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Topic: Socialism in one country

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Permanent Revolution

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	Socialism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control.
		In this period, socialism emerged from a diverse array of doctrines and social experiments associated primarily with British and French thinkers—particularly Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Louis Blanc, and Saint-Simon.
		These social critics saw themselves as reacting to the excesses of poverty and inequality in the period, and advocated reforms such as the egalitarian distribution of wealth and the transformation of society into small communities in which private property was to be abolished.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Socialism (3630 words)

	ON THE ORIGINS OF THE THEORY
		Invalid also was the attempts of the right wing in socialism to hide behind the ‘impossibility of socialism in one country’ thesis to justify their refusal to lead the struggle to overthrow capitalism and lead the struggle for socialism in individual countries.
		In defending the possibility of socialism in one or several countries, Lenin was engaged in a Herculean struggle with the opportunist right wing of international social democracy, who to save their face were in opposition to socialism in one country.
		The revolutionary line maintained that socialism was possible even in one country, while the opportunists based themselves on outdated notions based on pre-imperialist capitalism, notions, which in their day were correct, but were now invalidated by the new development of capitalism, its transformation into monopoly and imperialism.
	www.oneparty.co.uk /html/thesioc.html (3570 words)

	Leon Trotsky: The Revolution Betrayed (App. "Socialism in One Country")
		The “theory” of socialism in one country – a “theory” never expounded, by the way, or given any foundation, by Stalin himself – comes down to the sufficiently sterile and unhistoric notion that, thanks to the natural riches of the country, a socialist society can be built within the geographic confines of the Soviet Union.
		But the illusion of a socialism to be built at a tortoise tempo, on a pauper basis in an environment of powerful enemies, did not long withstand the blows of criticism.
		The collapse of the bourgeoisie in Russia led to the proletarian dictatorship –; that is, to a backward country’s leaping ahead of the advanced countries.
	www.marxists.org /archive/trotsky/works/1936-rev/ch12.htm (4654 words)

	Chapter Forty-Four, SOCIALISM IN ONE COUNTRY
		In the beginning, the theory of Socialism in One Country was merely a negative reaction to the fact that the workers had succeeded in moving towards socialism in only one country.
		Socialism could be built in one country alone as a task of mere economic construction only if Russia did not have to depend upon other countries for material resources, but had all the necessaries at its disposal.
		Capitalist leaders also brought forth plans for national socialism, or socialism in their country alone; they issued periodically practical proposals for the disarmament of all their enemies; they argued on the necessity and possibility of self-sufficiency and the liquidation of all classes within the country under the control of the State.
	www.weisbord.org /conquest44.htm (12387 words)

	Glossary of Terms: So
		Those social struggles which arise on the basis of irreconcilable conflicts within a society or which strike at the very basis of society have to be distinguished from social movements, which on the whole, aim to achieve their goals within the bounds of existing society.
		Social democrats often say that the most effective way of defending and improving workers’ living standards is not to award pay rises, but to increase the benefits that workers receive via state services.
		Promotion of the concept of social wage invariably means arguing against fighting for pay rises, and is based on the assumption that class struggle is a bad thing; better to use the democratic process to elect social democrats to government and legislate improvements in the social wage.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/terms/s/o.htm (4116 words)

	Why War? Keywords: Stalinism
		The term was also used to denote a brand of communism and socialism theory, usually used in the compound term Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism, or teachings of Marx/Engels/Lenin/Stalin.
		Aggravation of the class struggle along with the development of socialism, a theoretical base of Gulag.
		Trotskyists argue that Stalinism is not socialism, but rather a form of "state capitalism;" that is, a system in which exploitation is merely controlled by the state.
	www.why-war.com /encyclopedia/concepts/Stalinism (553 words)

	Lecture six: Socialism in one country or permanent revolution Part 2
		Permanent revolution was a theory that began from an international revolutionary perspective; socialism in one country was a utopian and reformist prescription for a national-socialist state.
		Socialism in one country began from the standpoint of socialism as a means of national development.
		The Stalinist leadership’s struggle to impose the ideology of “socialism in one country” inevitably took the form of a vicious struggle against Trotskyism”; and in particular the theory of permanent revolution.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2005/sep2005/le62-s28.shtml (2187 words)

	Marxism - Questionz.net , answers to all your questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Marx developed these ideas to support his advocacy of socialism and communism: "The philosophers have only interpreted the world differently; the point is, to change it." Communism would be a social form wherein this system would have been ended and the working classes would be the sole beneficiary of the "fruits of their labour".
		Critics have said that "socialism is a system in which everyone is equally poor", arguing that because individuals are not rewarded more on the basis of supply and demand, there is less incentive for individual achievement, improving technology, and other factors that result in a higher standard of living.
		As predicted by Lenin, Trotsky and others already in the 1920's, Stalin's "socialism in one country" was unable to maintain itself, and the USSR ceased to show the characteristics of a socialist state long before its formal dissolution.
	www.questionz.net /Economics/Marxists.html (1311 words)

	Forums ~ View topic - The Third World is the Motive Force... (Avakian and Trotsky)
		Avakian's talk of the failure of socialism in one country and that rational planning being only possible from a international point of view - by which he means first world; he sets up a 'international division of labour' line that justifies social imperialism although he doesn't call it that.
		Contrariwise, in a country where the proletariat has power in its hands as the result of the democratic revolution, the subsequent fate of the dictatorship and socialism depends in the last analysis not only and not so much upon the national productive forces as upon the development of the international socialist revolution.
		[Trotsky] The theory of socialism in one country, which rose on the yeast of the reaction against October, is the only theory that consistently and to the very end opposes the theory of the permanent revolution.
	www.etext.org /Politics/MIM/wim/wyl/crypto/avakiantrotsky.html (3164 words)

	‘Socialism in one country’ and the Cuban Revolution
		Stalin and the conservative bureaucratic caste that usurped power shortly after Lenin's death in 1924 utilized the notion of "socialism in one country" to subordinate the revolutionary struggles of workers in the USSR and across the globe to unprincipled agreements with capitalist governments and reformist parties and organizations.
		"Socialism in one country" indeed meant opposition to socialism everywhere else, and inevitably, as Trotsky predicted, opposition to socialism in the Soviet Union.
		While the end of "socialism" in Europe represents the most important negative lesson for understanding the fight against Stalinism and the imposition of Socialism in One Country, the Cuban Revolution, even with its errors, is the positive lesson.
	www.geocities.com /mnsocialist/cuba-trotsky.html (4618 words)

	Socialism in one country - Definition, explanation
		The Socialism in one country theory is the foundation of Stalinism (or "Stalinist socialism"), though it was actually developed by Bukharin and then adopted by Stalin.
		Stalin's position gained an apparent confirmation from failed attempts of proletarian revolutions in other countries, and this might have also contributed to changing the focus of Stalin's external policy from the Third International to tradeoffs with capitalist states.
		Also, he established several "communist states" in Eastern Europe after World War II, although many communists (especially the Trotskyists), as well as many non-communists, argue that this action was motivated more by the desire to create Russian "satellite states" than to spread the workers' revolution.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/s/so/socialism_in_one_country.php (441 words)

	Comparison of Hitler and Stalin
		These men were each triumphant in their rise to power in their countries and they were very comparable in the ways that they succeeded.
		Since their countries were still trying to recover from World War I, they desired to restore the power back in to their countries.
		Each of their countries had suffered great losses in World War I and were still trying to recover when they came into power.
	www.studyworld.com /newsite/ReportEssay/History/General/Comparison_of_Hitler_and_Stalin-99.htm (1640 words)

	"Socialism in One Country"
		A social system can only be swept away when it has come to the limits of its development, and a new revolutionary class, with the capacity to reorganize and further develop the forces of production, is prepared to take power.
		The historical purpose of socialism is to develop society beyond the economic and political limits of capitalism, to new levels of abundance and freedom.
		The transition to socialism - for control of the "most advanced productive forces" - can only be an international process, depending on the conquest of power by the working class in at least a number of industrialized countries (which would seal the doom of the capitalist class on a world scale).
	www.socialistalternative.org /literature/bureaucracy/ch3.html (3381 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Socialism in one country
		The theory is in opposition to Lenin's beliefs (prior to 1915) that while a revolution may happen in one country, the final success of socialism in one country is impossible without proletarian revolutions in other, neighboring countries — such as those of Western Europe (see World revolution).
		Hence, the victory of socialism is possible first in several or even in one capitalist country taken separately.
		After Lenin's death, Stalin adopted the theory and stated that the Soviet Union could survive without other socialist countries (in the West, such countries would be called communist states rather than "socialist countries").
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country (476 words)

	WHAT WE STAND FOR
		This can lead to the victory of socialism in one or several countries to begin with, but only the final victory of socialism on a world scale guarantees against capitalist restoration.
		Socialism in one or several countries is not opposed to the world revolution, as some leftists, Trotskyists, preach, but rather is an integral part of the worldwide revolutionary process.
		The strategy of a parliamentary road to socialism, supported by the mass movement on the basis of an alternative economic strategy is a revisionist, counterrevolutionary line supported by pseudo-communist revisionism in Britain.
	www.oneparty.co.uk /html/standfor.html (490 words)

	Stalin certainly achieved his purpose of establishing 'Socialism in One Country', and thereby completed the Bolshevik ...
		Stalin certainly achieved his purpose of establishing 'Socialism in One Country', and thereby completed the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia.
		Title: Stalin certainly achieved his purpose of establishing 'Socialism in One Country', and thereby completed the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia.
		In the period of 1928 to 1932, Stalin's most significant step towards 'Socialism in One Country' was the introduction of the first of the three five-year Plans.
	www.cheathouse.com /essay/essay_view.php?p_essay_id=48950 (328 words)

	Stalin versus Trotsky
		For a time, however, the theory of "socialism in one country" was overshadowed by the acrimonious personal struggle between Trotsky and the two most prominent triumvirs.
		At the XIV Congress Bukharin had set forth the basis on which he accepted Stalin's theory of "socialism in one country": "We shall creep at a snail's pace, but...we are building socialism and...
		This assertion was difficult to explain on Marxist grounds, unless it were to be on the basis of Marx's analysis of Oriental society, and the Trotskyites shrank from that.
	mars.wnec.edu /~grempel/courses/stalin/lectures/StalinTrot.html (3852 words)

	Celia Hart "Socialism in one country" and the Cuban Revolution
		If the end of "socialism" in Europe is the most important negative lesson to understand the battle against Stalinism and the imposition of socialism in one country, the CR, even including its errors, is the positive lesson on the same subject.
		What happened is that, as with the Stalinist parties, the model of socialism in one country could not pass the test of history.
		The social problems are highlighted and a class profile of the Cuban people made that would leave breathless the most orthodox socialist anywhere in the world.
	www.walterlippmann.com /ch-05-10-2004.html (6536 words)

	Building socialism in one country
		Lenin ; rejected the Menshevik argument that the peasant population was too barbaric and culturally backward to understand socialism.
		However, it was the question of whether socialism could be built in the Soviet Union that provoked a great ideological and political debate that lasted from 1922 to 1926--1927.
		Starting from the idea that it was impossible to build socialism in a single country, Trotsky ; concluded that Bukharin's ; 1925--1926 political line, the current focus of his hatred, represented kulak (rich peasants; see chapter 4) interests and the new bourgeois, called Nep-man. Power was becoming kulak power.
	www.plp.org /books/Stalin/node14.html (2870 words)

	Stalin was faithful Marxist/Leninist
		Stalin has often been accused of betraying Marxism because of the way he built up a centralised state and because of his principle of "socialism in one country".
		The Amsterdam historians say that Stalin was not in fact the originator of the idea of "socialism in one country".
		Thus the idea of socialism in one country was originally developed within the Socialist Second International, which the Russian Bolshevik party originally belonged to.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2000-02/NOfS-SwfM-2202100.php (452 words)

	Comrade Neeraj Jain on Stalin and Trotsky - Chapter 4: Socialism in one country
		One of the criticism’s made by Trotsky of the theory of socialism in one country was that this theory was Stalin’s creation, which he made in 1924, and it was in direct opposition to Lenin’s and the Bolshevik Party’s conception of the revolution.
		That no country in its struggle must ‘wait’ for others, is an elementary thought which it is useful and necessary to reiterate in order that the idea of concurrent international action may not be replaced by the idea of temporising international inaction.
		Stalin explains the reasons for the Opposition’s disbelief in the victory of socialism in one country: (a) The fundamental error of the opposition consists in the fact that it does not see the difference between the two phases of capitalism, or avoids stressing this difference.
	www.marxist.com /Asia/neeraj_jahn/ch4.htm (11071 words)

	Leon Trotsky
		About this time he propounded the doctrine of 'permanent revolution,' which implied that revolution in one country must be followed by revolutions in other countries, eventually throughout the world.
		Stalin believed that socialism in one country was possible.
		It is not a disembodied element feeding on itself, but a function of social man indissolubly tied to his life and environment." Later Formalism became - in the hands of Stalinist censors - a swearword, which ended all kinds of experiments.
	www.kirjasto.sci.fi /trotsky.htm (2019 words)

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