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Topic: Social market economy

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	Germany - The Social Market Economy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The Germans proudly label their economy a "soziale Marktwirtschaft," or "social market economy," to show that the system as it has developed after World War II has both a material and a social--or human--dimension.
		The term "social" is stressed because West Germans wanted an economy that would not only help the wealthy but also care for the workers and others who might not prove able to cope with the strenuous competitive demands of a market economy.
		The term "social" was chosen rather than "socialist" to distinguish their system from those in which the state claimed the right to direct the economy or to intervene in it.
	countrystudies.us /germany/136.htm (498 words)

	Market economy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, it is often said that "market failure" is a frequent occurrence in free market.
		In the model of a social market economy the state intervenes where the market does not fulfill the needs of the market participants.
		It is possible for a market economy to have government intervention in the economy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Market_economy (718 words)

	The German social market economy and its changes
		Both the economy and the social policy were two points of great importance, especially when regarding the background of the Cold War and in comparison with the eastern part of Germany.
		Another aim of the Social Market Economy was to create and develop an economic order which could be accepted by any ideology so that all forces in society could be focused on the common task of assuring the basic living conditions and the rebuilding of the economy.
		In the beginning, the situation was characterized by euphoria on the reunification in general and in the economic sector on the new markets in eastern Germany and Europe.
	tiss.zdv.uni-tuebingen.de /webroot/sp/spsba01_W98_1/germany1b.htm (2061 words)

	Market economy - Libertarian Wiki
		A market economy is an economic system in which goods and services are traded, with the price at which goods and services are exchanged being determined by trades that occur as a result of sellers' asking prices matching buyers' bid prices.
		Germany's social market economy was one of the better functioning mixed economies, as microeconomists note that it had relativily free prices compared to other more socialist countries like the United Kingdom for much of the later 20th century.
		He believes market oriented economies are the most efficient at transmitting information on supply, demand, and the reallocation of resources, all of which are necessary to bring diverse people together for the common purpose of producing for consumption.
	libertarianwiki.org /Market_economy (3723 words)

	Participatory Justice : SF Bay Area Indymedia
		However the “social market economy” proved to be a consensus- or compromise formula that joined together different worldviews as soon as the dazzling packaging was removed.
		When the private economy is not stable in itself but tends to under-employment, the state has the task of firstly guaranteeing the efficient use of production factors, secondly justly distributing income and assets and thirdly balancing the economic fluctuations of the economy, namely the overshooting and/or absence of private consumer- and investment demand.
		Thus a free market economy is already regarded as social when the suppliers compete for the purchasing power demand of consumers, when a functioning competition enforces the sovereignty of consumers and when monopoly suppliers are prohibited.
	www.indybay.org /news/2004/03/1672273.php (3964 words)

	Germany The Social Market Economy - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ...
		West German social programs were given a considerable boost in 1957, just before a national election, when the government decided to initiate a number of social programs and to expand others.
		Social program costs grew by over 10 percent a year during much of the 1970s, introducing into the budget an unalterable obligation that reduced fiscal flexibility (although Schiller and other Keynesians believed that it would have an anticyclical effect).
		The economy turned gradually and massively from its primarily West European and global orientation toward an increasingly intense concentration on the requirements and the opportunities of unification.
	www.photius.com /countries/germany/economy/germany_economy_the_social_market_ec~7755.html (2111 words)

	MARKET ECONOMY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Market economy is an economy in which goods and services are freely exchanged without obstruction or regulation and where decisions about production and consumption are made by many separate individuals each seeking satisfaction of specific needs and desires.
		Market economy is sometimes used interchangeably with ‘capitalist economy’, but this is an error since a cooperatively based economy could also be operated on market principles.
		Addressing the relationship between consumption behaviour, leisure time and the market, we seek a solution to the problem of the maintenance of consumption expenditure in economies where leisure time is shortest for those who have the most to spend, a contradiction particularly characteristic of societies belonging to the politico-economic regime type identified as ‘liberal market’.
	sociologyindex.com /market_economy.htm (3295 words)

	indymedia germany \| What is social about the German Social Market Economy? \| 12.07.2002 23:48
		As it happened the social-Market economy seem to have been the way to avoid the weaknesses of both systems, yet the statistics seem to say it was more a nicely curved slogan than the commitment of the politicians to serve the general interest.
		The concept of the social market economy was created in 1947 by the order-liberals and Alfred Müller-Armack as an alternative to capitalism and socialism.
		The ordo-liberals agreed that instead of income subsidy programs, a social market economy should be one in which workers are given the chance to accumulate capital, which would give them the means for improving their social status in the social structure.
	de.indymedia.org /2002/07/25930.shtml (1792 words)

	On the relevance of the German Concept of Social Market Economy for Korea
		From this point of view, a market economy or SME may be understood as compatible with many different cultures, as it does not decree specific objectives to be adhered to.
		Actually, despite all the social and societal policy measures mentioned, the share of social and health-related expenses in the government budget did not significantly change compared to the pre-war period: It was 30% in 1930, 21% in 1935 (due to rearmament), 31% in 1950 and 26% in 1960.
		Whereas he considered the introduction of the market economy to have been a success, he noticed that associations and unions had a chance to form powerful interest groups and began to clash in an atmosphere of emotional agitation and unrest.
	www.uni-duisburg.de /Institute/OAWISS/publikationen/arbeitspapiere/paper09.html (9061 words)

	Schwerdt Online: Social Market Economy
		The social market economy is at once an economic, social, and politcal program that seeks to balance market-principle and social-principle.
		In summary, the social market economy is a harnessing of the efficiencies of a market-driven order of competition and supply and demand to unify the spiritual, economic, and humane requirements of life.
		The opening of domestic markets to foreign suppliers—thus, a liberal foreign trade policy—is a sign of logically applied competition policy, which is one of the basic elements in an economic policy based on market economy lines.
	www.freewebs.com /schwerdt/resources/economy.htm (500 words)

	European social market economy - an alternative model for globalization?
		Social balance is an integral part of the concept of the social market economy.
		Market openings must not be conducted on the basis of the law of the jungle.
		If, however, the social market model is to offer hope for the whole world, there is a need to develop a system of global governance which ensures that the social and environmental dimensions are brought fully into consideration globally.
	www.warc.ch /pc/soester/05.html (8137 words)

	Market economy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		A market economy is a term used to describe an economy where economic decisions, such as pricing of goods and services, are made in a decentralized manner by the economy's participants and manifested by trade.
		Although market economies are often identified with capitalism, it could be argued that the connection need not be very strong.
		An economy where both central planning and market mechanisms of production and distribution are present is known as a mixed economy.
	www.sjp.ac.lk /careers/yesl/charles/articles/Market_economy.html (394 words)

	Kishor Thanawala
		Market economy emerges as the principles of reciprocity, redistribution and householding are gradually replaced by the Smithian propensity to barter, truck and exchange.
		The Social Market Economy is not an exclusive competitive theory; it may best be described as an ideological concept, in the sense that a coordination of form is striven after, in the Social Market Economy, between the spheres of life represented by the market, the State and the social groups.
		The social market economy shares the belief that liberty is the basic principle of the economic order and that humans should be free to follow their self-interest.
	www.villanova.edu /mission/peace/thanawala.htm (6316 words)

	What is social about the German Social Market Economy?
		As it happened the social-Market economy seem to have been the way to avoid the weaknesses of both systems, yet the statistics seem to say it was more a nicely curved slogan than the commitment of the politicians to serve the general interest.
		The concept of the social market economy was created in 1947 by the order-liberals and Alfred Müller-Armack as an alternative to capitalism and socialism.
		The ordo-liberals agreed that instead of income subsidy programs, a social market economy should be one in which workers are given the chance to accumulate capital, which would give them the means for improving their social status in the social structure.
	www.miprox.de /Sonstiges/Germany_Social_Market_Economy.html (1511 words)

	International The Telegraph - Weekly (Nepal)
		Since then, the state – or the social security system – has made sure that the most elementary of life’s risks do not lead to economic disaster for the individual – a fundamental idea that is still taken up today in all countries that are attempting the transition from an agrarian to an industrialized country.
		It is primarily thanks to the trade union leader Carl Legien that the social market economy did not fall prey to the attacks of either the extreme left or the extreme right.
		For the social market economy is getting on: 125 years after Bismarck, 85 years after Legien, 55 years after Erhard there is not much left of the dynamics that distinguished the German economy for so long.
	www.nepalnews.com.np /contents/englishweekly/telegraph/2003/jul/jul02/international.htm (2045 words)

	Rebuilding Germany: The Creation of the Social Market Economy, 1945-1957
		Today the concept of Soziale Marktwirtschaft (social market economy) often is considered to be a synonym for the welfare state and the related growth problems which became evident in Germany in the last years.
		In his monograph about the creation of the social market economy in Germany, James C. van Hook rightly emphasizes that this definition is not in accord with the concept implemented in West Germany after World War II.
		Regarding the development of the social market economy during the 1950s, van Hook begins with the decision process resulting in the Investment Aid Law of 1952.
	www.eh.net /bookreviews/library/0934.shtml (1105 words)

	Social Market Economy in Postwar Germany: German History
		Erhard's concept of a socially responsive market economy based on free trade and private enterprise, aided by the infusion of capital through the Marshall Plan, proved to be the ideal basis for the strong recovery of the West German economy, culminating in the economic miracle (Wirtschaftswunder) of the 1950s.
		Thanks to the strong social welfare component and the system of codetermination, which gave workers in factories some say about their management, West German industry enjoyed a long period of labor peace.
		The export-oriented economy received another boost with the creation of the European Economic Community by the Treaty of Rome in March 1957.
	www.germanculture.com.ua /library/history/bl_soc_market_economy.htm (329 words)

	EMIRE: GERMANY - SOCIAL MARKET ECONOMY
		Like a free market economy, it is an economic system in which the supply of and demand for goods and services, co-ordinated and made consistent with each other by movements in prices, are in principle left to the individual decisions of buyers and sellers.
		And all this is backed by a social policy directed at a socially desirable degree of corrective adjustment of income distribution and at protection of the weaker members of society.
		The structural principles of the social market economy are secured in the Basic Law: the principle of the welfare state, the economic system and system of regulating competition, community tasks and the traditional fundamentals such as private ownership, freedom of contract and consumption, freedom of information and association, freedom of settlement and freedom of occupation.
	www.eurofound.eu.int /emire/GERMANY/SOCIALMARKETECONOMY-DE.html (278 words)

	German Social Market Economy
		The Germans proudly label their economy a "soziale Marktwirtschaft," or "social market economy," to show that the system as it has developed after World War II has both a material and a social - or human - dimension.
		The only state role in the new West German economy was to protect the competitive environment from monopolistic or oligopolistic tendencies - including its own.
		The founders of the social market economy insisted that Denken in Ordnungen - to think in terms of systems of order - was essential.
	www.germannotes.com /cert/economy_social.shtml (506 words)

	Business Location Center
		Across Germany, there is a network of social security laws covering benefits in case of illness, nursing needs or old-age care as well as financial assistance for parents or tenants.
		In a social market economy, market forces should essentially be given a free rein since this increases the opportunities for the consumer, motivates suppliers to innovate and make technical advances, and distributes income and profit according to individual performance.
		The social welfare of the individual is regarded as one of the main emphases of German government politics.
	www.blc.berlin.de /online/en/E/iii/prnseite0.jsp (1363 words)

	TCS Daily - The German Miracle? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The Social Market Economy concept had two central aspects: 1) Decontrol to a certain degree of market processes, and 2) an institutional framework of government Ordnungspolitik, an orderly structure of rules for the economy, designed to steer market powers and compensate for undesirable effects of liberalization.
		Soon, the Social Market Economy began to move away from the free market to more government regulation, a situation that began to burden the economy all the more once the global economic environment changed in the mid-1980s.
		While there is no common ground as to what social justice actually is, Social Market Economy seeks to strike a balance between the efficiency of market economy and social stability and attempts to shape a liberal economic order according to political rules which then fulfills certain criteria of social justice.
	www.techcentralstation.com /031704B.html (1750 words)

	Towards an ecological and social market economy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The efficiency of the ecological and social market economy depends on a balanced mix of small, medium-sized and large enterprises.
		In order to preserve the unique pattern of small and medium-sized enterprises in the German economy - which is exemplary in international terms - we are in favour of facilitating the passing on of family firms from one generation to the next by introducing appropriate tax regulations.
		Private ownership with social commitment, including the law on succession rights, is a central pillar of the ecological and social market economy.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/theo-3/OldFiles/data/web_type/Economy/germany.gp3-2.html (5149 words)

	Strengthening the Framework for the Global Economy, Address by Horst Köhler, Managing Director, IMF
		We should, however, not forget that the world economy has demonstrated remarkable resilience in the face of a series of massive shocks—such as the bursting of the stock market bubble in 2000, the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, and the corporate scandals in the United States this year.
		Ludwig Erhard, who was Germany's Finance Minister and later Chancellor in the 1950s and 1960s, said that the key task of a social market economy was to pursue free markets while respecting the social equilibrium and the principle of moral responsibility of each individual toward the whole of society.
		For we should never forget that freedom, democracy, and the market economy are more widespread than ever at the beginning of the twenty-first century, and I consider that to be a huge step forward for mankind.
	www.imf.org /external/np/speeches/2002/111502.htm (2528 words)

	Rebuilding Germany: The Creation of the Social Market Economy, 1945-1957 \| Book Reviews \| EH.Net
		Today the concept of Soziale Marktwirtschaft (social market economy) often is considered to be a synonym for the welfare state and the related growth problems which became evident in Germany in the last years.
		In his monograph about the creation of the social market economy in Germany, James C. van Hook rightly emphasizes that this definition is not in accord with the concept implemented in West Germany after World War II.
		Regarding the development of the social market economy during the 1950s, van Hook begins with the decision process resulting in the Investment Aid Law of 1952.
	eh.net /bookreviews/library/0934 (1138 words)

	The Future of the Social Market Economy, Publikation, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V.
		In such a stakeholder economy the primary goal, it is said, is not the maximisation of short-term profits for the benefit of the shareholders.
		The factor that is perhaps mostly seen as having driven the recovery of the Dutch economy from the Dutch disease is wage moderation, which was favoured by a tax reduction, since such a tax reduction encouraged lower wage demands.
		Social security benefits in the Netherlands are still among the most generous in the world.
	www.kas.de /publikationen/2000/623_dokument.html (2891 words)

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