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	Socage - LoveToKnow 1911
		SOCAGE, a free tenement held in fee simple by services of an economic kind, such as the payment of rent or the performance of some agricultural work, was termed in medieval English law a socage tenement.
		Certainty and legal protection were so essential that even villain holdings were treated as villain socage when legal protection was obtainable for it, as was actually the case with the peasants on Ancient demesne who could sue their lords by the little writ of right and the Monstraverunt.
		An heiress in socage was free to contract marriage without the interference of the lord.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Socage (426 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Socage
		Socage was one of the feudal duties and hence land tenure forms in the feudal system.
		As feudalism declined socage tenure increased until it became the normal form of tenure in England.
		The holder of a socage tenure was referred to as a socager or socman.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Socage (259 words)

	Feudal Glossary
		Another type of free tenure was socage, primarily customary socage, the principal service of which was usually agricultural in nature, such as performing so many days' ploughing each year for the lord.
		In addition to the principal service, all these tenures were subject to a number of conditions, such as relief, the payment made on transfer of a fief to an heir, and escheat, the return of the fief to the lord when the vassal died without an heir.
		SOCAGE Another type of free tenure was socage, primarily customary socage, the principal service of which was usually agricultural in nature, such as performing so many days' ploughing each year for the lord.
	www.chobham.org.uk /feudal_glossary.htm (1704 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Socage — In English law, a tenure of lands and tenements by a certain or determinate service; a tenure distinct from chivalry or knight’s service, in which the render was uncertain.
		Socage is of two kinds; free socage, where the services are not only certain, but honorable, and villein [sic] socage, where the services, though certain, are of a baser nature.
		Petit sergeantry, was a tenure by which the tenant was bound to render to the king annually some small implement of war, as a bow, a pair of spurs, a sword, a lance, or the like.
	www.angelfire.com /ok3/eache/magnadef.html (1301 words)

	theories of land tenure
		Socage tenure becomes associated with an ideology of control, in which land and people must be named, defined, and categorized so as to be made understandable and controllable.
		Clearly, the socage land tenure system, which defines the proprietorships in Pennsylvania and Maryland, is an example of the desire to control, in this case to control centrally the land and the people who live on it.
		One might assume that if the socage land tenure system is associated with the ideology of control, then the fee simple system, which offers liberal rights to the individual land owner, would be connected with freedom and opposition to control, but that does not seem to be the case.
	tarlton.law.utexas.edu /lpop/etext/okla/mclaughlin24.htm (4456 words)

	Inquisition Post Mortem of Christopher Norris of Bolton, 1640
		The premesis in Boulton in le Moores are held of Roger Leaver, gent., in common socage, by fealty and the rent of 5 3/4 d.
		The premises in Tonge are held of the heirs of Edward Hilton late of Brindle in socage, viz., by fealty and the yearly rent of 12d., and are worth per ann., clear £5.
		The premises in Turton are held of Humphrey Cheetham, esq., as of his manor of Turton in socage, viz., by fealty and the yearly rent of 6d., and are worth per ann., clear, 6s.
	www.tongefamily.info /resources/irvine_1903.htm (250 words)

	SOCAGE - Online Information article about SOCAGE
		Certainty and legal protectiop were so essential that even villain holdings were treated as villain socage when legal protection was obtainable for it, as was actually the See also:
		An heiress in socage was free to See also:
		Commutation, the enfranchisement of copyholds, and the abolition of military tenures in the reign of See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /SIV_SOU/SOCAGE.html (607 words)

	The Origins of Plough Monday, by Peter Millington
		Socage was an ancient form of land tenancy in which the tenant was a personally free man and was responsible for paying the taxes on his own land, but owed suit of court, rent and often labour services at a manorial centre (Stenton, 1910 and 1927).
		It was in fact this correlation which first led me to investigate socage as a possible factor in the origin of Plough Monday.
		It could also have been partly responsible for the later spread of socage and of Plough Monday to a few locations outside of the Danelaw, since in some cases sokemen were responsible to religious houses.
	freespace.virgin.net /peter.millington1/PloughMonday/Origins.htm (5677 words)

	Vinogradoff, Agricultural Services
		If those were certain, the holding was considered socage and protected at common law, if uncertain, it was deemed villainage and surrendered to manorial custom.
		(28) The burden of proof lay, anyhow, on the socager;* it had to be shown that the labour services usually regarded as villain services were performed in a certain and well-defined manner, as if by convention.
		It may have had its origin in speculations as to the meaning of "villain socage" which, of course, was agricultural, but merely as a species of villainage.
	www.utulsa.edu /law/classes/rice/Jurisprudence/Extra_Reading/Vinogradoff_Agricultural_Services.htm (5760 words)

	Duhaime's Canadian Law Dictionary : S
		A term of the feudal system which referred to the tenure which was exchanged for certain goods or services which were not military in nature.
		Socage is often described as "free and common socage" although the "free and common" qualification is now of a purely historical significance.
		Synonymous with buggery and referring to "unnatural" sex acts, including copulation, either between two persons of the same sex or between a person and an animal (the latter act is known as "bestiality").
	www.duhaime.org /dictionary/dict-s.aspx (2491 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Later version of 46 {R: If anyone holds land and obligation to perform sabban-services [socage] as an inheritance share in a village, if the land was given him in its entirety, he shall render the luzzi-services.
		HL 51 Formerly the house of a man who had become a weaver in Arinna (was) exempt, also his associates and his relations (were) exempt.
		Ye {HR: You too} shall be {HR: must {R: continue} to perform [socage]} just as your comrades!” HL 56 No one of the metal workers {HR: coppersmiths} shall be freed from participating in a royal campaign in {R: ice procurement, construction of}{H: “making” ice,} a fortress, {HR: and royal roads} (and) from cutting a vineyard.
	www.law2.byu.edu /welch/AAdministrationofJustice.doc (10525 words)

	voluntaryist.com
		She responded, "Who should have issued them one, I don't know, unless it was the buffalo."[1] Secondly, Jonathan Hughes, in his book The Governmental Habit, contrasts the allodial and socage forms of land tenure.
		"Socage tenure was part of the feudal order" and was inevitably carried over by the English to their landholdings in North America.
		It was designed to protect the interests of the feudal donor ("transformed in our time into the state") by forcing "property owners to support the taxing power at all times" regardless of whether they desired or used state services.
	www.voluntaryist.com /journal/libertariansandindians.php (3965 words)

	Feudal Tenure and Native Title: Revising an Enduring Fiction - [2005] SydLRev 3; (2005) 27 Sydney Law Review 49
		The principle free tenure was socage and it became the usual form of tenure held in most parts of England.
		That under the term free and common socage, the possessor of land would have, in effect, allodial tenure; the property meaning of the term allodial as defined by Blackstone was a holding of the entire of the property independent of any superior....
		The remaining tenure, free and common socage, is more allodial than feudal in nature and is therefore inconsistent with the perpetuation of a feudal regime promoting absolute Crown ownership.
	www.austlii.edu.au /au/journals/SydLRev/2005/3.html (17583 words)

	GUARDIAN - Steven J. Coker
		It is the duty of the guardian to take reasonable and prudent care of the estate of the ward, and manage it in the most advantageous manner; and when the guardianship shall expire, to account with the ward for the administration of the estate.
		The common law gave this guardianship to the next of blood to the child to whom the inheritance could not possibly descend.
		The distinction of guardians by nature, and by socage, appear to have become obsolete, and have been essentially superseded in practice by the appointment of guardians by courts of chancery, orphans' courts, probate courts, and such other courts as have jurisdiction to, make such appointments.
	members.tripod.com /coker_forum/c00976.htm (987 words)

	WIRKSWORTH-Parish Records 1608-1899-PRO documents
		DL 30/49/589 Wirksworth, Wirksworth Socage, with- [Kirk] Ireton, Mappleton, Wensley, Snitterton, Bonsall, Matlock, Middleton, Cromford, Bradbourne, [Fenny] Bentley, Dethick, Lea, Hognaston, Kniveton (Kneton), Tissington and Lee, Matlock, Bonsall, Brassington, Ireton-W 2 to 3 Hen.
		DL 30/49/591 Wirksworth, Wirksworth Socage, with- Mappleton, Bonsall, [Kirk] Ireton, Kniveton, Bradbourne, Parwich, Hopton, Matlock, Matlock, Bonsall, Ireton-Wood, Brassington, Ashbourn; [Derby]: Courts 5 to 6 Hen.
		DL 30/49/598 Wirksworth Socage, with- Bonsall, Matlock, Brassington and Aldwark, Middleton and Smerril, [Fenny] Bentley, Mappleton; [Derby]: Courts 14, 15 Hen.
	www.wirksworth.org.uk /A34-pro.htm (7903 words)

	History of Real Estate Law: The Old English Landholding System
		The tenures granted by the king and lords were exchanged for a wide variety of goods or services such as Knight service (the tenant agreeing to serve as a knight in the king or lord's army) or "free and common socage", which referred to service or goods other than those military.
		From this point on, the number of tenures was frozen except that the king was exempt from the Statute and he could grant additional tenures.
		Eventually, incidents were prohibited and socage of all kind were eliminated and replaced only by free and common variety.
	www.duhaime.org /Real-estate/rehist1.aspx (1135 words)

	EILEEN SPRING \| Child Custody and the Decline of Women's Rights \| Law and History Review, Volume 17 Number 2, 17.2 \| ...
		In medieval times, the manorial courts, the ecclesiastical courts, and the royal courts for socage tenures had all given consideration to maternal interest in the physical custody of children.
		The major change the statute made, however, was to give all fathers the right to name guardians for their children, a fact that has been all too little noticed.
		In the light of this development, and others she notes, Wright challenges the view, general among historians, that women's history has been one of linear progression to equality.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/lhr/17.2/spring.html (1726 words)

	[No title]
		It allowed all the varieties of week work and custom found on common manors, and there is no trace of an objection to the lord claiming one particular performance instead of the other.(20*) It did not allow of any increase of the customary work and rents, nor of any arbitrary change in their customary arrangement.
		it would include all the labour services performed by socagers, which were not few, and not always trifling.(27) But there it stands, and it cannot but mean that agricultural service was the burden of villain tenure, as a rule, whereas the immunity of socage* labour appears in the light of an exception.
		I have been speaking hitherto of the ideas dominating feudal jurisprudence, and not of the many indications of the fact that this jurisprudence was welding together and transforming very different conceptions and conditions.
	socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca /~econ/ugcm/3ll3/vinogradoff/services (4900 words)

	Hastert Genealogy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		It was run by a tenant farmer submitted to socage i.e.
		It was usually the best farmland as it was better taken care of, being submitted to socage, meaning the landlord had manpower available at his discretion.
		Later it got the more general meaning of the entirety of the land around a village or a farm.
	www.igd-leo.lu /igd-leo/hastert/hasti004.html (360 words)

	Tonge, Bolton Journal, 1909 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		At the survey of 1212 it was found that Gilbert de Tonge held an oxgang in Tonge.
		Elias de Tonge occurs in 1254 and 1288; in the latter year he held 60 acres in Tonge in socage by the ancient rent of 4s.
		Later it was divided, one-half being held by the Haugh or Haulgh family by a tenure variously described, and the remainder by the Hiltons, of Brindle.
	www.tongefamily.info /resources/bolton_journal_1909.htm (188 words)

	Podnośniki koszowe - Hewea
		Aby sprostać tym wymaganiom, każdy podnośnik SOCAGE poddawany jest wielu badaniom w centrum inżynieryjnym SOCAGE gdzie profesjonaliści wykorzystują najbardziej zaawnsowane systemy IT, dzięki systemom CADowskim i symulacji komputerowej podnośniki koszowe są testowane już w fazie projektowania.
		Firma SOCAGE zanim zacznie produkować i dostarczać na rynek nowy produkt, najpierw przeprowadza testy prototypów.
		Aby zapewnić funkcjonalność i niezawodność SOCAGE współpracuje tylko z najlepszymi dostawcami komponentów i wdraża w swoje struktury najbardziej zaawansowane metody produkcji.
	www.hewea.com.pl /koszowe.html (285 words)

	Frankalmoin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It fell into disuse because on any alienation of the land the tenure was converted into socage, and no fresh grants in frankalmoin, save by the Crown, were possible after Quia Emptores in 1290.
		By 1660, frankalmoin had become so uncommon that it was not formally abolished in the Statute of Tenures.
		In 1925 the tenure was converted into common socage.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frankalmoin (345 words)

	Parker-Chapter 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The quit-rent in this colony, then, was in reality a feudal fee to be paid by the freeholders of land whose term of holding was in free and common socage.
		When the Crown later bought this land from the proprietary possessors, the feudal relations were more simplified, and, in the case of both proprietors and crown, attested to the “royal feudal supremacy”
		These eight grantees, afterwards known as the Lords Proprietors of Carolina, held supreme power with allegiance to the King.
	www.ah.dcr.state.nc.us /sections/hp/Colonial/Bookshelf/Monographs/Parker/chap2.htm (6663 words)

	Great Wall, China
		In the east the wall extended up to the Liaodong peninsula.
		The work was completed by soldiers and by those doing socage, especially the peasants.
		During the Sui dynasty (581-618) a new wall was begun, this time south of the old wall.
	www.planetware.com /china/great-wall-chn-bj-gw.htm (481 words)

	Featured Document: The Magna Carta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		[27] If any do hold of us by Fee-ferm, or by Socage, or Burgage, and he holdeth Lands of another by Knights Service, we will not have the Custody of his Heir, nor of his Land, which is holden of the Fee of another, by reason of that Fee-ferm, Socage, or Burgage.
		Neither will we have the custody of such Fee-ferm, or Socage, or Burgage, except Knights Service be due unto us out of the same Fee-ferm.
		We will not have the custody of the Heir, or of any Land, by occasion of any Petit Serjeanty, that any man holdeth of us by Service to pay a Knife, an Arrow, or the like.
	archives.gov /exhibits/featured_documents/magna_carta/translation.html (1580 words)

	socage - Dictionnaire Français-Anglais WordReference.com
		We found no English translation for 'socage' in our French to English Dictionary.
		Or did you want to translate 'socage' from English to French?
		Forum discussions with the word(s) 'socage' in the title:
	www.wordreference.com /fren/socage (41 words)

	Amphibious - definition from Biology-Online.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Of a mixed nature; partaking of two natures.
		Not in free and common socage, but in this amphibious subordinate class of villein socage.
		E, both on land in water; _ life.
	biology-online.org /dictionary/Amphibious (168 words)

	1997 American Economic History Topic 1 Page
		Rights in Land held by a private party are an estate in land.
		Free and Common Socage: Civil Rights and Military Duties not mixed with the holding of Land.
		A quitrent (the modern property tax) which was fixed and certain was paid to the Lord (later, the government).
	voteview.com /topic1.htm (933 words)

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