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Topic: Socially necessary labor time

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	Time and its Discontents--John Zerzan
		Time and language are coterminous, decided Derrida (1982): ``to be in the one is to be in the other.'' Time is a symbolic construct immediately prior, relatively speaking, to all the others and which requires language for its actualization.
		Time is the real subject of Flaubert's novels, according to Hauser (1956), as Walter Pater (1901) sought in literature the "wholly concrete moment'' which would "absorb past and future in an intense consciousness of the present,'' similar to Joyce's celebration of ``epiphanies''.
		Directionless time is not time at all, and Cambel (1993) identifies time directionality as ``a primary characteristic of complex systems.'' The time-reversible behavior of atomic particles is ``generally commuted into behavior of the system that is irreversible,'' concluded Schlegel (1961).
	primitivism.com /time.htm (8455 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Socially necessary labour time (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Socially necessary labour time in Marx's critique of political economy is what regulates the exchange value of commodities in trade and consequently guides producers in their attempt to economise on labour.
		The simplest definition of socially necessary labour time is the amount of labour time performed by a worker of average skill and productivity, working with tools of the average productive potential, to produce a given commodity.
		'Socially necessary labour time' encapsulates this essential 'relatedness' of value - it is labour time assessed in relation to social needs, not merely labour time performed.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Socially_necessary_labour_time (1176 words)

	Economics Interactive
		Labor contracts, whether written (explicit) or unwritten (implicit), are legal agreements by which wages and benefits are set for relatively lengthy periods.
		Labor contracts for large numbers of workers are often negotiated between labor unions and firms, and do adjust to changes in economic conditions, but only after a lag.
		A labor force participation rate (LFPR) is the proportion of a population or sub-population in the labor force and is computed by dividing the relevant labor force by the relevant population.
	www.unc.edu /depts/econ/byrns_web/Economicae/EconomicaeL.htm (4105 words)

	[No title]
		Socially necessary labor-time is a quantity of homogeneous human labor, which means that it is a quantity of abstract labor.
		Since socially necessary labor-time is a quantity of homogeneous abstract labor, the use of the concept of socially necessary labor-time here and throughout Chapter 7 implies the use of the concept of abstract labor.
		Quantities of socially necessary labor-time are assumed to exist and to determine money-prices, and to determine the quantity of surplus-value.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /courses/fmoseley/measure.doc (14908 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Socially necessary labour time in Marx's critique of political economy is what regulates the exchange value of commodities in trade and consequently guides producers in their attempt to economise on labour.
		The simplest definition of socially necessary labour time is the amount of labour time performed by a worker of average skill and productivity, working with tools of the average productive potential, to produce a given commodity.
		However, it ought to be said that by "socially necessary labour" Marx refers specifically to the total labour-time which on average is currently required to produce an output.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=socially_necessary_labor_time (1483 words)

	Time, Labor and Social Domination
		Marx's opposition of "necessary" and "superfluous" labor time is not identical to that of "necessary" and "surplus" labor time.
		The history of the capitalist social formation, however, does have an immanent, as opposed to a retrospective, logic, according to Marx; as a result of its form of social mediation, capitalism is marked by a form of historical necessity.
		Instead of a social form structured by the present, by abstract labor time, there can be a social form based upon the full utilization of a history alienated no longer, both for society in general and for the individual.
	www.worklessparty.org /timework/postone.htm (1686 words)

	Strange Loops - Blog
		We can get so many necessary tasks done in ways that are less mundane, tiring and impersonal than currently, but to really alter the structure of our lives as a society would require some sweeping changes, changes which have a hard fight against the minimum-fulfillment-necessary strategy of a normal, profit-based or communist-based labor system.
		This can mean personalizing what we do, removing the disconnects between labor and the products/profits of labor, or it can just mean rethinking the job we are in and reordering priorities in order to find one that is a better fit (more flexible, more fulfilling, more fun).
		But at the same time, we must take care not to ignore their genuine species differences (especially when many of those things do still show up in the wild), even if that means some researchers must reexamine their ideas of what it means for animals to have sex.
	www.strange-loops.com /blog.html (3320 words)

	Top 20 Encyclopedia
		The labor theory of value (LTV) is a theory in economics and political economy concerning a market-oriented or commodity-producing society: the theory equates the "value" of an exchangeable good or service (i.e., a commodity) with the amount of labor required to produce it.
		David Ricardo stressed the role of the first kind of labor value, the amount of labor "embodied" in a commodity, developing what might be called a "labor theory of price": the amount of labor embodied in a commodity determines its equilibrium price.
		The phrase "socially necessary", far from being an arbitrary adjunct to the theory (as charged by Robert Nozick), expresses that societal perspective, radically distinct from neoclassical economics.
	encyc.connectonline.com /index.php/Labor_theory_of_value (4214 words)

	Theodor Adorno
		He was a seminal social theorist and a leading member of the first generation of Critical Theory.
		The artwork's necessary and illusory autonomy, in turn, is the key to (modern) art's social character, namely, to be "the social antithesis of society" (AT 8).
		The social functions emphasized in his own commentaries and criticisms are primarily intellectual functions rather than straightforwardly political or economic functions.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/adorno (6914 words)

	Monthly Review December 1999 Martha Gimenez
		Labor is at the very center of this historical and dialectical account of human nature and, as people develop their powers and capacities through labor, the conditions under which people work acquire ontological significance as well.
		True, labor today is alienating and oppressive for most workers but, under socialism (a society organized for the satisfaction of human needs rather than capital accumulation), labor will lose its alien character and become the source of self-realization for all.
		The social world does not reflect the self-realization or actualization of human consciousness or human rationality; it is the dynamics of the world itself—its changes, development, and contradictions—which explain changes in the forms of consciousness, ideas, and reason.
	www.monthlyreview.org /1299gimen.htm (2239 words)

	Monthly Review June 1999 David McNally
		Labor in the sphere of production is concrete; it involves unique physical-technical processes of production in which workers combine with raw materials, equipment, and facilities to produce specific use-values.
		When commodities sell, the market determines how much socially necessary labor time is embodied in the concrete labor that went into their production.
		At the same time, unlike traditional accounts, he does so in a way that grasps, rather than abstracts from, the inherent dynamism of capitalist accumulation and the great revolutions in value relations and prices this entails.
	www.monthlyreview.org /699mcnal.htm (6356 words)

	Labor Theory 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In Marx's terms, the value of a commodity is the socially necessary labor time embodied in it.
		The time that John wastes doesn't go into the value of the house he builds because it is not "socially necessary."
		But technical progress and extended division of labor have reduced the labor time socially necessary to produce goods and services, so it is to be expected that their labor-time value would be less.
	william-king.www.drexel.edu /top/prin/txt/marx/marx3.html (472 words)

	Surplus-Value 1
		In a competitive capitalist economy, labor is a commodity.
		In other words: the wage paid for a labor-day would be the labor time socially necessary to produce the labor day.
		Since labor produces all value, but gets only a part of what it produces, surplus-value is exploitation, in the Marxist conception.
	william-king.www.drexel.edu /top/prin/txt/marx/marx4.html (303 words)

	Integral Visioning - Michel Bauwens: Foundation For Peer To Peer Alternatives Newsletter Issue 98
		Even at their very best, in market transactions, labor is paid what is called its "marginal revenue product"--the valuation of its contribution to output--which, as we have seen, can differ significantly from a true valuation of output, much less from effort expended.
		In other words, if left to their own devices, market economies distribute the burdens and benefits of social labor unfairly because workers are rewarded according to the market value of their contributions rather than according to their effort or personal sacrifice.
		Once these games are seen as an embodied social world that incorporates elements of play but extends beyond the narrow definition of game-space, a range of new issues then emerge around the status of both the culture of that world adn the autonomy of its inhabitants.
	www.integralvisioning.org /article.php?story=p2p98 (8083 words)

	Concept of Justice, Nozick II
		No centralized process judges people’s use of the opportunities they had; that is not what the processes of social cooperation and exchange are for.
		Marx: amount of socially necessary labor time will depend on whether all of the product can be sold
		Nozick says therefore the key concept of socially necessary labor time is defined in terms of the market
	www.american.edu /dgolash/nozick2.htm (621 words)

	Antiwar.com Blog · Marxian Exploitation
		The requirement that an object have utility is a necessary component of the labor theory of value, if it is to avoid certain objections.
		The object does not have a value less than the socially necessary number of labor hours expended upon it, for there were fewer socially necessary labor hours expended upon it than meet the eye.
		There is no longer any labor theory of value; the central notion of socially necessary labor time is itself defined in terms of the processes and exchange ratios of a competitive market!
	www.antiwar.com /blog/comments.php?id=1259_0_1_0_C (642 words)

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