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Topic: Social promotion

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	PlanetPapers - Social Promotion
		Social promotion, in use nationally for at least 20 years, is an educational policy where students are advanced from grade to grade.
		Social promotion, used throughout the course of the American educational system as a standard policy, is archaic, and should be altered to address individual student needs, helping to create a future conscientious and prosperous society.
		The past form of social promotion has outlived its benefit and should be replaced by a new type of promotion, one which is based on the students’ needs and on helping them achieve more later on in their educational lives.
	www.planetpapers.com /Assets/2106.php (1133 words)

	Archived: Taking Responsibility for Ending Social Promotion: A Guide for Educators and State and Local Leaders — ...
		Social promotion is generally understood to be the practice of allowing students who have failed to meet performance standards and academic requirements to pass on to the next grade with their peers instead of completing or satisfying the requirements.
		While social promotion and retention are salient educational issues, it is difficult to estimate the prevalence of the practices.
		As with students who are socially promoted, often students who repeat a grade are treated as "lost causes." Teachers assume that the retained students have limited potential and thus have low expectations of them.
	www.ed.gov /pubs/socialpromotion/intro.html (3071 words)

	Social promotion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Social promotion is the practice of promoting a student (usually a general education student, rather than a special education student) to the next grade despite their poor grades in order to keep them with social peers.
		Advocates of social promotion argue that this is done so as not to harm the students' self-esteem, to keep students together by age (together with their age cohort), and to allow teachers to get rid of problem students.
		Social promotion was ended in Chicago in 1999 at mayor Richard M. Daley's urging, and in numerous other cities including Baltimore and Philadelphia in the 1990s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Social_promotion (1374 words)

	People empowerment vs. social capital.
		While social capital assumes that all of us sit in one boat aiming at the same objectives with the same strategies in mind, the Ottawa Charter clearly states that we live in a world of different cultures, interests, values, and beliefs, and that health promotion means struggle and dealing with conflicting interests.
		Social capital according to Coleman's analysis refers to sociability and consequently to social status of the individual, which are seen to provide the main foundations for successful social relations.
		In the context of public health and health promotion, social capital refers to the health entrepreneur, that is the individual who sees health as a powerful ingredient for improving their chances in the market of social opportunities.
	www.ldb.org /perth99.htm (2325 words)

	Social Promotion and Students with Disabilities - NCEO Synthesis Report 34
		Social and economic pressures have influenced the policy swings as much as educational practice and research, but by the end of the 20th century, educators had come to realize that the social promotion vs.
		Social promotion must be considered in conjunction with current national education reforms to establish high standards and to measure state, district, and student achievement using formal assessment systems.
		Studies on social promotion are hampered by limited documentation of the number or percentage of students who are socially promoted, and the difficulty of identifying them.
	education.umn.edu /nceo/OnlinePubs/Synthesis34.html (5072 words)

	Retention and Social Promotion: Research and Implications for Policy. ERIC Digest
		Instead, the policies are intended to replace both social promotion and simple retention with identification of students at risk for retention and aggressive intervention to catch them up to their peers.
		Some early evidence from districts that have eliminated social promotion supports this indictment, and even opponents of "no social promotion" policies do not defend social promotion so much as say that retention is even worse.
		The decision to promote a student should not be made on the basis of a single test, and especially not a single administration of a single test.
	www.ericdigests.org /2001-3/policy.htm (1614 words)

	Past Issues - January/February 1999
		No sensible person advocates social promotion as it is currently being framed-simply passing incompetent students on to the next grade.
		Social promotion and retention both try to remedy problems after they've occurred, rather than preventing them or nipping them in the bud.
		This notion is based on flawed social and psychological theories of social "pressure" rather than on anything resembling what we know about learning and motivation to learn.
	www.edletter.org /past/issues/1999-jf/promotion.shtml (725 words)

	social promotion
		More than two-thirds of eighth-graders would be flunked if social promotions were fully ended, according to the administrators, who based their figures on a recent analysis by the district's staff, which examined standardized test results and trends in district grades.
		Because Los Angeles is trying to end social promotion before a state deadline of 2001, administrators there have more statistics than do their counterparts in Orange County on the number of students likely to be held back next fall.
		Instead of ending social promotion across the board, district officials said Tuesday that at the end of this school year, they would end the practice only in second and eighth grades, phasing in the other grades over a four-year period.
	members.tripod.com /platforum/promotion.htm (2056 words)

	ONE MORE TIME: THE SOCIAL PROMOTION DEBATE
		Nearly all of the newly enacted state guidelines for promotion include some escape clause, and are in many respects similar to existing policies, except for the inclusion of a test as a gateway to the next grade.
		However, it is not in the best interests of children for schools to abandon completely the practice of social promotion, given the volume of research that refutes the value of retention.
		We know that an end to social promotion, resulting in retention of large numbers of students, would place an enormous strain on the physical capacity of schools, and require staffing expenses at a higher level than states may be willing or able to fund.
	horizon.unc.edu /projects/issues/papers/one_more_time.asp (3840 words)

	Moderated Discussion: Let Social Promotion Out of the Closet
		The social promotion pendulum is already beginning to swing the other way.
		State law forbade social promotion while at the same time limiting the number of times a student could be retained to once from kindergarten to third grade and once again from grades four to six.
		Promotion rules based on student grades are meaningless unless all students are held to the same standard.
	speakout.com /activism/opinions/5281-1.html (1314 words)

	Social promotion or retention
		In fact, the advent of standards-based education and the subsequent demise of social promotion might be just what the doctor ordered to support our elusive pursuit of equitable educational opportunities as well as outcomes.
		Although it appears "logical" to choose retention as the alternative to social promotion, perching ourselves on the horns of an either/or dilemma -- where both horns have a history of doing damage -- is no solution.
		In fact, the only major difference between students who were retained vs. like students who were socially promoted is the emotional stigma carried by the former for the rest of their lives (California Department of Education, 1998).
	www.mtsu.edu /~jhausler/socialpromotion.htm (2484 words)

	Social Promotion
		Supporters generally focus on social development of the student, whereas opponents usually cite the educational development of a child as the main reason for their beliefs.
		Social promotion is a decision by parents and educators to allow a child to advance to the next grade even if s/he is not academically prepared.
		The reasons some educators are inclined to believe in social promotion revolve around the self concept of the students.
	ematusov.soe.udel.edu /final.paper.pub/_pwfsfp/00000137.htm (1244 words)

	Social Promotion
		Social promotion is the term used to describe the practice of passing a pupil from one grade or level to the next when the child has not completed all the requirements to qualify for that promotion.
		It is further justified by the notion that it is the responsibility of the school to ensure that pupils are happy and have high self respect.
		If the socially promoted pupil finds out that s/he has been given a promotion without achieving the requirements, that, too, may equally contribute to low self esteem.
	www.scn.org /cmp/modules/soc-pro.htm (516 words)

	Social Promotion Is Bad; Repeating a Grade May Be Worse
		Few advocate social promotion -- moving pupils from one grade to the next irrespective of their performance -- without remediation.
		It said that social promotion harms youngsters, "who are deluded into thinking they have learned the knowledge and skills necessary for success," as well as teachers, "who must deal with impossibly wide disparities in their students' preparation and achievement" and "who face students who know that teachers wield no credible authority to demand hard work."
		But he said it was important to see the ending of social promotion in the context of a number of steps being taken by the government, including reducing class size, pushing for school report cards so parents can choose better and improving teacher quality.
	www.coe.uga.edu /coenews/Articles/NYT-CTH.html (1484 words)

	Evaluating the National Outcomes: Youth--Social Competencies; Decision Making
		Since the effectiveness of social behavior can only be determined within the context of a particular social environment including communities, peer groups, families and cultures (Oppenheimer, 1988), it appears that both individual behaviors and social outcomes are important considerations in defining socially competent behavior.
		Socially competent adolescents have a sense of belonging, are valued, and are given opportunities to contribute to society (Gullotta, 1990), which to a large extent is made possible within the various social environments where adolescents live such as family, school, and community.
		The development of social competence is facilitated by strong social support, through supportive relationships and a supportive sociocultural and physical environment; inhibitors of social competence include cultural and social barriers based upon factors such as race/ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status (Bloom, 1990).
	ag.arizona.edu /fcs/cyfernet/nowg/social_comp.html (1062 words)

	California should end social promotion \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		The mandates are intended to end "social promotion," the widespread practice of promoting students at the end of the school year regardless of their academic proficiency.
		Thus, social promotion might be like moving a child to solid foods simply because he is "at the proper age," regardless of whether he has teethed yet.
		The evidence indicates that the level of a student's achievement is a better foundation for promotion decisions than the year in which he happens to have been born.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20041209/news_lz1e9greene.html (746 words)

	Ending 'Social Promotion': The Jury Is Still Out -- June 2004 Education Reporter
		The pros and cons of "social promotion" have been hotly debated in the New York City, Chicago and Houston school districts in recent months, as conflicting studies have emerged on the effectiveness of rules banning automatic promotion to the next grade in school.
		Critics of social promotion cite dozens of studies over the last two decades concluding that policies forcing students to repeat a grade are costly and counterproductive, resulting in no gains in student achievement and increases in dropout rates.
		In Houston, after years of strengthening standards for promotion of 9th graders, the city school district reversed course in early April by restoring a former policy of promoting students based on the number of credits they have accumulated, even though they fail core subjects.
	www.eagleforum.org /educate/2004/june04/social-promotion.html (708 words)

	3/15/00 -- Ending Social Promotion -- Education Week
		Understanding exactly what the research has to say on grade retention is especially important right now in light of campaigns nationwide to stamp out the "social promotion" of failing students— passing them to the next grade to keep them with their age group.
		Most of the promoted students kept failing the state tests until they were forced to repeat a grade later.
		The push for inclusion of special education students in regular classrooms also could skew scores in "socially promoted" groups, since children with individualized education plans are often passed on to the next grade despite low academic performance.
	pages.nyu.edu /~fmh1/classes/ed_as_a_social_institution/socpro.htm (3238 words)

	Social Promotion vs Mastery Learning: What To Do With Students Who Don't Meet Standards?
		Alas, at the end of a frustrating or disappointing instructional year, many students who do not meet standard are nevertheless given "D" grades and promoted to the next level: a level with a set curriculum that ultimately will have to be decelerated in order to manage the bewilderment or misbehavior of the under-prepared.
		In order to preserve the quality of the learning experience at higher levels, students will not be promoted until they have demonstrated the competencies and the attitudes that will be required for constructive participation and success at the next level.
		In order to present themselves as candidates for promotion at the end of each school year, students must demonstrate that they have the requisite skills in order to occupy a classroom desk at the next grade level.
	www.topschools.com /RetentionFrame3Source1.htm (2515 words)

	Social Promotion
		During the 1970s, social promotion was the pre-vailing course in light of growing evidence about the negative effects of retention on students’ self-esteem.
		But social promotion came under sharp attack during the 1980s when concerns began to mount about low student achievement and the increasing numbers of high school graduates who were ill-prepared for college or the workplace.
		In general, this research suggests that a) neither retention nor social promotion alone is an effective treatment, and b) grade retention may have negative consequences.
	www.sharingsuccess.org /code/bv/socprom.html (1729 words)

	ED267899 1986-00-00 Grade Retention and Promotion.
		During the last few decades, opponents of social promotion have argued that the absence of a fixed academic standard symbolizes a disregard for achievement--and that this disregard undermines children's motivation to learn.
		The second design, comparing retained students before and after their promotion, is biased in favor of grade retention because it fails to control for possible improvement resulting from maturational or environmental causes other than the retention experience itself.
		Although evidence fails to support the connection between merit promotion and student achievement or motivation, there is no proof that such policies are not related to achievement--and many schools have instituted promotion standards based on mastery of specific grade-level objectives.
	www.thememoryhole.org /edu/eric/ed267899.html (1228 words)

	Article \| Guest Column: Ending social promotion works
		The mandate is intended to end "social promotion," the widespread practice of promoting students regardless of their academic proficiency.
		Students who were retained made gains on the FCAT greater than those of promoted students by about 4 percentile points in reading and 10 percentile points in math.
		This year, when opponents of the program predictably insist, once again, that students be promoted because they have become a year older, policymakers should consider the evidence and take heart that ending social promotion in Florida is substantially improving students' education.
	www.manhattan-institute.org /html/_vero_beach_pj-ending_social.htm (720 words)

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