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	Socialist realism - totalitarian art - virtual museum of political art
		The Socialist Realism, an ideology enforced by the Soviet state as the official standard for art, literature etc., was defined in 1934 at the First All-Union Congress of Soviet writers.
		From 1926 to 1931 he was a member of the AKhR, a conservative association of the representations of Socialist Realism.
		Brodskiy, a Russian-Jewish artist and a precursor of Socialist Realism, was famous for his iconic portrayals of Lenin.
	members.telering.at /pat/soc.htm (475 words)

	Socialist realism
		Socialist realism, designed and approved by Nickolai Bukharin[?], Maxim Gorky and Andrey Zhdanov[?], socialist realism held that succesful art depicts, and glorifies, the proletariat's struggle toward socialist progress.
		The purpose of socialist realism was to elevate the common worker, whether factory or agricultural, by presenting, as admirable, the life, work, and recreation of the proletariat.
		Socialist realism as an official school of art dominated Soviet art until the collapse of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/so/Socialist_realism.html (465 words)

	Socialist realism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Socialist realism is a teleologically-oriented style of realistic art which has as its purpose the furtherance of the goals of socialism and communism.
		Socialist realism was the officially approved type of art in the Soviet Union for nearly sixty years.
		Socialist realism had its roots in neoclassicism and the traditions of realism in Russian literature of the 19th century that described the life of simple people.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Socialist_realism (1863 words)

	Recollecting a Culture: Selections from the Fotokino Archive
		Socialist realism in its highest development of realistic artistic creation means the enhancement and dialectical »sublation« of critical bourgeois realism with its limits and obstacles based on class - while at the same time preserving and developing its highest artistic achievements.
		For the socialist realist artist the task of art, to understand the world, is inseparably connected with its function, to change the world.
		In order to support the development of the socialist realist creative method among GDR photographers, what appears most important is photographic seeing and photographic typologizing, that is, to choose the typical and to learn to eliminate the untypical.
	www.bu.edu /prc/fotokino/texts/text-4.htm (1110 words)

	Socialist Realism
		The literature of socialist realism is developing today in close relation with the struggle for the construction of socialist society and for the triumph of the world proletarian revolution; it is in irreconcilable struggle with the apoliticism and moral and social degeneration which revisionist literature seeks to spread.
		Socialist realism is based on the Marxist-Leninist world outlook, which gives writers and artists the possibility of understanding in depth and clarity the laws of the development of society, of penetrating to the core of events and of people’s characters, which arms them with a correct, scientific political and ideological outlook.
		However the method of socialist realism is omnipotent, because it was born in a legitimate way, was forged on the terrain of the revolutionary struggle of the masses of the people led by Marxist-Leninist parties, was nourished on the most progressive ideals in the world, on shining communist ideals.
	revolutionarydemocracy.org /rdv6n2/socialreal.htm (3863 words)

	A R T M a r g i n s
		Groys is at pains to point out that Malevich’s later “Socialist Realist” works were not simply a response to external pressure from the authorities, but the result of a continuous and logical development” from his earlier Suprematicism.
		The relationship of the avant-garde to Socialist Realism has yet to be fully unravelled; Groys is right to identify an avant-garde impulse at the heart of the utopian and transformative project of Stalinist culture, but perhaps wrong to view their interconnectedness in purely negative terms.
		Socialist Realist painting deserves to be treated as art, or in Ilya Kabakov’s words, “as a completely natural artistic phenomenon, absolutely normal, inevitable, and in essence, no worse or better than all other movements.”
	www.artmargins.com /content/review/fowkes.html (2299 words)

	Guggenheim Museum - Curriculum Online
		Socialist Realism portrayed life only as the Bolsheviks wanted it seen, and in many ways created an idealistic world of fantasy that overlooked massive failures, such as the death and suffering that continued in labor camps throughout the country.
		To meet state-imposed guidelines, the heroes and heroines of Socialist Realist painting were required to be recognizable and appealing to the public and the embodiment of a social thesis.
		Socialist Realism of the 1930s was a highly symbolic visual language filled with both romance and lyrical distortion of reality.
	www.guggenheim.org /artscurriculum/lessons/russian_L8.php (1241 words)

	Recollecting a Culture: Selections from the Fotokino Archive
		The theme of the Karl-Marx-Stadt exhibition was: »The formation of socialist man.« We have all the right to say that this theme has become the slogan of the photographic work of thousands of amateur and professional photographers of our republic.
		This worry is based on a deep misunderstanding, a lack of clarity about the essence of socialist photography, and of socialist art in general.
		One cannot make socialist photography by turning one's camera by 90 or 180 degrees to move it from focusing on a landscape motif to the chimney of a factory or a tractor on the field.
	www.bu.edu /prc/fotokino/texts/text-5.htm (1793 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Art While Being Ruled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		...Abram Tertz's analysis of the impossibility of socialist realism as a literary concept is simply impeccable, and I have not in my brief summary done justice to all the richness of insight he brings to bear in his discussion...
		...Socialist realism, on the other hand, assumes that it is possible to synthesize the official Soviet view of things with such "real" facts as may have been "seen" by the writer...
		...the "real" facts all non-socialist realists dealt with in the past were arguments against pronouncements by churchmen, aristocrats, or spokesmen for the bourgeoisie, but not arguments against pronouncements by Socialists or Communists...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V29I5P43-1.htm (4575 words)

	Arts Gallery
		Even though volumes were written in USSR about socialist realism and its "superiority" to bourgeois art, that type of art stiffened--reflecting in that gesture the dreariness of the times.
		Juri regards the paintings of the fifties when socialist realist art was at its peak as the most valuable of his collection.
		Very striking is Michaly Antonchik's "Triumph of Women." That triumph depends on three women--three barefooted graces of socialism--with the record-holder of the five-year plan in the foreground, donned with medals of a labor heroine, and with a shoulder bag of seeds sowing by hand the vast fields of the kolkhoz.
	www.artukraine.com /paintings/ukrsocreal.htm (850 words)

	Socialist realism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In addition to the Soviet Union, particularly during the rule of Stalin, it was the predominant art form in the People's Republic of China during the rule of Mao Zedong and in Albania during the rule of Enver Hoxha.
		Socialist realism, designed and approved by Nikolay Bukharin, Maxim Gorky and Andrei Zhdanov, held that successful art depicts and glorifies the proletariat's struggle toward socialist progress.
		The purpose of socialist realism was to elevate the common worker, whether factory or agricultural, by presenting his life, work, and recreation as admirable.
	socialist-realism.kiwiki.homeip.net (955 words)

	Freeindiamedia.com, Express your impartial, radical, grassroot views on current issues. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		After all, the 1917 revolution was the first socialist revolution in the world and the hopes for socialism on an international scale, until the purges of the 1930s at least, were to be found in the USSR.
		In this context he maintains that spontaneity, be it in its avant-gardist or Socialist realist variants, is consciousness in its embryonic form, so it is necessarily a partial view of the social totality limited by the recording of immediacy (219).
		From a descriptive, realist point of view the stones serve an instrumental function in the architectural formations in Macchu Picchu, but, from a dialectical critical realist point of view, the identity of stone, as negation of the rose, is interpenetrated in the relationship between the stone and the rose.
	www.freeindiamedia.com /philosophy/18_aug_03_philosophy.htm (13495 words)

	Sample Analysis 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Socialist Realism is a literary style advocated by Soviet leader Josef Stalin in the 1930’s that portrays “the optimistic depiction of socialist society in conventionally realistic terms.” (Encyclopedia.com) The purpose of such a style is to enhance the viability of the Communist Party.
		Heroes are a big part in Socialist Realist literature, and they are essential for the optimistic ending that takes the proletariat to the higher level.
		Becker was fortunate to catch the Communist censors in a lax period, and took the opportunity to rip into the Socialist Realist school of thought.
	www-unix.oit.umass.edu /~bweber/courses/sampleanalysis1.htm (1166 words)

	Czechoslovak Socialist Realist art exhibition opens at Rudolfinum - 08-11-2002 - Radio Prague
		Visitors to a new exhibition on Czechoslovak Socialist Realist art from 1948 to 1958 at Prague's Rudolfinum have a rare chance to see diverse pieces from that era assembled in one place.
		"Socialist Realist art at the end of the 1940s and the beginning of the 1950s didn't arrive in Czechoslovakia from nowhere - it had a real basis in the art of the 1930s and 1940s.
		The exhibition, which runs until February, is accompanied by a rich variety of events, such as debates, guided tours of Socialist Realist buildings and the screening of films, such as one about "the joyful life of women apprentices from the Zbrojovka armory works in Brno." There was nothing amusing however about Czechoslovakia's communist regime.
	www.radio.cz /en/article/34261 (679 words)

	Thesis: Digital Realist Montage
		Although the weight of socialist realism was reflected within the Maison de la Culture debates, galvanising most artists 'who wanted their art to have some place in a world that increasingly demanded commitment of one kind or another,'61 there was still space for alternative definitions to be made.
		Lukács suggested that the bourgeois realist novel, the classic literary form with its closed text and typifications of character 'which organically bound together the particular and the general,'89 was a suitable model for contemporary realist practice.
		Socialist realism in a Lukácsian sense was effectively a strategy to forge allegiances with the most progressive sections of this bourgeois to ensure its survival.
	www.intentional.co.uk /glass/thesis/thesis.htm (12475 words)

	Wazyk - Poem for Adults
		The official requirements for "socialist realist" film might be summarized as follows: (1) that reality be depicted not as such, but in terms of its "revolutionary development," i.e.
		Socialist realist films are typically elaborated along the rational logical lines of "classical narrative cinema": spatial and temporal linearity, with actions "driven" by character motivation--a chain of intentions, causes, and effects.
		It is almost a realized socialist realist metaphor: the egotistical selfish Maciek, member of a "neo-Fascist band," dies on the "trash heap of history." However, attention to the film's interconnected visual and verbal symbolic paradigms produces quite a different meaning.
	www.ucis.pitt.edu /eehistory/H200Readings/Topic3-R4.html (5801 words)

	MPR: Socialist realist and nonconformist art collide in Minneapolis
		She says it's a rare opportunity for visitors to see socialist realist art and non-conformist art side by side.
		Rosenfeld says there were several categories of art which were deemed off-limits for socialist realist artists.
		The Soviet Dis-Union: Socialist Realist and Nonconformist Art is on display at the Museum of Russian Art in Minneapolis thru August 19th.
	minnesota.publicradio.org /display/web/2006/05/17/sovietart (954 words)

	Early 20th Century Russian Theater
		Although the term was in practice loosely defined, it was claimed that Socialist realist works were to "display a historically concrete representation of reality in its revolutionary development." The first part of this definition pointed to the need for a realist aesthetic, while the latter asked for a certain optimistic idealism.
		The primary goal of the group was to depict revolutionary Russia by painting realistic canvases devoted to such topics as Russian workers, soldiers, and political figures.
		The tractor was, of course, one of central Soviet symbols, an illustration of the technological progress that had, supposedly, been introduced in the countryside by the Bolshevik regime.
	faculty-web.at.northwestern.edu /slavic/theater/index5.html (774 words)

	The St. Petersburg Times - Arts + Features - The return of Socialist Realism
		Socialist Realism, the state-mandated standard that ruled the country’s artistic life for 50 years, passed into history during the dying days of the Soviet Union.
		A St. Petersburg-based entrepreneur from China who has collected Soviet Socialist Realist art in the post-Soviet era is planning to showcase his collection by giving it to the city of Shanghai for a new museum.
		Prices for Socialist Realist canvasses were low and nobody was producing fakes, so Fan was able to amass his collection.
	www.times.spb.ru /index.php?action_id=2&story_id=16615 (788 words)

	Welcome to my blog! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
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	socialist-realist.ihitadi.info (1091 words)

	Concerning Socialist Realism: Recent Publications on Russian Art. - Review - book review Art Journal - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Bown also refutes Boris Groys's recent interpretation of socialist realism as an extension of the artistic practices of the Russian avant-garde, arguing that "it is simply wrong to claim that the Bolshevik 'aestheticisation of politics,' or any tendency to evaluate political decisions in terms of 'aesthetic consequences' originated with the avant-garde artists" (xiii).
		As other scholars have argued, socialist realism is hard to define as an artistic style, doctrine, or method, as it was declared in 1932, which further complicates its reading.
		Bown leans toward the broader definition of socialist realism provided by the painter Aleksandr Gerasimov in a 1939 speech: "an art 'realistic in form and socialist in content'" (141), which has its strength in being concise, but opens room for all kinds of generalizations.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0425/is_4_58/ai_59552693 (859 words)

	Socialist Realism Exhibits
		The majority of these images came from scans made by the: Russian Art Gallery.
		This is an extremely small sampling of Socialist Realist paintings – they span an enourmous spectrum through many different styles and subject matter.
		This genre is extremely diverse and rich in style, criticism, and depth.
	www.marxists.org /subject/art/visual_arts/painting/exhibits/socialist-realism.htm (111 words)

	biography
		He was born into an artistic family; both his parents were distinguished artists of the Socialist Realist school of painting in the Soviet Union.
		The history of Socialist Realist Painting is the tale of an extraordinary movement in the art of our century.
		It entailed the sponsorship of realistic painting on a scale unmatched anywhere in the world and engaged for decades the talents of thousands of artists across a vast, multiracial empire.
	www.pogrebinsky.com /life/bio/page1.html (535 words)

	CONTEXT - This Week in Arts and Ideas from The Moscow Times
		Johnson traveled there, bought 100 Socialist Realist paintings, got them through the lengthy bureaucratic export process -- and found that they were incredibly popular with buyers.
		Socialist Realism, marked by its adherence to conventional realist techniques and its glowing portrayal of socialist society, was the official doctrine governing art and literature in the Soviet Union.
		But Shinkle was quick to point out that whatever strictures on style and substance they may have faced, many Soviet painters were highly trained masters of their craft, and that whatever critics may think today, official art was a very real aspect of Soviet cultural life.
	context.themoscowtimes.com /stories/2006/01/20/102.html (1133 words)

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