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Topic: Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania

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	Snapshot of Europe: Poland
		The Republic of Poland is a country located in Central Europe, between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to the north.
		Poland's borders shifted westwards; pushing the eastern border to the Curzon line and the western border to the Oder-Neisse line.
		Poland was the first among post-communist countries to regain pre-1989 GDP levels.
	www.sheppardsoftware.com /Europeweb/snapshot/Snapshot-Europe31.htm (771 words)

	The history of the communist movement in Poland
		In 1893 the "Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland" was formed, which after 1900 became the "Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania".
		The Communist Party of Poland organized its own organs of power, the workers and peasants councils, but the political initiative lay on the one hand with the revisionists and opportunists, and on the other with big capital and the nationalists, who were supported everywhere by the big capitalist countries and centers.
		The decisive factor for the emergence of People’s Poland was not a revolutionary mass movement, but rather the defeat of the fascist occupation in Poland and the victory of the Red Army, whose presence on Polish territory paralyzed the activities of the Polish counter-revolution.
	www.northstarcompass.org /nsc0705/poland.htm (3052 words)

	Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Republic of Poland a country in Central Europe lies between Germany to the west the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south Ukraine and Belarus to the east and the Baltic Sea Lithuania and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to the north.
		Poland's golden age occurred in the 16th century during its union with Lithuania in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
		Poland's principal ports and harbours are Gdansk Gdynia Gliwice Kołobrzeg Szczecin Świnoujscie Ustka Warsaw and Wrocław.
	www.freeglossary.com /Poland (2154 words)

	Lithuania HISTORY
		From the 14th to the 18th centuries, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was linked to the Kingdom of Poland.
		What is now Lithuania, though, was annexed to the Russian Empire in the final partition of the Polish-Lithuanian state in 1795.
		Given the history of Russian domination of Lithuania, it is understandable that Lithuania's primary foreign policy objective has been to improve relations with the West and especially to gain entrance into NATO and the EU.
	www.nationsencyclopedia.com /Europe/Lithuania-HISTORY.html (558 words)

	\|\| Lithuania \|\|
		Poland's occupation (1920) and annexation (1922) of the Vilnius region strained bilateral relations, and in March 1939 Germany forced Lithuania to surrender the Klaipeda region (the Nürnberg trials declared the treaty null and void).
		Urbanization increased from 39% in 1959 to 68% in 1989.
		Lithuania's suspension of two strongly ethnic Polish district councils on charges of blocking reform or disloyalty during the August 1991 coup had cooled relations with Poland, but bilateral cooperation has markedly increased with the holding of elections in those districts and the signing of a bilateral Friendship Treaty in 1994.
	www.rinova.net /ella/lithuania/main.htm (5218 words)

	Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania Information
		The Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (Socjaldemokracja Krolestwa Polskiego i Litwy or SDKPiL) was a Marxist political party founded in 1893.
		Conceived as the geographical representative party of the workers, rather than national, the SDKP was to fuse with the Union of Workers in Lithuania in 1899 as a result of the work carried out by Feliks Dzierzynski, future Bolshevik head of the Cheka.
		Consistent with its self conception as a geographic unit of an All-Russian Social Democratic party the SDKPiL attended the 1903 Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) held in London at which the famous division occurred between the Menshevik and Bolshevik factions.
	www.bookrags.com /Social_Democracy_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_and_Lithuania (1063 words)

	Poland
		On the north Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea, Russia, and Lithuania; on the east by Belarus and Ukraine; on the south by Slovakia and the Czech Republic; and on the west by Germany.
		Poland's role as guardian of western European civilization against the Russians and later the Bolsheviks is commemorated by the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in the center of Warsaw.
		Poland is an example par excellence of the imagined community and of the ability of nationalism to shape the world.
	www.everyculture.com /No-Sa/Poland.html (8930 words)

	Luxemburg and the National Question – World Socialist Movement
		Turning to Poland, she argued that the introduction of capitalism had tied Russian Poland so close to Russia (Polish industry served the Russian market) that the proposal to re-establish an independent Poland was anyway a "utopian fantasy".
		She thus urged Polish-speaking workers in Russian Poland to struggle, together with the workers of all the other nationalities to be found within the borders of the Russian empire, to overthrow Tsarism and establish political democracy in Russia.
		Luxemburg regarded an end to discrimination on national or language grounds-with full provision for the use of minority languages in all aspects of social and political life-as an integral part of the political democracy she was urging to be established under capitalism as a means of facilitating the struggle for Socialism.
	www.worldsocialism.org /articles/luxemburg_and_the_national.php (1658 words)

	The Lithuanian Social Democratic Party and the Revolution of 1905 - Dalius Vasys
		The Social Democrats, then in the forefront of the revolutionary movement, thought that the planned conference, which originally was to have been largely academic in content, would be a relatively minor event in the course of the revolution.
		Social and economic issues were avoided in order to preserve unanimity and because the Assembly had no means by which to enforce its decisions.
		In 1896, the LSDP formulated its national policy, proposing the establishment of an "independent, democratic republic, consisting of Lithuania, Poland, and other countries based on a loose federation."42 "Further paragraphs indicated that the federation was to include Lithuania, Poland, Latvia, Byelorussia, and the Ukraine.
	www.lituanus.org /1977/77_3_02.htm (8657 words)

	The International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart [b]
		Socialism has never refused to advocate reforms in the colonies as well; but this can have nothing in common with weakening our stand in principle against conquests, subjugation of other nations, violence, and plunder, which constitute "colonial policy".
		During the revolution of 1905-07 the S.D.K.P.&L. fought under slogans that were close to those of the Bolshevik Party and took an uncompromising stand in regard to the liberal bourgeoisie.
		At the Fourth (Unity) Congress of the R.S.D.L.P. in 1906 the S.D.K.P.&L. was admitted to the R.S.D.L.P. in the capacity of a territorial organisation.
	www.marx2mao.com /Lenin/ISCS07b.html (3511 words)

	Poland (08/06)
		The changes in agriculture are likely to strain Poland's social fabric, tearing at the heart of the traditional, family-based small farm as the younger generation drifts toward the cities.
		Poland was the first former centrally planned economy in central Europe to end its recession and return to growth in the early 1990s.
		Poland continues to be a regional leader in support and participation in the NATO Partnership for Peace Program and has actively engaged most of its neighbors and other regional actors to build stable foundations for future European security arrangements.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/2875.htm (4771 words)

	Poland History
		Poland's written history begins with the reign of Mieszko I who accepted Christianity for himself and his kingdom in AD 966.
		Independence for Poland was one of the 14 points enunciated by President Woodrow Wilson during World War I. Many PolishAmericans enlisted in the military services to further this aim and the United States worked at the postwar conference to ensure its implementation.
		Poland was entering into an extended crisis which would change the course of its future development.
	www.world66.com /europe/poland/history (2145 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Rosa Luxemburg
		In part she was forced to flee from Poland on account of her political activities.
		She began her career as a journalist and became one of the leaders of the Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania.
		A German citizen by marriage Luxemburg became in 1898 a left wing leader of the German Social Democratic Party (SDP) and participated in the Second International and during the 1905 revolution in Russian Poland.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/luxemburg.htm (756 words)

	AllRefer.com - Poland - Historical Setting \| Polish Information Resource
		Convention fixes the origins of Poland as a nation near the middle of the tenth century, contemporaneous with the Carolingians, Vikings, and Saracens, and a full hundred years before the Norman conquest of Britain in 1066.
		Many foreign observers perceive Poland as a perennial victim of history, whose survival through perseverance and a dogged sense of national identity has left a mixed legacy of indomitable courage and intolerance toward outsiders.
		To Poles, their history includes brighter recollections of Poland as a highly cultured kingdom, uniquely indulgent of ethnic and religious diversity and precociously supportive of human liberty and the fundamental values of Western civilization.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/poland/poland13.html (438 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Lithuania
		Lithuania subsequently restructured its economy for integration into Western European institutions; it joined both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004.
		Lithuania, the Baltic state that has conducted the most trade with Russia, has slowly rebounded from the 1998 Russian financial crisis.
		Lithuania has gained membership in the World Trade Organization and joined the EU in May 2004.
	www.umsl.edu /services/govdocs/wofact2005/geos/lh.html (988 words)

	John J. Kulczycki \| Eastern Europe in Western Civilization Textbooks: The Example of Poland \| The History Teacher, 38.2 ...
		Few of the textbooks that note Poland's internal weakness as a cause of the first partition, note that the event eventually led to major internal reforms in Poland and that the final partitions grew out of a desire of Poland's neighbors to crush the reform movement rather than to a lack of Polish reform.
		Describing Poland under Pilsudski and his successors as a military dictatorship or an authoritarian government is closer to the mark.
		But the role of Pilsudski in interwar Poland and the popular support he enjoyed cannot be understood without reference to his role in the struggle for independence prior to 1918 and particularly in the Polish-Soviet War, which none of these textbooks discuss.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ht/38.2/kulczycki.html (9168 words)

	USAID: Mission Web Sites
		The overall USAID program goal in Guinea is "Improved Economic and Social Well-being of all Guineans in a Participatory Society." USAID/Guinea pursues this goal by investing in education and human resources within its basic education, natural resource management, democracy and governance, and health and family planning programs.
		Today, the people of Lithuania and the United States are in a partnership to build Lithuania's free-market economy and to develop a democratic society prepared to meet the challenges of the 21st century and the emerging global economy.
		USAID/Peru's activities are focused on strengthening democracy, promoting economic growth and alleviating poverty, improved health, the sustainable use of natural resources, providing alternatives to coca cultivation, improving the local management of basic education and promoting development in the Peru-Ecuador border region.
	www.usaid.gov /missions (5021 words)

	Glossary of Organisations: So
		It was destroyed by the Russian political police in 1896, and later reorganized as the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL).
		They believed in the separate path theory which stipulated that Russia could leap from feudalism to Socialism without need for capitalism and stressing that the peasantry was the revolutionary class, not the urban workers.
		In 1898, the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party was created to fight for workers rights in an organized way, and create a strategic plan for workers struggled based on Marxist theory.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/orgs/s/o.htm (3834 words)

	Names of those persons of a Polish nationality here have come
		One of the organizers and chiefs of a social Democracy of a Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania.
		ROKOSSOWSKI Konstanty (1896-1968), Marshal of the Soviet Union (1944), marshal of Poland (1949), doubly Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945).
		WARSKI Adolf (1868-1937), one of the organizers in 1893 social democracies of a Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, in 1918 Communist Party of Poland (PPK).
	www.geocities.com /wlad_11514/polacyen.htm (3959 words)

	Centre for Political Thought - Ignacy Hugo Matuszewski
		For the Polish resistance against dependence is being crushed by means of a doctrine which says that "co-operation" with Russia externally and with the communists internally is a necessity.
		In the name of "co-operation" with the Russians he signed the act of dismemberment of Poland; in the name of "co-operation" with the communists he tore up the constitution and agreed to outlaw everyone in Poland beside himself and his cronies.
		It is no coincidence that in 1905 the Social Democrats frothed at the mouth when they saw the Polish flag and cried "down with the white goose", although it was a symbol not of oppression, but of insurrection.
	www.omp.org.pl /matuszewski_ang.php (912 words)

	Glossary of Organisations: So
		Clearly only interested in mild reforms in labor legislation and social welfare, the Socialist International clearly went over to the perspective of reforming capitalism, rather than overthrowing it.
		It was destroyed by the Russian political police in 1896, and later reorganized as the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL).
		They believed in the separate path theory which stipulated that Russia could leap from feudalism to Socialism without need for capitalism and stressing that the peasantry was the revolutionary class, not the urban workers.
	www.ucc.ie /acad/socstud/tmp_store/mia_2/Library/glossary/orgs/s/o.htm (2012 words)

	Rosa Luxemburg
		Luxemburg was the advocate of mass action, spontaneity, and workers democracy, but her criticism of the "revisionists" and their ideological leader Edward Bernstein is considered her most important legacy to European political thought.
		During the 1905 Russian Revolution she developed the idea that socialism is a revolutionary process which transforms political and economic relations towards ever greater democratic control by the workers themselves.
		In 'The Junius Pamphlet' (1916), written under the pseudonym of Junius, she argued that the choice of Socialism or Barbarism is a world-historical turning point which demands resolute action by the proletariat.
	www.kirjasto.sci.fi /luxembur.htm (1416 words)

	ISR issue 13 \| Marxism and Nationalism, Part 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		To consolidate this transition and to secure the ongoing conditions for reproducing capitalist society, a new form of state was required--one based not on personal allegiance to a royal family but rather on a shared language, a common territory, and the perception of a group history and destiny.
		Article 9 was a sticking point in the relation between revolutionary socialists in Poland--who were members of the Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania and known as the Polish Social Democrats--and the RSDLP.
		Thus the Polish Social Democrats correctly maintained that the PSP had betrayed the interests of the international working class, notably, the unity of Polish and Russian workers.
	www.isreview.org /issues/13/marxism_nationalism_part1.shtml (5424 words)

	Toward World War I
		The social element definitely prevailed in the Ukrainian movement, and even more among the Latvians and Estonians, who like all other nationalities were hoping for some kind of autonomy and claimed it in the first Duma, but chiefly turned against the German landowners only to be ruthlessly repressed by Russian troops.
		This was the Habsburg monarchy where the problem of nationalities continued to be discussed in an entirely different spirit from that which prevailed in Russia after the interlude of 1905 and in spite of Russia’s entente with the democratic powers of Western Europe.
		The social progress made during these same years was to be implemented by a democratic reform of the electoral law.
	victorian.fortunecity.com /wooton/34/halecki/19.htm (5620 words)

	AED Home Page
		With so many messages being delivered in so many different ways, organizations working for positive social change need to be agile and creative.
		Founded in 1961, the Academy for Educational Development is an independent, nonprofit organization committed to solving critical social problems and building the capacity of individuals, communities, and institutions to become more self-sufficient.
		AED works in all the major areas of human development, with a focus on improving education, health, and economic opportunities for the least advantaged in the United States and developing countries throughout the world.
	www.aed.org (386 words)

	World Movement for Democracy - Network of Democracy Research Institutes
		The Network of Democracy Research Institutes is an association of organizations that conduct research on democracy, democratization, and related topics in comparative government and international affairs.
		The Network was established to facilitate contacts among democracy scholars and activists and to promote a greater awareness of the diversity and vitality of democracy studies today.
		Hungary, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia.
	www.wmd.org /ndri/ndri-associates.html#CDP (9244 words)

	Lenin: Rosa Luxemburg and the Polish 'Partei' Vorstand in Martov's Wake
		{20} The article, written in September 1912, dealt with the state of affairs in the Social-Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, which was split.
		By a decision of the court Radek was expelled from the ranks of the Social-Democracy of Poland and Lithuania.
		A commission to review the court’s decision was set up in Paris in early September 1913 on the initiative of the Bureau of the sections of the Social-Democracy of Poland and Lithuania abroad (Rozlamists).
	www2.cddc.vt.edu /marxists/archive/lenin/works/1912/sep/04.htm (1957 words)

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