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	Socialist realism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Socialist realism is a teleologically-oriented style of realistic art which has as its purpose the furtherance of the goals of socialism and communism.
		Socialist realism was the officially approved type of art in the Soviet Union for nearly sixty years.
		Socialist realism had little mainstream impact in the non-Communist world, where it was widely seen as a totalitarian means of imposing state control on artists.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Socialist_realism (1653 words)

	socialist realism. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		As conceived by Stalin, Zhdanov, and Gorky, socialist realism prescribed a generally optimistic picture of socialist reality and of the development of the Communist revolution.
		Socialist realism has been widely condemned as stifling to artistic values.
		After the death of Stalin in 1953 some relaxation of strictures was evident, although socialist realism continued as the official doctrine.
	www.bartleby.com /65/so/socreal.html (198 words)

	Realism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Realism is commonly defined as a concern for fact or reality and rejection of the impractical and visionary.
		Realism in philosophical thinking is the belief that properties, usually called Universals, exist independently of the things that manifest them.
		Realism holds that in pursuit of that security, states will attempt to amass resources, and that relations between states are determined by their relative level of power.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Realism (987 words)

	College Papers-Socialist Realism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Socialist Realism was essentially a Party tool that, combined with the Bolshevik ideals of collectivization and unity, would transform the people into a formidable, indestructible mass force.
		Socialist Realism portrayed life only as the Bolsheviks wanted it seen, and in many ways created an idealistic world of fantasy that "overlooked massive failures" (Lincoln 335) such as the death and suffering that continued to prosper in labor camps throughout the country.
		Socialist Realism was Stalin's aesthetic cover-up of the horrid, truly real Soviet reality, and if an artist intentionally or accidentally ventured too far "behind the scenes" in his work, official confession and apology to the state did not always prevent him from being sent to one of many labor camps.
	www.college-papers.org /free_essays/art/socialist-realismmnn.html (2119 words)

	Socialist Realism
		The literature of socialist realism is developing today in close relation with the struggle for the construction of socialist society and for the triumph of the world proletarian revolution; it is in irreconcilable struggle with the apoliticism and moral and social degeneration which revisionist literature seeks to spread.
		Socialist realism is based on the Marxist-Leninist world outlook, which gives writers and artists the possibility of understanding in depth and clarity the laws of the development of society, of penetrating to the core of events and of people’s characters, which arms them with a correct, scientific political and ideological outlook.
		However the method of socialist realism is omnipotent, because it was born in a legitimate way, was forged on the terrain of the revolutionary struggle of the masses of the people led by Marxist-Leninist parties, was nourished on the most progressive ideals in the world, on shining communist ideals.
	www.revolutionarydemocracy.org /rdv6n2/socialreal.htm (3863 words)

	Social Realism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Social Realism is an artistic movement, expressed in visual and other realist arts, which depicts working class activities as heroic.
		Social Realism is not the same as Socialist Realism, which was the official art style of the Soviet Union.
		Socialist Realism can be described as a specific branch of Social Realism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Social_Realism (154 words)

	Artforum International: Socialist realism: from Stalin to Sots. (Joseph... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		For the beauty of Socialist art is the beauty of the fight which millions and again millions are waging under the leadership of the genius Stalin.
		The beauty (or is it the horror?) of Socialist Realism was that it offered a complete world--an unambiguous totality that identified regression with progress, rationalized the inchoate yearnings of mass culture, and orchestrated a cacophonous multimedia system with a singleminded coherence beyond the capacity of any isolated individual.
		Fully achieved Stalinist art, observes Katerina Clark, was an "ideological ecosystem" that eradicated conflict, brightening reality and ridding it of "pollutants."8~ If so, the years between 1946 and 1953 saw the acme of Socialist Realism, as earlier representations of struggle were superseded by blandly harmonious depictions of everyday life in an achieved utopia.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:14559352&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (3944 words)

	Socialist Realism - Soviet and East European Art of the Stalin Era (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In accordance with the theory of reflection, art was obliged to truthfully reflect reality, and at the same time comply with the requirements of obedience to the party (partiinost'), was to be for and about the people (narodnost'), and was to be associated with the positive hero (tipichnost').
		It is important to emphasise that socialist realism was not simply an arbitrary theory dreamed up by Stalin and Zhdanov in 1934, but a movement with an intellectual background within Marxist and utopian thought of the early twentieth century.
		One element of socialist realist theory had particular significance for its export outside the Soviet Union, and that was its attitude to the question of national identity and style.
	www.reubenfowkes.net /thesis/socialist%20realism.htm (585 words)

	ARTMARGINS: Review - Mark Konecny on Socialist Realist Painting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In Socialist Realist Painting, Matthew Cullerne Bown attempts to reframe and to recontextualize the body of art which constitutes the Soviet experience outside of the traditional stereotype of socialist realism as the art of totalitarianism.
		Bown's interesting contrast of socialist realism under Stalin with that of Krushchev and Brezhnev provides a context for not only the official art of the 50's and 60's but also for the dissident movement as well.
		Socialist Realist Painting is, perhaps, a misnomer for this book; the extensive history of Soviet art before the institution of socialist realism as the official art in 1932, and the loosening of strictures after the death of Stalin occupy more than two-thirds of the text.
	www.artmargins.com /content/review/konecny1.html (1245 words)

	Socialist realism - totalitarian art - virtual museum of political art
		The Socialist Realism, an ideology enforced by the Soviet state as the official standard for art, literature etc., was defined in 1934 at the First All-Union Congress of Soviet writers.
		From 1926 to 1931 he was a member of the AKhR, a conservative association of the representations of Socialist Realism.
		Brodskiy, a Russian-Jewish artist and a precursor of Socialist Realism, was famous for his iconic portrayals of Lenin.
	members.telering.at /pat/soc.htm (475 words)

	Social Realism vs. Socialist Realism - Social ( Socialist ) Realism Art
		Social Realism is a term used to describe visual and other realistic art works which chronicle the everyday conditions of the working classes and the poor, and are critical of the social environment that couses these conditions.
		Socialist Realism is Soviet artistic doctrine, realistic in its nature which has a purpose the furtherance of the goals of socialism and communism.
		Social Realism is a form of naturalistic realism focusing specifically on social problems and the hardships of everyday life...
	www.huntfor.com /arthistory/C20th/socrealism.htm (698 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Socialist Realism - PB (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Socialist Realism without Shores offers an international perspective on the aesthetics of socialist realism - an aesthetic that, contrary to expectations, survived the death of its originators and the demise of its original domain.
		The contributors argue that socialist realism has never been a monolithic art form and demonstrate, among other things, that its literature could accommodate psychoanalytic criticism; that its art and architecture could affect the aesthetic dictates of Moscow that made "Soviet" art paradoxically heterogeneous; and that its aesthetics could accommodate both high art and crafted kitsch.
		Socialist Realism without Shores also addresses the critical discourse provoked by socialist realism - Stalinist aesthetics, "anthropological" readings; ideology critique and censorship; and the sublimely ironic approaches adapted from sots art, the Soviet version of postmodernism.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0822319411 (240 words)

	Vietnam Bibliography - Works of Socialist Realism
		When in a report delivered in 1948 Tru+o+`ng Chinh, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Party, defines socialist realism, he quotes from Engels' definition, but it is clear that his formulation owes much to literary debates in Russia where the term "socialist realism" emerged in the early 1930's.
		Though socialist realism is now seen as a restrictive doctrine, it was formulated in Russia as a reaction to an even stricter regimentation by a group known as the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers.
		As we understand it, socialist realism is a method of artistic creation which portrays the truth in a society evolving towards socialism according to objective laws.
	www.yale.edu /seas/bibliography/chapters/chap7.html (2595 words)

	Socialist Realism
		Socialist realism belonged to this larger recasting of the public discourse in the face of actualities that leaders and journalists alike may have found difficult to confront.
		Socialist realism as articulated in the context of 1934 concerned not only the subject, author and public for all the arts, but also, and perhaps more importantly, the representation of the whole Soviet project in an age of calamities.
		Socialist realism of the 1930s was part of a larger system of authoritative discourse developed through an interactive exchange between leaders and their supporters.
	afronord.tripod.com /thr/srealism.html (8427 words)

	A Critique of Socialist Realism - Essentials Of Unification Thought
		Socialist realism was formulated by Soviet artists under the guidance of Stalin in 1932, and came to be applied to all artistic fields, such as literature, drama, cinema, painting, sculpture, music, and architecture.
		When we consider these facts, we realize that socialist realism, as art for the proletarian revolution and as art that is subservient to party policy, has proved to be totally false art.
		First, socialist realism does not regard art as the "activity of creating beauty and joy for the whole (creation) as well as for oneself (appreciation) while respecting the individuality of the artist," but has made art become a means of educating the people, while conforming to Party policy.
	www.tparents.org /Library/Unification/Books/Euth/Euth07-09.htm (2327 words)

	Socialist Realism -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		For that period of history Socialist Realism was the sole criterion for measuring literary works.
		Any new effort must therefore stay close to the possible, the “real.” Realism with a capital R and Realpolitik together sink their roots in a distrust of man's imagination.
		From 1932 to the mid-1980s socialist realism was the sole criterion for measuring literary, artistic, and musical works in the Soviet Union and its Communist satellites in Eastern Europe.
	britannica.com /eb/article-9068467?tocId=9068467&query=photo-realism (827 words)

	Canadian Slavonic Papers: Socialist Realism without Shores
		His solution here is to dub socialist realism a "style and a half," with a "proto-postmodemist strategy of appropriation" that nevertheless "continued to serve the modernist ideal of historical exclusiveness" (p.
		In comparison with other historical methods/aesthetics/genres, socialist realism appears unique in that it was deliberately created and imposed by a totalitarian state, which rigidly controlled both its theory and practice.
		While today socialist realism does not look as monolithic as it did twenty years ago, the sense of dismal sameness that dominates our perception of this art (and makes it so easy to parody) mitigates against any attempt at dilution of its essence, no matter what the historical justification.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3763/is_199809/ai_n8825113 (1134 words)

	ArtLex's So-Sp page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Be careful not to confuse social realism with socialist realism.
		The onset of socialist realism meant the end of the avant-garde, notably in abstraction in such Russian art movements as by the
		The style was a conservative, figurative and narrative one, meant to be accessible to all viewers, and never to deviate from the Party line.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/So.html (2915 words)

	Dawes: "Realism, Surrealism, Socialist Realism and Neruda's 'Guided Spontaneity'" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Although Neruda was affected by late surrealism and socialist realism and established his independence from both of them, his poetry showed signs of being more swayed by realism, or what I would call his "dialectical realism".
		Socialist realism became one of the dominant aesthetic currents in the 1930s because it associated itself with the USSR's destiny.
		In the sphere of political economy this realization of labour appears as a loss of reality for the worker, objectification as loss of and bondage to the object, and appropriation as estrangement, as alienation [entäusserung] (324).
	eserver.org:16080 /clogic/2003/dawes.html (14899 words)

	Art Journal: Concerning Socialist Realism: Recent Publications on Russian Art. - Review - book review
		When socialist realism was imposed on Russian artists and writers in the early 1930s, a special committee headed by Joseph Stalin carefully crafted its definition.
		Bown also refutes Boris Groys's recent interpretation of socialist realism as an extension of the artistic practices of the Russian avant-garde, arguing that "it is simply wrong to claim that the Bolshevik 'aestheticisation of politics,' or any tendency to evaluate political decisions in terms of 'aesthetic consequences' originated with the avant-garde artists" (xiii).
		In Russia, realism was often referred to as a new realism or "revolutionary contemporaneity," [5] for it implied addressing current life while taking the Revolution as a departure point for improvements for the masses.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0425/is_4_58/ai_59552693 (1091 words)

	CER \| Socialist Realism in Music: Engineering the Soul
		Soviet Socialist Realist works were, therefore, among the many varieties of propaganda used to divert attention away from the harsh realities of life under Stalin, by refocusing attention on the Party's near-fantasy goals.
		During "Socialist Realism in Central European Music: 1945-1955," a conference held in the Music Department of Cardiff University on 10 March 2001 under the auspices of its Central European Music Research Centre, emotional reactions had their rightful place.
		The text was superimposed on a Socialist Realist composition with a far less inflammatory lyric, he claimed—a composition akin to the many relatively uncontroversial mass songs he had composed to make ends meet in the 1950s.
	www.ce-review.org /01/16/reyland16.html (2130 words)

	The University of Pittsburgh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Ethos," and "The Native Roots of Socialist Realism" (chapters 4, 5, and 7).
		the myth of Chapaev (that is, not the competing narratives of Chapaev) as a deviation from socialist realism.
		the myth of Stalin (that is, not the competing narratives of Stalin) as a deviation from socialist realism.
	www.pitt.edu /AFShome/s/l/slavic/public/html/courses/russian2452 (1025 words)

	Dawes: "Realism, Surrealism, Socialist Realism and Neruda's 'Guided Spontaneity'" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Realism thus conceived shares in the unity of human inquiry and attempts to approximate social and physical reality in a mediated, literary form, and then, suggests how this reality will be transformed.
		By criticizing Socialist realism, Lukács is indirectly holding the Soviet bureaucracy responsible for the travesties and errors committed.
		So, for instance, Lukács charges Socialist realism with "formal, empty, bureaucratic 'optimism' expressed in certain works that appear at first sight to be socialist, but are in actual fact dead, devoid of ideas, and useless and ineffectual both from the standpoint of aesthetics and from that of propaganda" (235).
	eserver.org:16080 /clogic/2002/dawes.html (14561 words)

	cello_and_socialist_realism.html
		Rather, it is the modified reality of what the party believed in - the "socialist" reality.
		The goal of Socialist Realist art was to be uplifting, uphold the values of the Communist Party, and always end happy to encourage positive feelings in people.
		Many composers were accused of formalism (the evil opposite of the good socialist realism) and declared non-ideological, anti-party, and dangerously cosmopolitan.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~kervamaa/socialist_realism.html (1849 words)

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