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Topic: Social fact

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	Social fact - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In positivist sociology, social facts are the social structures and cultural norms and values that are external to, and coercive of, actors (Ritzer 2000:73).
		Social facts would be represented by social norms or social institutions within the collective conscience or collective representations, which is internalized by individuals as morals which inevitably constrain their behaviour (Marshall 1994: 486).
		Discovering the 'social facts', it follows, is generally neither possible nor desirable, but discovering the way in which individuals perceive and classify particular acts offers a great deal of insight.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Social_fact (724 words)

	A (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Durkheim distinguishes social facts from psychological, biological, or economic facts by noting that these are social and rooted in group sentiments and values.
		Normal social facts are the most widely distributed and useful social facts, assisting in the maintenance of society and social life.
		Social currents are characteristics of society, but may not have the permanence and stability that some parts of collective consciousness or collective representation have.
	uregina.ca /~gingrich/o26f99.htm (4702 words)

	The Rules of Sociological Method (1895) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Because the essential trait of social facts is their external coercive power, Durkheim first suggested that they could be recognized by the existence of some predetermined legal sanction or, in the case of moral and religious beliefs, by their reaction to those forms of individual belief and action which they perceived as threatening.
		Durkheim's "social fact" thus proved to be a conveniently elastic concept, covering the range from the most clearly delineated features of social structure (e.g., population size and distribution) to the most spontaneous currents of public opinion and enthusiasm.
		Social facts which are "pathological," by contrast, would be those encountered only in a minority of cases, and only for brief periods in the lifetime of the individual even where they occur.
	www.relst.uiuc.edu /durkheim/Summaries/rules.html (6773 words)

	What is a Social Fact (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		If one views the facts as they are and indeed as they have always been, it is patently obvious that all education consists of a continual effort to impose upon the child ways of seeing, thinking and acting which he himself would not have arrived at spontaneously.
		A social fact is identifiable through the power of external coercion which it exerts or is capable of exerting upon individuals.
		Doubtless every social fact is imitated and has, as we have just shown, a tendency to become generalised, but this is because it is social, i.e.
	www.faculty.rsu.edu /~felwell/TheoryWeb/readings/DurkheimFactForm.html (3701 words)

	Key Words S of Community Development, Empowerment, Participation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Emile Durkheim, one of the founders of sociology, wrote of "social facts" as observed characteristics that are social.
		Social interaction is the behaviour and beliefs between people that is dependent upon the behaviour and beliefs of each other and of other people.
		A social worker usually works for a social services department, which is a contradiction because most social services are delivered (by case work) without reference to social organization, and certainly seldom through community mechanisms.
	www.scn.org /cmp/key/key-s.htm (2991 words)

	Consortium for Citizens with Disabilities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Preserve Social Security to meet the needs of people who are eligible now and in the future.
		The CCD Social Security Task Force created a set of Fact Sheets to educate people about the potential devastating effect of major program changes.
		Although the Fact Sheets were created as a set, people may use them separately to discuss an area of special concern.
	www.c-c-d.org /FactSheets (455 words)

	Your Social Security Number: How Secure Is It?
		In fact, the Social Security number is now required for dependents over one year of age if the parents claim the child for tax purposes.
		With the Social Security number accessible to so many people, it is relatively easy for someone to fraudulently use your SSN to assume your identity and gain access to your bank account, credit accounts, utilities records, and other sources of personal information.
		Social Security numbers may be obtained by colleges and universities for students who have university jobs and/or receive federal financial aid.
	www.privacyrights.org /fs/fs10-ssn.htm (2703 words)

	Review of John Searle's book, The Construction of Social Reality
		He believes that there exist objective facts which make the world the way it is and that at least some of these facts can be known to a high degree of probability.
		Examples of the second sort of fact, social facts, are that this piece of paper is a five dollar bill, that he is a citizen of the U. S., that the New York Giants won the 1991 superbowl, and that he owns a piece of property in Berkeley, CA.
		Of course, in order to state facts we need the existence of language, a social fact, but the facts we state can be distinguished from our statement of them.
	www.california.com /~rathbone/searles.htm (1230 words)

	Social Phobia/Social Anxiety Fact Sheet
		Social Anxiety Disorder (social phobia) is the third largest mental health care problem in the world.
		Social anxiety is the fear of social situations that involve interaction with other people.
		Social anxiety treatment must include an active behavioral therapy group, where members can work on their "fear" hierarchies in the group, and later, in real-life situations.
	www.socialphobia.org /fact.html (836 words)

	Fact Sheet-Social Darwinism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Social Darwinism holds that the principle of the "survival of the fittest" applies to human ethics and politics just as it does to biological evolution.
		Social Darwinism extends from Charles Darwin's 1859 Origin of Species in which the theory of evolution was set forth.
		The social sciences were the most important areas of development while English grammar and literature were believed to be outdated.
	www.rmfc.org /fs/fs0068.html (940 words)

	Learn more about Social fact in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Learn more about Social fact in the online encyclopedia.
		In positivist sociology, a social fact is an abstraction external to the individual which constrains that individual's actions.
		Law is an example, the suicide rate in a given community another.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /s/so/social_fact.html (562 words)

	Economic Opportunity Institute - Social Security Fact and Fiction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Fact: Social Security is ready for a future with more retirees.
		Social Security protects people who spend time caring for family rather than in the paid workforce - usually women, by providing additional benefits for spouses, children, and widows.
		Social Security benefits for seniors are guaranteed for life, and adjusted annually for inflation, especially beneficial for women who live 5 years longer than men on average.
	www.econop.org /SocialSecurity/SS-FactFiction.htm (798 words)

	Social Security Fact and Fiction
		Fact: The Social Security System is not "going broke" and it won’t be "flat busted" in 2041.
		Fact: If the economy performs as poorly as the Trustees project, then the last place on earth you’d want to put your money is in the stock market.
		Fact: You won’t be able to decide how to invest "your money", and you won’t be able to leave it to your heirs.
	www.commondreams.org /cgi-bin/print.cgi?file=/views05/0502-32.htm (941 words)

	Basic Facts on Social Security and Proposed Benefit Cuts/Privatization, by Dean Baker and David Rosnick, March 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Social Security benefits are highly progressive, so that low wage workers get a much higher share of their wages in benefits than do high wage workers.
		In fact, according to the Congressional Budget Office estimates, Social Security can be made solvent throughout its seventy five year planning period with a tax increase that is less than one quarter as large as the one in the eighties.
		For a married worker (in both the current-law and modified-benefit cases,) the family benefit that may be paid is the greater of the sum of the worker’s benefits and roughly 150% of the larger benefit (the latter capped at the corresponding family maximum for that worker.)
	www.cepr.net /publications/social_security_2005_03.htm (3091 words)

	Social Security Fact Sheet
		At that point, Social Security—if it has not been weakened—will still be able to pay, out of current payroll taxes, about 75% of the benefits it has promised.
		By increasing payroll taxes and raising the retirement age from 65 to 67, Congress adjusted Social Security in 1983, when it was only weeks away from default.
		Social Security in its present form tells us and others that we are bound to one another and care about each other’s fate.
	www.kzoo4peace.org /SocialSecurityFacts.htm (905 words)

	Emile Durkheim: What Is a Social Fact? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		By a social fact, Durkheim is referring to facts, concepts, expectations that come not from individual responses and perferences, but that come from the social community which socializes each of its members.
		Durkheim brought consideraable understanding to the concept that our agency, in matters of social fact, is severely limited by the structural context in which we find ourselves.
		There's a good summary of this: "Here, then, is a category of facts [social facts] with very distinctive characteristics: it consists of wqys of acting, thinking, and feeling, external to the individual, and endowed with a power of coerccion, by reason of which they control him." [At Farganis, p.64, col.1.]
	www.csudh.edu /dearhabermas/durkheim02.htm (317 words)

	Government Pension Offset
		The law has always required that a person’s benefit as a spouse, widow, or widower be offset dollar for dollar by the amount of his or her own retirement benefit.
		In other words, if a woman worked and earned her own $800 monthly Social Security retirement benefit, but she was also due a $500 wife’s benefit on her husband’s Social Security record, we could not pay that wife’s benefit because her own Social Security benefit offset it.
		But, before enactment of the Government Pension Offset provision if that same woman was a government employee who did not pay into Social Security, and who earned an $800 government pension, there was no offset and we were required to pay her a full wife’s benefit in addition to her government pension.
	www.ssa.gov /pubs/10007.html (946 words)

	Think Progress » How to Talk to a Conservative About Social Security (If You Must)
		This neglects the fact that Medicare and other government is expected to rise substantially during the same period of time and the SS surplus will no longer exist for the politicians to spend on other obligations.
		The facts are the facts yet in these times, there is glaring evidence that there exists a type of citizen who is politically, emotionally, socially and intellectually devoid.
		Privatizing Social Security will only cause problems for younger workers as many of them earn wages so low that it would be impossible for them to live if they needed to ‘bank’ somme of their hard earned money and put their uncomes to the poverty level.
	thinkprogress.org /index.php?p=206 (16843 words)

	Social Security Fact Sheet - Business and Professional Women
		BPW/USA is opposed to privatization because it would jeopardize Social Security benefits-- the most important financial assistance retired women receive.
		Without any changes, Social Security will be able to pay 100% of benefits well into the 2040’s.
		• Because less money would be going into Social Security, and instead would be diverted to private accounts, the guaranteed and wage-index adjusted lifetime benefits would have to be cut.
	www.bpwusa.org /i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=4374 (354 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		STEP 1: Select one of the major social institutions or social facts we have examined this semester from this list: the economy, politics, religion, the family, education, race and ethnicity, social class, gender, socialization, urbanization, globalization, or culture.
		Explain what this social institution or social fact was like during the colonial period.
		Compare this social institution or social fact in your chosen Latin American country today with the same social institution or social fact in the U.S. today.
	homepages.wmich.edu /~pciccant/write1f2.htm (401 words)

	ATR: Policy Issues: Social Security
		Social Security reform promises to be the largest signature issue of the second Bush term.
		4/1/05 Social Security Fact of the DayGovernment bureaucrat unions, which have screamed the loudest against personal accounts, are 60% invested in stocks in their own pension plans.
		Several years ago, a senior Democratic House staffer, discussing a draft opinion column written by opponents of personal accounts, admitted in an email that their arguments were “not entirely factually accurate” and were “scaring seniors.” The email was mistakenly sent to a Republican staffer.
	www.atr.org /national/issueareas/socialsecurity (1186 words)

	Social Security: Fact File
		Our weekly e-mail service brings you the latest in public opinion and public policy research.
		Social Security spending: a larger part of the federal budget
		Social Security is main source of income for seniors
	www.publicagenda.org /issues/factfiles.cfm?issue_type=ss (43 words)

	National Academy of Social Insurance - Search by Subject (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Social Security is the cornerstone of retirement security for American workers and their families; for more than two decades it has provided more than half of the total income for two-thirds of elderly beneficiaries.
		While the National Academy of Social Insurance does not take positions on legislation, its analytic and objective work is essential to informing the Social Security reform debate.
		Amidst the national debate on Social Security's future, NASI is consistently recognized by policymakers and the media as a reliable, non-partisan source of information.
	www.nasi.org /search_site2710/search_site_list.htm?attrib_id=2756 (1318 words)

	Fact Sheet: Social Insurance Number - Privacy Commissioner of Canada
		The Social Insurance Number (SIN) was created in 1964 to serve as a client account number in the administration of the Canada Pension Plan and Canada's varied employment insurance programs.
		In 1967, what is now Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) started using the SIN for tax reporting purposes.
		Ottawa, ON Visit the Human Resources and Development Web site to find answers to general questions about the SIN - such as how to apply for a SIN, or replace a lost or stolen card.
	www.privcom.gc.ca /fs-fi/02_05_d_02_e.asp (939 words)

	Paul Robeson: "Science Fiction" As Social Fact (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		His is a compelling case for the merit of cloning, with apologies to the medical ethicists whom this article may offend.
		Paul Robeson is simply "science fiction" as social fact.
		No portion of this work may be duplicated or copied without the expressed written consent of the author.
	www.timbooktu.com /nadra/robeson.htm (440 words)

	Ripple Effects \| Fact Sheet: Social Learning Software
		Ripple Effects award-winning social learning software tools solve behavior, health, and social problems, and improve academic and personal performance.
		To reduce involvement in violence, drugs, alcohol, and self destructive behavior, improve educational outcomes, create better managed classrooms, and increase chances for life success.
		Ripple Effects, Inc. provides award-winning, effective social learning software applications to improve work, school, and personal performance.
	www.rippleeffects.com /aboutus/mediakit/software/factsheet.html (170 words)

	BJ Pinchbeck's Social Studies Homework Helper Links - DiscoverySchool.com
		U.S. Social Studies and History Links — Many good sections from the Fact Monster
		Fact Monster Social Studies Homework — Many good solid Social Studies facts here
		Year by Year 1900-2003 — Tremendous history of the 20th century presented by the Fact Monster
	school.discovery.com /homeworkhelp/bjpinchbeck/bjsocial.html (1165 words)

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