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	AfricaFiles \| Swaziland: II - Of Kings and Compromises
		Sobhuza came to be perceived by the majority of his subjects as King - father of the nation and its independence, spiritual and ceremonial leader, representative of a heroic line of ancestors and communicator with them, and, in a real Weberian sense, one who embodied "the gift of grace."
		Sobhuza intended that his reconstructed traditionalism and charismatic authority would control the forces of economic and social modernization set in motion from the 1950s by the British colonial authority.
		Sobhuza abrogated it in 1973 and imposed the tinkhundla system (or Central Authority conception of Swazi democracy) in 1978, which, with only small tinkerings since, is the system that has survived to be challenged today.
	www.africafiles.org /article.asp?ID=3839 (2334 words)

	Matsamo
		Sobhuza I is also credited with bringing Maize (now the staple food for southern Africa) from the Portuguese to the subcontinent.
		Sobhuza went on to study at Lovedale college in South Africa were he came into contact with many future leaders of Africa.
		In 1922 King Sobhuza II was installed as Paramount chief of Swaziland and King to the Swazi nation.
	www.matsamo.com /OurPeople_History.asp (975 words)

	Travel in Mbabane Swaziland History
		His successor, Sobhuza I was troubled with raids by the Zulu's to the south and re-established his capital near present-day Lobamba which has remained the heartland of the Nation.Mswati II succeeded Sobhuza I and inherited a Kingdom twice the size of Swaziland today.
		During the Anglo-Boer War, in 1899, King Sobhuza II was born and after the death of his father, Bhunu, his grandmother, Labotsibeni, assumed the Regency until the King came of age.
		Upon ascending the throne, Sobhuza II continued his mother's struggle with the British to recover land, belonging to the Swazi Nation which had supposedly been ceded to concession holders by King Mbandzeni during the 1800's.
	www.africatravelling.net /swaziland/mbabane/mbabane_history.htm (668 words)

	Sobhuza II - Wikipedia
		Sobhuza II (Mbabane, 22 juli 1899 - 21 augustus 1982), was Paramount Chief (Opperhoofdman) van Swaziland van 1921 tot 1968 en koning van Swaziland van 1968 tot 1982.
		Sobhuza's vader, Chief Ngwane V, overleed op 10 december 1899, toen Sobhuza nog maar een paar maanden oud was.
		Sobhuza werd toen uitgeroepen tot Paramount Chief, maar stond tot 1921 onder regentschap van zijn grootmoeder, koningin Labotsibeni Gwamile Mdluli.
	nl.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sobhuza_II (333 words)

	Sobhuza II of Swaziland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		His nominal reign of over 82 years (1899-1982) is the longest precisely dated monarchical reign on record, although Pepi II Neferkare of Egypt has claim to an even longer one.
		Sobhuza's actual personal reign of over 60 years (1921-82) saw Swaziland's independence from Britain (September 6, 1968).
		Sobhuza II of Swaziland by South African artist Neville Lewis
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sobhuza_II_of_Swaziland (274 words)

	History of Swaziland
		The traditional Swazi leaders, including King Sobhuza II[?] and his Inner Council, formed the Imbokodvo National Movement[?] (INM), a political group that capitalized on its close identification with the Swazi way of life.
		In response to the NNLC's showing, King Sobhuza repealed the 1968 constitution on April 12, 1973 and dissolved parliament.
		King Sobhuza II died in August 1982, and Queen Regent Dzeliwe assumed the duties of the head of state.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/sw/Swaziland___History.html (799 words)

	Swaziland National Trust Commission - Cultural Resources - King Sobhuza II
		Sobhuza II was the son of Bhunu and Lomawa Ndwandwe.
		The royal council met in the byre, deliberated and chose Nkhtfotjeni, who was proclaimed King at the age of four months, and the kingly name of Sobhuza II was selected.
		Sobhuza was also a believer in education, both formal and informal.
	www.sntc.org.sz /cultural/sobhuza.asp (515 words)

	Commonwealth Secretariat - History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		King Sobhuza II reigned from 1921 to 1982 and is thought to have been the second-longest reigning monarch in world history - although he was only officially recognised as king in 1967 under the Swaziland Constitution Order of the British Government.
		Sobhuza II was a staunch conservative, determined to restore traditional customs and land rights, much of the land having been sold by the colonial authorities to individual European or African farmers.
		In 1973, King Sobhuza II repealed the independence constitution, abolishing parliament and all political parties.
	www.thecommonwealth.org /Templates/YearbookInternal.asp?NodeID=145187&load=advsearch (313 words)

	Swaziland - History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Sobhuza died shortly after the Zulu defeat by the Boers (1839) leaving his son, Mswati, the task of keeping the nation together, in the face of constant threats from the Afrikaners.
		Sobhuza II was recognized as head of state and governed with two legislative chambers.
		Sobhuza also announced a state of emergency that is still in place.
	gbgm-umc.org /country_profiles/countries/swz/History.stm (1824 words)

	FACT SHEET: Swaziland at a Glance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Sobhuza's successor, Mswati II was the most important ruler during this time.
		The traditional Swazi leaders, including King Sobhuza II and his Inner Council, formed the Imbokodvo National Movement, a political group that capitalized on its close identification with the Swazi way of life.
		In response to the The Ngwane National Liberatory Congress, King Sobhuza repealed the 1968 constitution on April 12, 1973 and dissolved parliament.
	deploymentlink.osd.mil /deploy/info/africa/swaziland/index.shtml (1316 words)

	Politics of Swaziland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In Sobhuza II's case, his grandmother theNdlovukati Labotsibeni Mdluli was regent from his choice as infant heir in 1899 following the death of his father Bhunu until his accession to full authority in 1922, when his mother Lomawa Ndwandwe became the ndlovukati.
		During a period of intense succession struggles following the death of Sobhuza II, the Ndlovukati was assisted by the holder of a novel offict, the Authorised Person, in-Libandla, and then was deposed and the mother of the heir, now King Mswati III was made ndlovukati prior to his full accession.
		The constitution of 6 September 1968 was suspended 12 April 1973 by a State of Emergency decree imposed by King Sobhuza II, the father of the current King Mswati III.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Politics_of_Swaziland.htm (1539 words)

	[No title]
		Queen Regent Labotsibeni, Sobhuza II in 1921 she became Ngwenyama (the lion) or head of the Swazi nation.
		King Mswati's father, the late King Sobhuza II, reigned for over 60 years, and by the time of his death in 1982 had more than 60 wives.
		King: Mswati III: Born in 1968, King Mswati III was crowned in 1986 at the age of 18, replacing his father King Sobhuza II, who died at the age of 82 as the world's longest reigning monarch.
	www.greatestcities.com /users/cbray5003/203199.html (1021 words)

	Sobhuza II of Swaziland (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		King Sobhuza II ruled Swaziland from 1921, when he ascended the throne, until his death in 1982.
		Sobhuza II (July 22, 1899 - August 21, 1982) was a King of Swaziland.
		King Sobhuza continued the tribal pratice of keeping many wives, despite objections.
	publicliterature.org.cob-web.org:8888 /en/wikipedia/s/so/sobhuza_ii_of_swaziland.html (184 words)

	HISTORY, Swaziland Tourist Information and Travel Guide at InfoHub.com
		Sobhuza then established a new capital suitably far from Shaka in the eZulwini Valley, and made peace with the Ndwandwe by marrying the king's daughter.
		After World War II the British invested in their protectorate, establishing enormous sugar plantations in the northeast, and an iron-ore mine at Ngwenya in the highveld (today, the country's major export is sugar).
		After Sobhuza's death in 1982, a period of intrigue ensued, with the Queen Mother Dzeliwe assuming the regency until deposed by Prince Bhekimpi, who ruled until 1985, purging all the opposition he could.
	www.infohub.com /destinations/africa-&-middle-east/Swaziland/106953.htm (622 words)

	International Crisis Group -
		Hopes were high that the new constitution would remove all the vestiges of the 1973 royal decree by Mswati's father, King Sobhuza II, which outlawed political parties, suspended basic freedoms, and entrenched royal absolutism.
		Mswati's father, Sobhuza II, failed to sway the British to grant Swaziland independence on the basis of a purely monarchical system.
		Mswati - one of 600 children of King Sobhuza II by his 100 queens-ascended to the throne in 1986, as the second wave of democratisation was beginning to sweep the continent.
	www.crisisgroup.org /home/index.cfm?id=4089&l=4 (2395 words)

	Harvard International Review: Unfit for a King
		The recent elections in Swaziland were held under the auspices of King Mswati II’s autocratic rule and effectively brought traditional political institutions and the modern democratic state to a crossroads.
		Sobhuza and the Dlamini royal line has relied on superstitious causal relations and heavy traditional symbolism to justify their powerful position to the Swazi people.
		In response, Mswati, who is Sobhuza’s son and successor, retorted that the mother had “no respect for tradition,” since Swazi custom allows the King to choose wives among 10,000 to 20,000 scantily-clad young women at the dance.
	hir.harvard.edu /articles/print.php?article=1203 (734 words)

	Somhlolo's Dream
		SOBHUZA I, popularly known as Somhlolo (Father of Mysteries), left the Swazi Nation a great legacy in the form of a prophecy that influenced greatly the basis of Swazi life and philosophy.
		There is evidence that Sobhuza had already seen some white people who came to assist him in fight against some of his enemies.
		It came to Sobhuza II when he was greatly worried by the divisions of the churches and had in fact asked the priests to find the foot of Christ.
	www.uga.edu /bahai/News/020898.html (2074 words)

	The King and I: Bronislaw Malinowski, King Sobhuza II of Swaziland and the vision of culture change in Africa -- Cocks ...
		The King and I: Bronislaw Malinowski, King Sobhuza II of Swaziland and the vision of culture change in Africa -- Cocks 13 (4): 25 -- History of the Human Sciences
		The King and I: Bronislaw Malinowski, King Sobhuza II of Swaziland and the vision of culture change in Africa
		and analysing Malinowski's relationship with King Sobhuza II of Swaziland to whom he was introduced in 1934.
	hhs.sagepub.com /cgi/content/abstract/13/4/25 (279 words)

	Sobhuza II - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Sobhuza II - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		Following the death in 1899 of his father, King Bhunu, Sobhuza II was named heir to the...
		The nation attained full independence on September 6, 1968, with King Sobhuza II as head of state.
	au.encarta.msn.com /Sobhuza_II.html (98 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In 1973, Mswati's father, Sobhuza II, repealed the 1968 constitution, ended the multiparty system in favor of the tinkhundla (local council) system, and declared himself absolute monarch.
		Sobhuza's death in 1982 led to a protracted power struggle and Mswati's eventual accession to the throne in 1986.
		While the document-intended to replace the 1973 constitution annulled by Sobhuza II-removed the king's ability to rule by decree, it reaffirmed the king's absolute control over the executive cabinet, both houses of parliament, and the judiciary.
	www.freedomhouse.org /inc/content/pubs/fiw/inc_country_detail.cfm?country=7065&pf (1747 words)

	Sexing up threats to national security in Swaziland - Southern Africa Repression / prisoners - Anarkismo
		In justifying these emergency laws, King Sobhuza II argued that the country was facing a serious threat from "alien" political practices and that in consideration of "the extremely serious situation" he decided to assume supreme power.
		King Sobhuza II and his government used the absence of public dissent to construct and promote a farcical image of peace.
		King Sobhuza II argued that the repressive measures were intended "Öto ensure the continued maintenance of peace, order and good government" (Proclamation by His Majesty King Sobhuza II, 12 th April 1973).
	www.anarkismo.net /newswire.php?story_id=2199 (6027 words)

	Polity IV Country Report 2003: Swaziland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		When Swaziland acquired independence from Britain in 1968, it had a parliamentary form of government; King Sobhuza II suspended the constitution in 1973, in a decision agreed upon by both houses of Parliament, on the grounds that parliamentary forms were unsuited to the traditions of the Swazi people.
		The only political organization permitted to function is the Imbokodvo National Movement (INM), formed in 1964 by King Sobhuza II, a traditionalist movement that also promotes policies of development, including literacy for all citizens.
		Several opposition groups reemerged in the early 1990s when it appeared that constitutional revisions would be enacted to permit the formal legalization of parties.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/polity/Swa1.htm (424 words)

	History of Swaziland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Legend has it that shortly before Sobhuza I died in 1939 he had a vision and prophesised the coming of the white man. He instructed his people never to harm them.
		Under the reign of Mswati II the Swazis initially flourished, however the size of the Swazi Kingdom diminished by approximately half through land deals made with the Boers.
		Through the reign of Labotsibeni (Queen Regent) and King Sobhuza II, Swaziland peacefully opposed British rule, although Sobhuza II gave approval for some 4,000 Swazis to fight in North Africa and Italy during the Second World War.
	www.jacanalodge.co.sz /history.html (340 words)

	Green Left - Sham elections set in Swaziland
		Swaziland has had a democracy drought for 20 years after the traditionalist party, Imbokodvo National Movement, advised the late King Sobhuza II to repeal the independence constitution and declare a state of emergency which still remains in force.
		Sobhuza II took personal command of the government and civil service.
		A new constitution that Sobhuza II had promised to introduce was nowhere in sight when he died in 1982, except that he had reintroduced parliament in 1978 with a new system of elections called Tinkhundla, whereby voters elected members of an electoral college, which then elected parliament.
	www.greenleft.org.au /1993/118/5292 (965 words)

	FOXNews.com - CountryWatch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The most important of these leaders was Mswati II, from whom the Swazis derive their name.
		Through internal stability, military might and diplomacy, Swaziland remained an independent country until the 1890s, as the king took advantage of the rivalry between the British administration in Natal and the Boer republic of the former Transvaal to avoid takeover by either.
		King Sobhuza II reigned from 1921 to 1982 and is thought to have been the second-longest reigning monarch in world history although he was only officially recognized as king in 1967 under the Swaziland Constitution Order of the British government.
	www.countrywatch.com /fox/country.asp?vCOUNTRY=164&topic=PCFHY (539 words)

	Swaziland National Trust Commission - Cultural Resources - King Sobhuza II Memorial Park
		The three metre bronze king's statue is facing the east where the Swazi monarch originally same from thus regarded as people from the sun; his male hut (Lilawu) Lozitha royal residence, and Mdzimba mountain (a royal burial mountain).
		The torch is lit to show that the spirit of King Sobhuza lives on.
		This consists of a pictorial exhibition of the life history of King Sobhuza II, from the time he was born in 1899 until 1982 when be died.
	www.sntc.org.sz /cultural/mempark2.asp (360 words)

	GOPS: Travel To The Kingdom of Swaziland - Southern Africa
		King Mswati III, on the throne since 1986, is upholding the tradition of his father, King Sobhuza II, who reigned for almost 61 years.
		Sobhuza scrapped the constitution in 1973 and banned political parties.
		Next to the museum is the parliament, which is sometimes open to the public, and across the road from the museum is the King Sobhuza II Memorial, the most revered (and arguably the most prolific breeder) of the Swazi kings.
	www.gopservices.com /swaziland.php (454 words)

	The Washington Times - Swaziland
		King Sobhuza II, who left a legacy of land for his people and established an institution to ensure his people's survival, also shared that dream.
		King Sobhuza II, who reigned Swaziland for six decades, was determined that when he died the Swazi Nation would live on politically independent, culturally intact and in possession of its land.
		King Sobhuza II had another dream too - that was to ensure that the culture and traditions of the Swazi nation survived and continued to be the soul of the nation.
	www.internationalspecialreports.com /africa/99/swaziland/5.html (1024 words)

	Sobhuza II de Swazilandia - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
		Sobhuza II (22 de julio de 1899 - 21 de agosto de 1982) fue un Rey de Swazilandia.
		Su padre murió el 10 de diciembre de 1899, cuando Sobhuza solo tenía unos meses de edad, y su abuela, Labotsibeni Gwamile Mdluli, actuó como regente hasta el 22 de diciembre de 1921.
		Esto fue conseguido durante algún tiempo, hasta el 12 de abril de 1973, cuando Sobhuza abolió la Constitución y disolvió el Parlamento, convirtiéndose en el gobernante absoluto de la nación.
	es.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sobhuza_II_de_Swazilandia (251 words)

	Swaziland National Trust Commission - History of His Majesty, King Sobhuza II
		History of His Majesty, King Sobuza II Sobhuza II was the son of Bhunu and Lomawa Ndwandwe.
		His grandmother Gwamile/Labotsibeni named him Mona (jealousy) as there was jealousy between the Boers and the British, between whites and Swazis and among Swazi royalty itself.
		The roayl council met in the byre, deliberated and chose Nkhtfotjeni, who was proclaimed King at the age of four months, and the kingly name of Sobhuza II was selected.
	www.sntc.org.sz /cultural/sobhuza.html (498 words)

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