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	sociology - Socially necessary labour time
		Socially necessary labour time in Marxist political economy is the source of all value.
		Unlike simple labour hours in the classical labour theory of value explored by Adam Smith and David Ricardo, the Marxian unit of value is conceived as a fraction (or 'aliquot part') of the social total, not as a straightforward unit of an individual's time.
		The clearest definition of socially necessary labour time is the amount of labour time required by a worker of average skill and productivity, working with tools of the average productive potential, required to produce a given commodity.
	www.aboutsociology.com /sociology/Socially-necessary_labour_time (531 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the case of socially necessary labour, retaining the dual meanings of the modifiers allows for a consistent integration o f demand in which the effects of exchange and demand are not conflated.
		At this stage socially necessary labour-time is defined by the average expenditure of labour and abstract labour is labour that is assumed to be homogenous undifferentiated labour.
		This is the socially necessary abstract labour-time represented by the constant and variable capital in the period.
	www.gre.ac.uk /~fa03/iwgvt2/files/98sat2b-kri.rtf (15845 words)

	GA Cohen: The LTV and the Concept of Exploitation
		The labourer is the person who creates the product, that which has value.
		labour power is determined (according to (1)) by the amount of time required to produce it, which is the amount of time required to produce the
		actual labour that was required to produce it (and which is “embodied” or “congealed” in it).
	spruce.flint.umich.edu /~simoncu/485/cohenexploit.htm (995 words)

	Economic Manuscripts: Capital Vol. I - Chapter Twelve
		The prolongation of the surplus-labour would correspond to a shortening of the necessary labour; or a portion of the labour-time previously consumed, in reality, for the labourer’s own benefit, would be converted into labour-time for the benefit of the capitalist.
		In the example we have taken, it is necessary that the value of labour-power should actually fall by one-tenth, in order that the necessary labour-time may be diminished by one-tenth, i.e., from ten hours to nine, and in order that the surplus labour may consequently be prolonged from two hours to three.
		By increase in the productiveness of labour, we mean, generally, an alteration in the labour-process, of such a kind as to shorten the labour-time socially necessary for the production of a commodity, and to endow a given quantity of labour with the power of producing a greater quantity of use-value.
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch12.htm (3800 words)

	Economic Manuscripts: Capital Vol. I - Chapter Thirteen
		The completion of the task within the proper time depends on the simultaneous application of numerous combined working-days; the amount of useful effect depends on the number of labourers; this number, however, is always smaller than the number of isolated labourers required to do the same amount of work in the same period.
		All combined labour on a large scale requires, more or less, a directing authority, in order to secure the harmonious working of the individual activities, and to perform the general functions that have their origin in the action of the combined organism, as distinguished from the action of its separate organs.
		The non-agricultural labourers of an Asiatic monarchy have little but their individual bodily exertions to bring to the task, but their number is their strength, and the power of directing these masses gave rise to the palaces and temples, the pyramids, and the armies of gigantic statues of which the remains astonish and perplex us.
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch13.htm (4710 words)

	Glossary of Terms: Ne
		The necessary labour time is the time (per day or per week) which workers must work (in the average conditions of the industry of their day), to produce the equivalent of their own livelihood (at the socially and historically determined standard of living of their day).
		The rest of the day is surplus labour time, during which the profits of the capitalist and what is needed to maintain the general mass of hangers on is produced.
		After wage labourers have put in the necessary labour time for their own living, they are not paid unless they keep on working to produce all that value used to support the capitalist, the state and everything else – value which the workers never see in their pay packet.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/terms/n/e.htm (8190 words)

	The Contradiction of Labour Time
		Capital "is thus, despite itself, instrumental in creating the means of social disposable time, in order to reduce labour time for the whole society to a diminishing minimum, and thus to free everyone's time for their own development.".
		When the relation between necessary labour and surplus labour is overthrown by the rise of the productive forces, the excess of time beyond labour needed for material existence will lose its transitory form of surplus labour.
		What one might call the dialectics of labour time is also interesting as regards the subject of communist society and the necessary transition which leads to it.
	www.geocities.com /~johngray/eclips44.htm (2410 words)

	[No title]
		Assume the definition that value is measured according to the socially necessary labour time to produce it.
		The argument that runs counter to Marx's dialectic proposes that since the capitalist is purchasing the use-value of labour power, its capacity to expend labour, and that since expended labour is objectified in the form of commodities with quantifiable exchange value, that somehow the use-value of labour power is then quantifiable with respect to that.
		In both cases, the source of apparent surplus value is derived from the temporary difference between the old socially necessary labour time and the undercut from the use of the (innovatory) machine[2].
	www.concept67.net /politics/marxonmachinery.html (1387 words)

	Re: [Marxism-Thaxis] law of value, law of exchange-val (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		By the time the labour lasts, in measuring the labour by the hour, the day, etc. Of course, to apply this measure, all sorts of labour are reduced to average or simple labour as their unit.
		The quantity of labour necessary for the production of a commodity changes continuously with the changes in the productive powers of labour, the more produce is finished in a given time of labour; and the smaller the productive powers of labour, the less produce is finished in the same time.
		By the > time the labour lasts, in measuring the labour by the hour, the day, > etc. Of course, to apply this measure, all sorts of labour are reduced > to average or simple labour as their unit.
	lists.econ.utah.edu /pipermail/marxism-thaxis/2001-February.txt (20536 words)

	AI08 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Labour is the use value of the commodity labour power and labour power is a peculiar commodity unlike others.
		So it takes less time for workers to reproduce the value of their labour power and more of the day is devoted to producing for the boss.
		They can sell their products at a price determined by the socially necessary labour time embodied in them (the average time it takes to produce them in the industry made up of the capitalist making the innovation and those who have not made it).
	www.anu.edu.au /polsci/courses/aipe/lectures99/ai08.htm (3180 words)

	Economic Manuscripts: Capital Vol. I - Chapter Twenty-One
		In time-wages, the labour is measured by its immediate duration; in piece-wages, by the quantity of products in which the labour has embodied itself during a given time.
		Given piece-wage, it is naturally the personal interest of the labourer to strain his labour-power as intensely as possible; this enables the capitalist to raise more easily the normal degree of intensity of labour.
		Or because the labourer takes seriously the appearance of piece-wages (viz., that his product is paid for, and not his labour-power) and therefore revolts against a lowering of wages, unaccompanied by a lowering in the selling price of the commodity.
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch21.htm (3127 words)

	Trades Union Congress - Learning and Skills Policy
		This newsletter is intended to keep you abreast of policy developments in learning and skills and the TUC/trade union view on them as well as keeping you up-to-date on a range of union learning initiatives.
		The fact that this divide remains a key feature of the labour market is morally, socially and economically wrong and unless it is tackled there is little prospect of the UK moving to the high-skills trajectory necessary for improving social cohesion and productivity.
		The Government should take a step back and appoint an independent panel of experts to review its overall approach towards secondary schools and especially the impact that academies are having upon standards, says the TUC today (Monday).
	www.tuc.org.uk /skills (526 words)

	Workers Online : Economics : 1999 - Issue 39 : Understanding the Economy
		The socially necessary labour time involved in the reproduction of human labour is the amount needed to feed, clothe and house the worker and the next generation of workers, with perhaps a few trinkets like TV and beer (or in my case drambuie) thrown in.
		Despite the fact it is produced by the labour of workers, it is expropriated by the employer.
		This means that the amount of socially necessary labour time required to reproduce labour falls, (from say 20 hours to 15 hours) so that the absolute surplus value created increases if the working week remains the same.
	workers.labor.net.au /39/b_tradeunion_marx.html (1534 words)

	In Defence of Marxism - Marx's Economics and Lord Desai's ‘revenge': A response to the book ‘Marx's Revenge' by ...
		When Marx used the labour theory of value, he did so because it explained capitalist development, not because it should “allow labour to possess and enjoy the whole of its produce”.
		Hodgskin was a diamond geezer and that was a fine slogan in its time (he was probably a syndicalist rather than a socialist) but his ideas are no longer an influence on those striving to change society.
		His or her labour is now an input into the economy (his labour, not the worker himself).
	www.marxist.com /marx-desai-transformation260805.htm (5232 words)

	Amazon.com: "concrete labour": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Due to exchange and the possibility of non-realisation of value, the notion of concrete labour-time must be substituted for by 'abstract labour' and 'socially necessary labour-time' which involves a money commodity (having, of course, a...
		The distinction between concrete labour, which deter- mines the use-value of commodities, and abstract labour, which determines their value, is a revolutionary step forward beyond...
		And the one common quality of all commodities is that all are produced by labour.
	www.amazon.com /phrase/concrete-labour (405 words)

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