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Topic: Social theorist

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	Sociology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Social interactions of people and their consequences are the subject of sociology studies.
		Sociologists are concerned with the characteristics of social groups, organizations, and institutions; the ways individuals are affected by each other and by the groups to which they belong; and the effect of social traits such as sex, age, or race on a person’s daily life.
		Social theory refers to the use of abstract and often complex theoretical frameworks to explain and analyze social patterns and macro social structures in social life, rather than explaining patterns of social life.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Social_theorist (2554 words)

	Social theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Social theory refers to the use of abstract and often complex theoretical frameworks to explain and analyze social patterns and large-scale social structures.
		Though many commentators consider social theory a branch of sociology, it functions inherently in an interdisciplinary manner, as it uses ideas from and contributes to a plethora of disciplines such as anthropology, economics, theology, history, and many others.
		Another early modern theorist, Herbert Spencer (1820 - 1903), coined the term "survival of the fittest" (and incidentally recommended avoidance of governmental action on behalf of the poor (socialism) as a positive act).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Social_theory (1265 words)

	Anarchist and Radical Texts/A Social Ecology
		While a social ecology sometimes loses its bearings as it focuses on specific social concerns, when it is consistent it always situates those concerns within the context of the earth household, whatever else it may study within that community.
		A social ecology is a project of reclaiming the communitarian dimensions of the social, and it is therefore appropriate that it seek to recover the communal linguistic heritage of the very term itself.
		A social ecology can give meaning to an ecological spirituality that will embody the truth of the religious consciousness, [33] which is a liberatory truth, however mystified and distorted it may have been for purposes of domination and social conformism.
	library.nothingness.org /articles/anar/en/display/303 (3846 words)

	Karl Marx article - Karl Marx 1818 March 14 1883 German philosopher social theorist journalist - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		His senior thesis (which anticipated his later development of a social analysis of religion, although in a way that emphasized social functions rather than economic and political inequality) was a treatise on "Religion: The Glue That Binds Society Together", for which he won a prize.
		Marx's theory, which he called "historical materialism" and which Engels called "scientific socialism" or "dialectical materialism", is based on Hegel's claim that history occurs through a dialectic, or clash, of opposing forces.
		During the Enlightenment, philosophers and political theorists argued that religious authority had been oppressing human beings, and that religion must be separated from the functions of the state for people to be truly free.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Karl_Marx (4696 words)

	Contractarianism
		The most important contemporary political social contract theorist is John Rawls, who effectively resurrected social contract theory in the second half of the 20th century, along with David Gauthier, who is primarily a moral contractarian.
		Social contract theories take individuals to be the best judges of their interests and the means to satisfy their desires.
		The social contract then can be seen as a justification by the parties to the contract of their interaction, and of their exploitation of those who are not parties to the contract, but only if the fundamental division of in-group and out-group is accepted.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/contractarianism (2837 words)

	Social Movements and Culture
		Social movement theorist Alberto Melluci emphasizes that such collective identities are not so much fixed as in process and offers this more specialized definition: "Collective identity is an interactive, shared definition produced by several individuals (or groups at a more complex level)...
		Marxist approaches have been and remain influential ways of understanding the role of political economy and class differences as key forces in many historical and current social movements, and they continue to challenge approaches that are limited by their inability to imagine serious alternatives to consumer capitalist social structures.
		The únewnessî of the putatively new social movements is said to consist of such things as a greater emphasis on group or collective identity, values and lifestyles rather than or in addition to developed ideologies, and a tendency to emerge more from middle than working class constituencies.
	www.wsu.edu:8001 /~amerstu/smc/glossary.html (1563 words)

	Jürgen Habermas, German philosopher and social theorist, is perhaps best known for his wide-ranging defence of the ...
		German philosopher and social theorist, is perhaps best known for his wide-ranging defence of the modern public sphere and its related ideals of publicity and free public reason, but he has also made important contributions to theories of communication and informal argumentation, ethics, and the foundations and methodology of the social sciences.
		A 'repoliticized social sphere' erodes the real distinction between state and society that is a necessary social condition for the bourgeois public sphere, and a society oriented to consumption and a politics based on the competition and bargaining between interest groups emerges in the place of a public sphere formed by an enlightened citizenry.
		Thus, social pathologies are not an inevitable consequence of rationalization per se but result rather from a one-sided process in which the market and administrative state invade the lifeworld, displacing modes of integration based on communicative reason with their own form of functional rationality.
	www.infovi.vu.lt /mps/Handout-Habermas-REP.htm (3361 words)

	That's Interesting
		Social theorists have pointed out the absence of correlation among phenomena thought to be correlated less often than the presence of correlation among phenomena thought to be uncorrelated.
		A social theorist uses this technique of dialectical thinking whenever be tries to elicit his audience's interest by asserting that a seemingly positive social phenomenon actually has the negative characteristics of the opposite social phenomenon, or occasionally vice versa.
		Therefore, the social researcher who wants to be certain that he will produce an interesting theory about his subject must first familiarize himself with what his audience already assumes to be true about his subject, before he can even begin to generate a proposition that, in denying their assumption, will attract their attention.
	pages.stern.nyu.edu /~wstarbuc/Writing/Interesting.htm (13480 words)

	Class Day Address - May 20, 2000
		I wish to speak briefly on this occasion about the practice, found virtually everywhere in social life, wherein people use the physical markers embedded in the bodies of human beings – their skin color, hair texture, facial bone structure, and the like – to divide the field of human subjects into groups.
		Now, a social theorist might say something like the following: A field of human subjects characterized by differences in physical presentation comes through concrete historical experience to be partitioned into subgroups defined by some clusters of physical markers.
		So, for the social theorist "race" is the phenomenon whereby superficial markings of the human body come to be vested with both reasonable expectations and with ineffable meaning.
	www.bu.edu /irsd/articles/class_day2000.htm (1188 words)

	Albert Bandura
		The social learning theory advocates that individuals, especially children, imitate or copy modeled behavior from personally observing others, the environment, and the mass media.
		The biological preparedness of the individual to learn as well as the role of the brain in processing information from the social environment, are critical to learning theory, but they are ignored by the social learning theory.
		Social reinforcement is conditioned reinforcement based on the relationship of the conditioned stimulus to an unconditioned stimulus" (Jeffery, 1985: p.239).
	www.criminology.fsu.edu /crimtheory/bandura.htm (2515 words)

	That's Interesting! Towards a Phenomenology of Sociology and a Sociology of Phenomenology - Management - University of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A theorist makes an interesting localization when he asserts that some property, that is thought to characterize everybody — to be part of human nature — belongs merely to one social category and not others.
		Example: Georg Simmel's assertion in Conflict that any conflict-ridden social organization, which was considered at the time he wrote to be on the verge of transformation, may in fact be capable of continuing indefinitely as it is (in a steady-state of conflict).
		If a social theorist can also convince his audience that what these representative writers assume about a topic is in fact what his audience themselves assume about the topic — only less articulately — then he has set the stage on which the battle for his audience's attention will take place.
	www.mang.canterbury.ac.nz /writing_guide/marketing/index.shtml (13505 words)

	[No title]
		The student thus understands that social theorizing is a means to the purpose of exercising sociological imagination.
		For instance, in the study of a social movement the symbolic interactionist perspective heightens our grasp of its ideational dimensions, whereas conflict theory provides the intellectual device to examine the social inequality that has, in the first place, conditioned its existence.
		Like any artifact, the nature and shape of a social theory is determined by the social conditions of the thinker’s time and even by the idiosyncrasy and the problems that a particular theorist has encountered in person.
	www.csubak.edu /~akebede/ReviewST.doc (1594 words)

	Erich Fromm: freedom and alienation, and loving and being, in education
		Erich Fromm was both a practicing psychoanalyst and a committed and insightful social theorist.
		Erich Fromm (1900-1980) was both a practicing psychoanalyst and a committed social theorist.
		His focus, it can be argued, shifted from a Freudian concern with unconscious motivations, to a recognition that humans are social beings whose beliefs and motivations are deeply inscribed by the societies and cultures of which they are part.
	www.infed.org /thinkers/fromm.htm (3139 words)

	Essays.cc - Hobbes A Social Covenant Theorist
		Hobbes -- a Social Covenant Theorist Throughout the assigned portions of the Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes proves to be a “social contract” theorist, however inconsistently.
		Just as outlined in Social Contract theory, those in the state of nature, found it in their best interests to enter into a social contract, thereby abandoning some of their freedoms, in order to have the reigning entity of a Sovereign, or Commonwealth.
		The Social Contract agreed upon by the ‘citizens’ is not a contract at all, rather a covenant, i.e., the sovereign at anytime is able to govern as he sees fit, therefore there are no guarantees that this chosen sovereign will rule with justice and reason, as he is required to do.
	www.essays.cc /free_essays/e4/meb271.shtml (1053 words)

	Assignment 1
		The theorist must be generally considered to be a criminologist or have written in a closely related field.
		Besides intellectual biographies of your theorist, social histories of the era, city or region, and/or university in which the theorist worked might prove valuable.
		If the theorist is not primarily a criminologist (psychologist, sociologist, etc.) focus only on aspects of their work which have direct criminological significance.
	www.criminology.fsu.edu /crimtheory/hw1.htm (1676 words)

	[alicebot-general] aiml help, please (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		So gives output of I can pretend to be a social theorist, if you like which is matched by I CAN PRETEND TO BE A SOCIAL THEORIST IF YOU LIKE I understand :-) Seriously, that's actually very helpful to realise what's going on -- thanks.
		SOCIAL THEORY : * : * star= > > [bots\Philosopher\per-socialtheory.aiml] > > 2.
		I can pretend to be a social theorist, if you like...
	www.alicebot.org /pipermail/alicebot-general/2001-September/000804.html (581 words)

	Harbinger - Education and Community Action
		merging from the proletarian socialist movements of the Old Left, infusing a distinctly libertarian ecological outlook in the rise of the New Left, social theorist and activist Murray Bookchin started to lay the foundations of a remarkable revolutionary body of work which he soon called social ecology.
		This pioneering conference set out to examine solutions to ecological problems by integrating alternative technologies with a strong social critique of anti-ecological trends and visions for a new society based on social ecology.
		Social Ecology n 1: a coherent radical critique of current social, political, and anti-ecological trends.
	www.social-ecology.org /harbinger/vol3no1/history.html (457 words)

	[alicebot-general] aiml help, please (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		It is not really a matter of "searching first" -- the just causes every pattern enclosed by it to be more specific: i.e., it has the topic "name" (really a pattern) appended to it rather than a *.
		So the full pattern-path for your first example would be: OK I CAN PRETEND TO BE A SOCIAL THEORIST IF YOU LIKE SOCIAL THEORY At any point in the conversation, typing "OK" will produce different input matching strings depending on what and are already set to.
		Near as I can see, there's no normalization on the contents of any AIML elements during AIML parsing....so your pattern will be stored literally as "i can pretend to be a social theorist, if you like", and won't match anything (since the user input normalization strips out punctuation and converts everything to "upper case").
	www.alicebot.org /pipermail/alicebot-general/2001-September/000802.html (726 words)

	Institute for Social Ecology - Education & Community Action: A History of the Institute for Social Ecology’s ...
		The Institute for Social Ecology celebrated its 25th Anniversary in the summer of 1999, commemorating a quarter century of activism and education for radical social change.
		The social and ecological issues as explored by Bookchin and his colleagues over the span of his lifetime and the ISE’s are still as relevant today as they were fifty years ago.
		In 1995, an International Social Ecology Network Gathering was held in Dunoon, Scotland with the aid of the ISE—the theme was democracy and ecology.
	www.social-ecology.org /article.php?story=20031118122412247 (2791 words)

	Karl Marx
		Although Marx addressed many issues in his career as a journalist and philosopher, he is most famous for his analysis of history in terms of class conflict, summed up in his assertion that, "The interests of capitalists and wage-laborers are diametrically opposed to each other."[1]
		Finally, he believed that were the proletariat to seize the means of production, they would encourage social relations that would benefit everyone equally, and a system of production less vulnerable to periodic crises.
		Economists generally reject his use of the "labor theory of value," although such critics generally overlook Marx's distinction between value and price.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/k/ka/karl_marx.html (4445 words)

	Clark Comment
		Social ecology is also a real presence in France today.
		I would imagine that the importance of social ecology as a general perspective (as opposed to its dogmatic sectarian form) will continue to grow in France.
		In the age of corporate globalization and ecological crisis the importance of the dialectic between the social and the ecological becomes increasingly more obvious.
	dwardmac.pitzer.edu /anarchist_archives/bright/reclus/clarkcomment.html (620 words)

	Hayek - Social Theorist of the Century - Economic Insights - FRB Dallas
		As the title of this article suggests, F. Hayek not only belongs on a list of the century's great social theorists but deserves to be at its apex.
		Although Hayek is not a household name, no other 20th century social thinker has better understood how free societies work, and none has been so vindicated by unfolding events in so many intellectual areas.
		As 1999 is the centenary of Hayek's birth, it's an especially opportune time to examine his ideas and their real-world impact during this century, much of which Hayek—who died in 1992—lived to see.
	www.dallasfed.org /research/ei/ei9901.html (2572 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Common Sense and Improvement: Thomas Reid As Social Theorist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Although he is inreasingly being seen as a central figure in the Scottish Enlightenment, there is still a tendency among historians to view Reid principally as David Hume's chief critic.
		He argues that in fact Reid understood himself to be engaged in the Humean project of rendering the study of man systematic and improvable, by ascertaining the laws of human nature.
		Diamond also demonstrates that Reid's well-known appeal to the principle of common sense was not just a metaphysical response to Humean skepticism; it was also a rhetorical attempt to teach men to live virtuously in an emerging commercial society.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0820436070 (326 words)

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