap films must be bounded on all sides, or their surface tension will pull them into tiny droplets.
		A soap film is drawn across the rails from the bucket to the "waterfall" which then pulls the film forward.
		The film quits accelerating, and may even slow down, as is the case with the parachutist as she pulls open the chute.
	maartenrutgers.org /science/soapbasics/soapbasics.html (1574 words)

	Thin Film Reflection and Interference
		The interference colors from a soap film can be related to the thickness of the film by using the interference condition and noting that there is a 180 degree phase change upon reflection from the film surface, but no phase change for the reflection from the back surface.
		If you see a visible color reflected from a soap film, you can get an approximate wavelength from a diagram of spectral colors, but there is no simple way to determine what order of reflection you are seeing.
		The soap film was formed by dipping a loop formed by thumb and forefinger into a concentrated solution of dishwashing detergent.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/phyopt/soapfilm.html (302 words)

	Soap Film Geometry
		At the same time, he became interested in the physical and geometrical properties of soap film surfaces, which are elastic in the sense that they have the smallest possible area.
		The most important one in the theory of soap films is the mean curvature, which is the average of the biggest (most positive) and smallest (most negative) curvatures of curves on the surface.
		It is known that a spherical soap bubble is a surface that minimizes its area, subject to the restriction that it encloses a fixed volume.
	www.math.cornell.edu /~meadows/create (1690 words)

	Pallas Athene Soap & Natural Skin Care - SOAP TRIVIA
		By whipping air into the soap batter, the weight of the final bar of soap is reduced; meanwhile, the mass of the bar remains the same.
		Therefore, soap with air whipped into it will float because the bar is less dense and slightly lighter in weight than a non-aerated bar of soap with the same dimensions.
		As for the white film, many different bar cleansers and detergents are responsible for this film for a variety of reasons.
	www.pallasathenesoap.com /trivia.html (1229 words)

	Physics News Graphics: Turbulence in Soap Films
		A soap film is really nothing more than a thin slab of water sandwiched between two layers of soap molecules (surfactants).
		A soap film is 98% water and 2% surfactant (soap).
		Soap films are very thin -- typically they are from a few microns (millionths of a meter) to several tens of microns in thickness.
	www.aip.org /png/html/soapfilm.htm (392 words)

	Soap with grit
		A soap opera is probably the last thing this intense, unsparing, economically staged drama about two lonely, vulnerable people is. And yet, there is something in how the stage is set in two tiny apartments, in the back and forth of this upstairs-downstairs odd couple.
		So, yes, "A Soap" is a soap, though indisputably a singular specimen of the genre.
		Using the soap concept, getting up on a 'soapbox', as it were, gave the project the friction it needed and without which it might have seemed a bit dry." Soap signals fun.
	www.dfi.dk /tidsskriftetfilm/48/soap.htm (1184 words)

	Exploratorium Snack: Soap Film Painting
		The colored patterns in the vertical soap film are most easily seen by standing with your back to a white surface and viewing the soap film against a fl background.
		A soap film is a soapy water sandwich, with two outside layers of soap molecules forming boundaries around a layer of soapy water.
		The thickness of the soap film changes as the water drains down the inside of the film.
	www.exploratorium.edu /snacks/soap_film_painting.html (808 words)

	Understanding Interference Patterns in Soap Films - Eric Tompkins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In this report, vertical soap films were observed and the color patterns they display were quantitatively analyzed using a spreadsheet to evaluate formulas and plot graphs.
		For a soap film of index n = 1.332 in air (n = 1), the reflectance calculated from this formula is 2.0%.
		Thus, for a soap film in air, there is a phase reversal at the closer or front surface, but no phase change at the further away or back surface.
	laser.physics.sunysb.edu /~ett/report (2287 words)

	Floating Soap Bubbles
		If the thickness of the film is a multiple of the wavelength of the light, the crests of waves reflected from the inner surface will meet the crests of waves reflected from the outer surfaces.
		If the thickness of the film is an odd multiple of half the wavelength, the crests of the waves reflected from the inner surface will meet the valleys of the waves reflected from the outer surface.
		The colors of a film of oil on a wet parking lot are produced in the same way as the colors of a soap bubble.
	scifun.chem.wisc.edu /HOMEEXPTS/SOAPBUBL.html (1044 words)

	Air Sampling: Soap Film Flowmeters
		The operating principle of the SKC film flowmeter is simple: the sampling pump to be calibrated is attached to the top of a volumetric glass tube containing a small amount of liquid soap.
		While the air flow causes the soap film to move from one volume mark to another, the travel time is measured with a stopwatch.
		SKC Soap Film Flowmeters consist of a glass tube with red calibration lines at specified volumes, a squeeze bulb to contain sufficient soap film solution for flow measurement, an adapter to accommodate either vacuum or pressure sources, a stopper and connecting tubing, a tripod stand, film solution, and operating instructions.
	www.skcinc.com /prod/311-100.asp (419 words)

	C&EN: SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY -SOAP BUBBLES
		A soap bubble is a spherical layer of soap film encapsulating air or gas.
		The film consists of a thin sheet of water sandwiched between two layers of soap molecules.
		Unlike soaps, detergents don't contain a carboxylate group that reacts with calcium and magnesium ions found in hard water to produce a scum.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/whatstuff/stuff/8117sci3.html (869 words)

	Reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This film is a wonderful work of fun, with a marvelous ensemble cast who have more energy, sex-appeal and charm than any group to strut and vamp across the camera in recent memory.
		Polish-Israeli cinematographer Henryk Tzvi Cymerman captures stunning imagery throughout the film, from the garish decor of the massage parlor halls to the Fauvist hues of a Pacific sunset.
		"Soap Girl" is the story of an Asian girl who, betrayed by her lover and applies for work at a massage parlor, which she blames for breaking up her relationship.
	www.soapgirlfilm.com /reviews.html (1289 words)

	Flowing Soap Films
		The film shown here is about two feet wide by six feet high; using similar equipment, Dr. Rutgers has produced films up to 12 by 50 feet, which last for several minutes.
		Fingers are a good choice; the film will tend to creep towards your wrist as it tries to minimize its area by seeking the thickest part of your finger.
		The films here are about eight feet high, and are suspended from a couple of ladders; we used a fishing reel to pull the loop open.
	www.paulcarlisle.net /old/soapfilms.html (933 words)

	Soap Bubbles
		A soap or detergent molecule consists of a long slender nonpolar hydrocarbon chain with a highly polar oxygen-rich group attached to one end.
		The soap limits the minimum thickness of the soap film to the length of two soap molecules stacked end to end.
		The soap bubble demonstration done in class demonstrates the surface tension properties of water -- cohesion as demonstrated by the water contracting into the smallest possible area when air is introduced into the film, and adhesion, demonstrated as the string is pulled along by water molecules.
	www.sciencebyjones.com /soap_bubbles.htm (682 words)

	CNN - Soap film studied for clues to plane crashes - Aug. 6, 1996
		Soap film studied for clues to plane crashes
		Physicists at the University of Pittsburgh are working with soap film to look for patterns in swirls of air.
		The physicists are sharing their novel approach with children, who can play with a 50-foot soap film display in a Pittsburgh museum's circular stairwell.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/9608/06/t_t/soap.bubbles (173 words)

	ExNET: Exhibits: Group 2: Soap Film Painting
		Soap Film Painting allows visitors to make a six-foot-by-six-foot vertical soap film.
		Within this film, visitors can observe colors created by the interference of reflected light waves and the wave patterns that form in a vibrating medium.
		By gently shaking the frame or blowing on the film, the changing colors and waves are enhanced.
	www.exploratorium.edu /cmp/exnet/exhibits/group2/soap_film (64 words)

	Catenoid Soap Films (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The soap film that forms between two parallel circular rings has the shape of a catenoid, which has the equation r = cosh(z) in cylindrical coordinates.
		There is a mathematical theorem that the tangent plane of the film at a corner must be the tangent plane of the corner.
		With two disks, the symmetry is restored, and the film is tangent on the exteriors of the angles.
	www.susqu.edu /brakke/evolver/examples/cat/catenoids.html (445 words)

	Soap Film Painting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The exhibit demonstrates several properties of soap films including color changes, light transference, and surface tension.
		Soap films and bubbles have many practical applications.
		Scientists study soap films and bubbles in their exploration of light, color and surface tension.
	www.newtrier.k12.il.us /academics/math/Connections/curves/soapfilm.htm (137 words)

	SOAP FILM WIND TUNNEL at WSU Tri-Cities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A large, flat, flowing soap film is being used in several laboratories around the world to study fundamental features of fluid flow.
		A further impediment to viewing the film flow with the naked eye is the relatively fast speed of the flow, and the small flow details that are typical.
		The fringes show changes in the film thickness that occur when the flow is disturbed by the presence of a flow-obstructing object.
	www.tricity.wsu.edu /~me/soapwt.htm (535 words)

	Shrinking Window Film using the Soap Method
		Very simply, the soap method allows the film to hover over the glass while heat shrinking until it is ready to lay down, then when smoothed will lay down on the glass, while still allowing movement without binding and sticking to the glass which can cause creasing.
		Once the soap film is completely dry, lay your widow film over the window.
		Once all the film is shrunk, force a few fingers of film to pop up by pushing sideways at the edge, then shrink those fingers to ensure you have a complete shrink so that you don't have any fingers popping up during installation.
	www.tintdude.com /soapshrinkmethod.html (393 words)

	SoaP opera - Film - Entertainment - theage.com.au (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Jackson, who at times was the film's conscience as much as its star, made a point of telling journalists that he was working on Snakes on a Plane and that the title alone was the main reason he'd signed on.
		The studio and the producers decided that the film had to be what the hardcore fans were demanding: bloody, violent, littered with profanity and everything else implied by an R-rating.
		The DVD even comes with a cast and crew commentary track and a blooper reel, although in a film so cheap it might not be easy to distinguish the errors from the shoddy filmmaking.
	www.theage.com.au /news/film/soap-opera/2006/08/17/1155407932011.html (1340 words)

	Soap-film shots tell more about swirls - research on turbulence - Brief Article Science News - Find Articles
		In the iridescent eddies of a soap film, scientists see a parallel to the whirling flows of Earth's thin coating of atmosphere and oceans.
		Fluid dynamics researchers have had some doubts about soap films as a model for two-dimensional turbulence, Sommerer says, because they suspected that such films might have significant flow in the third dimension, evident as thickness variations.
		The finding that the film has ripples but still can be described by existing theory suggests that the flow in the third dimension is suitably small.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n8_v154/ai_21092476 (521 words)

	Removing and Cleaning Soap Scum
		That’s because soap scum can not be removed easily with just a natural rinsing of the bath tub.
		To get rid of the soap scum gray ring that is around your bath tub, you need to pay particular attention to it.
		You can use this, which is a furniture oil, to help remove and keep soap scum from building up in your bathroom shower or tub.
	www.mrscleannw.com /tips/soap-film.html (859 words)

	John Oprea's Soap Film Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The mathematics behind soap films and bubbles is a beautiful mixture of differential geometry, the calculus of variations and complex analysis.
		The Mathematics of Soap Films: Explorations with Maple.
		Minimal surfaces --- the mathematical version of soap films --- may be created by using complex variables in the form of the so-called Weierstrass-Enneper representation.
	www.csuohio.edu /math/oprea/soap/soap.html (308 words)

	Zhang Lab
		Four different dynamical states are observed, depending on the distance between the filaments: a steady state, an in-phase flapping state, an out-of-phase flapping state, and a decoupled flapping state.
		The setup for the flowing soap film: the typical thickness of the soap film is 2-4 micron and the speed is about 200 cm/sec.
		We use the commercial soap "Dawn" and mix it with distilled water at a 1.5% concentration.
	www.physics.nyu.edu /~jz11/filaments.html (728 words)

	Soap Film Painting Directions
		Tie a large knot at the end of the chord so it cannot be pulled back through the holes and let that end hang loose.
		Observe the color changes in your soap film.
		The soap solution works best if it is mixed at least one day before it is to be used.
	nths.newtrier.k12.il.us /academics/math/Connections/curves/filmdir.htm (682 words)

	Tips for Cleaning Dishwashers
		A heavy film buildup from hard water minerals may be removed by adding vinegar to dishwasher without any dishes in it, after it fills with water at start of first cycle.
		However, very hard water can deposit mineral film on dishes, glasses, and flatware, and on dishwasher pump and moving parts; it is wise if water if very hard to install a water softener before installing a dishwasher.
		Run a cup of white vinegar through the entire dishwashing cycle in an empty dishwasher to remove all soap film.
	www.soapman.com /tips/TipsPages/Dishwashers.html (268 words)

	Soapflow Outline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Once soap solution has had time to dribble to the bottom, and the wires are completely wet, we pull the vertical wires apart using a secondary set of thinner strings.
		A typical soap film, at 1 to 2 meters wide, as seen from the ground floor.
		Once the film is more than a meter wide, one can blow at the film to produce large undulations.
	maartenrutgers.org /science/giant/giantsoap.html (396 words)

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