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Topic: Sociobiological

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Sociobiological theories of rape

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	sociobiological analyses </> LinkedWords™ - Contextually find and manage web information
		In these areas insights from behavioral ecology and sociobiology have offered new analyses of both animal and human behaviour in the last decades of the twentieth century, though the extension of sociobiological analyses to humans remains highly controversial.
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	www.linkedwords.com /society/education/educational-terms/education/sociobiological_analyses.php (519 words)

	Sociobiological theories of rape - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sociobiological theories of rape are theories that explore what role, if any, evolutionary-psychological adaptations play in causing the act of rape in animals and humans.
		Other proponents of various sociobiological theories of rape have expressed the views described here, which may or may not represent Thornhill and Palmer's.
		Viviparous females, and human females in particular, whose offspring remain dependent upon their parents for many years, must invest significant time and bodily resources in pregnancy in order to reproduce and raise their offspring, whereas males can biologically father considerably more offspring with much less of a bodily investment.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sociobiological_theories_of_rape (1705 words)

	Home Page
		Sociobiological types often present a hypertrophied stereotype of the male as a naturally aggressive, competitive animal whose sole purpose in life is to fight off other males and mate with as many females as possible.
		The sociobiological argument is basically that, because sperm are an abundant resource and males physiological role in the reproductive process takes only a few seconds, males are motivated to have sex with many females.
		Many sociobiological works are found in the Biology section of the bookstore rather than somewhere that identifies the claims as social theorizing, and often the lay public cannot distinguish between the two nor generate alternative hypotheses to those presented.
	www.apa.org /divisions/div51/Newsletter/fall%2005%20newsletter/div51/01.htm (768 words)

	Sociobiological theories of rape - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Other proponents of various sociobiological theories of rape have expressed the views described here, which may or may notrepresent Thornhill and Palmer's.
		Viviparous females, and human females in particular, whose offspring remainhelpless for many years, must invest significant time and resources in order to reproduce and to raise their offspring, whereasmales can father considerably more offspring with much less of an investment.
		Supporters of sociobiological theories of rape argue that this is consistent with rape being considered a high crime in almostall cultures, second only to murder, as this is consistent with the interests of livingthings.
	www.the-free-web-encyclopedia.com /default.asp?t=Sociobiological_theories_of_rape (1389 words)

	Sociobiological-theory - where2-drink.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Sociobiological theory ignore the most important concept of their newfound disciplinethat anecdotes.
		Sociobiological theory about animal behavior can be properly interpreted only in light of all the underlying.
		Sociobiological theory ecological and demographic patterns of which they are a part.
	www.where2-drink.com /Sociobiological-theory (526 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Sociobiology
		By these theories the evolution of technology and societies can be better explained by the overall ecology and geography of the different parts of the world than by individual properties of the humans which the societies in those areas consisted of.
		Some have objected that sociobiological views of human beings underestimate people's ability of people to remake their environment.
		Here's how scientific sociobiology usually proceeds: A social behavior is first explained as a sociobiological hypothesis by finding an evolutionarily stable strategy that matches the observed behavior.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/so/Sociobiology (1367 words)

	The Sociobiological Conceit by Gene Callahan
		A sociobiological consensus arose, which viewed any notion a person might have that he "really" was acting morally or altruistically as an illusion.
		The first thing I wish to note about the sociobiological viewpoint is that if sociobiologists are sincere in their beliefs, then they are, by their own reckoning, enemies of human survival.
		Sociobiological theories must increase the reproductive success of sociobiologists – perhaps their brand of "hard-nosed realism" goes over well with young academics at cocktail parties, or something of the sort.
	www.lewrockwell.com /callahan/callahan101.html (973 words)

	The New York Review of Books: ARE WE ROBOTS?
		The retreat of some early enthusiasts from sociobiological theory, and its rejection by many social scientists from the beginning, do not come from their ignorance of the facts of history, but from their knowledge of the phenomena of human social existence.
		By its very nature, sociobiological theory is unable to cope with the extraordinary historical and cultural contingency of human behavior, nor with the diversity of individual behavior and its development in the course of individual life histories.
		Sociobiological theory depends upon typologies ("men would rather believe than know," "sociologists are hostile to sociobiology") which fail to correspond to actual contingencies.
	www.nybooks.com /nyrev/WWWarchdisplay.cgi?19900531045L1 (1278 words)

	The Epigenetic View:
		If the sociobiological view rests on the assertion of genetic causes for "all social behavior," then one great hurdle to overcome in sociobiological readings of adaptive behavioral traits is the objective determination of whether a particular human behavior is universal.
		A plausible sociobiological scenario might be that suicide is not as maladaptive as it appears; it might occur post-partum (as it sometimes does), after the organism has had a chance to reproduce.
		A point of weakness in strong sociobiological claims is that predictions formulated from a sociobiological view don't (but should) begin with the study of nucleotide sequences.
	home.cfl.rr.com /jessehenson/SOCIOB.html (4019 words)

	Liesen, Laurette T. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Feminists have often been among the most outspoken critics of sociobiology, maintaining that sociobiology is inherently sexist and that it is used to uphold patriarchy.
		Women are not necessarily sexually passive within the sociobiological paradigm, and they are not "naturally" parents; moreover, men clearly play a necessary and significant role in parenting.
		Sociobiology also does not suggest that women should be restricted to parenting roles; indeed, sociobiological research can provide the basis for greater freedom for both men and women in reproduction and resource acquisition.
	www.politicsandthelifesciences.org /Contents/Contents-1995-8/AbsLiesn.html (208 words)

	Empirical Studies of Literature --
		By adopting an evolutionarily or sociobiologically oriented approach to literary criticism, the study of literature would be able to meet the scientific standards of the modern world.
		For the sociobiologically oriented criticism to get off the ground, useful, elementary concepts of biological and social sciences need to be identified, empirically tested for their suitability, and adopted (35).
		Third, the frequency of sociobiological themes, such as mate choice and group affiliation behaviour, should be related to historical, cultural, and socioeconomic variables, as well as demographic information about the author and audience.
	www.ualberta.ca /~dmiall/LiteraryReading/Readings/Carroll_2004.htm (1133 words)

	Sociobiology (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		According to many critics of human sociobiology, standard sociobiological models are inadequate to account for human behavior, because they ignore the contributions of the mind and culture.
		Her work exemplifies the main way sociobiological theories are tested, namely, to see whether they unify ‘large and independent classes of fact,’ to use Darwin's terms.
		Both traditional nonevolutionary approaches and sociobiological approaches to explaining human nature are legitimate and compatible, and so there is no need to endorse a disconnection between evolved strategies and human behavior in order to defend nonevolutionary approaches.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/sociobiology (4626 words)

	Vegetation science (sociobiological geobotany) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The different approaches to sociobiological ecology in Anglo-American and continental European literature are noted.
		Publications on variously disturbed natural vegetation types and tendencies to synanthropization are increasing, emphasizing considerations for nature conservation and environmental control based on structural and floristic vegetation analysis.
		Recent publications are reviewed under the headings: monographs and bibliographies; methods and general results; application to nature conservation, landscape ecology and environmental control; vegetation of the boreal, temperate and submeridional, meridional, subtropical and tropical zones (including forests and shrublands, grasslands, savannas, dwarf shrub heaths, weed communities and ruderal vegetation).
	www.trophort.com /information/data/B02/S23/DIE89VEG3410772.html (91 words)

	Christian Love and Biological Altruism - SETI Institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The fundamental challenge of sociobiological research on altruism is to explain the extension of altruistic behavior to genetically unrelated fellow human beings.
		Several sociobiological models show that when human beings are viewed exclusively in biological terms, they are overtaxed by the demand to act altruistically beyond the circle of immediate kin.
		In sociobiological research on altruism, only models that include cultural aspects are able to meet the criterion of explaining altruistic behavior toward non-kin individuals.
	www.seti.org /site/pp.asp?c=ktJ2J9MMIsE&b=202650 (634 words)

	Humanistic Sociology and Darwin
		What we propose is that the evolutionary /sociobiological questions should be raised first and then, when these forces are understood, move “out” from there to the more traditional psychological and cultural explanations.
		One thing that is disturbing to people who adhere to the SSSM about the sociobiological model, is that it infers that human behavioral patterns are unchangeable; it implies that we are stuck with the problems of “human nature.” If human nature is static then we are stuck with racism, sexism and extreme inequality.
		The sociobiological approach would lead us to the conclusion that this kind of parity is not likely—women want different things from life than men, and most of these differences go back to mate selection.
	facstaff.elon.edu /arcaro/titles/partiv.htm (5767 words)

	sociobiological: libraryofessays.com- a full library of the best essays, book reports, term papers, research papers
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	www.libraryofessays.com /term-papers/4692/sociobiological.html (362 words)

	NCJRS Abstract - National Criminal Justice Reference Service
		Sociobiological Hypotheses About Rape - A Critical Look at the Data Behind the Hypotheses (From Violence Against Women - A Critique of the Sociobiology of Rape, P 23-58, 1985, Suzanne R Sunday and Ethel Tobach, eds.
		Some sociobiologists who have examined rape behavior from an evolutionary perspective hypothesize that it is adaptive behavior designed to increase the reproductive fruitfulness of the rapist, who has been frustrated or thwarted in attempts to obtain consensual sexual relations.
		Two other aspects of sociobiological rape hypotheses cannot be empirically supported: (1) humans have been strongly selected to maximize their reproduction and exhibit kin selection and (2) rape behavior persists because rapists enjoy a reproductive advantage over nonrapists.
	www.ncjrs.gov /app/publications/Abstract.aspx?id=99565 (329 words)

	sociobiological approach: megaessayssite.com- the mega essay, term paper, research paper website
		Thus, from the sociobiological context it does not justify the rationale to say that multicultural groups migrate because of the demand of their genes; it is not true to explain why certain groups dominate the others on the basis of kinship yet at the same time can be ousted from the society.
		Sociological sciences thus is liberal in its academic approach in that it offers explanations that takes into account of the external environment as well as the psychological behaviors of groups when faced with adverse economic, legal, political and social factors.
		megaessayssite.com is a website that has a wealth of free essay abstracts on sociobiological approach.
	www.megaessayssite.com /term-papers/4680/sociobiological-approach.html (345 words)

	Sociobiology - Edward O. Wilson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		I took it for granted that the human species is subject to sociobiological analysis no less than to genetic or endocrinological analysis; the final chapter of my book simply completed the catalogue of social species by adding Homo sapiens.
		Pure sociobiological theory, being independent of human biology, does not imply by itself that human social behavior is determined by genes.
		My point is that it is entirely possible for all known components of the mind, including will, to have a neurophysiological basis subject to genetic evolution by natural selection.
	www2.pfeiffer.edu /~lridener/courses/SOCBIO.HTML (3647 words)

	Sociobiological
		"Sociobiological" is generally used as an adjective (general or positive) -- approximately 100.00% of the time.
		"Sociobiological" is used about 11 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English.
		Its rank is based on over 700,000 words used in the English language.
	www.websters-dictionary-online.org /definition/english/so/sociobiological.html (255 words)

	European Sociobiological Society Ghent July 1997 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This is a very wide-ranging topic but the elements listed are those particularly important for any sociobiological approach to the functioning of societies.
		Religion has been in the past, and still is in a number of countries, the main cohesive force holding populations, particularly genetically disparate ones, together in one system.
		The survival of populations (interpreted as gene pools) and of societal forms are interlocked; a sociobiology of societies, biological sociology, can start to consider the conditions and forces which over long periods determine the relative success or failure of nations and social systems.
	www.percepp.demon.co.uk /abstract/religa.htm (248 words)

	NCJRS Abstract - National Criminal Justice Reference Service
		This book critically examines the applicability of a sociobiological interpretation of rape in humans and other animals, contrasting this with cultural explanations of rape behavior; implications are drawn for rape prevention and survivor treatment.
		The sociobiological explanation of rape behavior is interpreted as a version of utilitarian and classical economic theory; sociobiological and feminist views of rape behavior are compared and contrasted in terms of implications for rape prevention.
		It is argued that use of the word 'rape' to refer to apparently forced copulation in nonhuman animal species detracts from its traumatizing effects on human survivors of the act.
	www.ncjrs.gov /app/publications/Abstract.aspx?id=99563 (333 words)

	Sociobiology > Construction of Sociobiological Explanations (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		The central assumptions of sociobiology are embedded in the explanations sociobiologists propose.
		First, sociobiologists identify the category of adaptive strategies relevant to the behavior in general evolutionary theory.
		Life experiences affecting fitness can move someone in and out of the secondary sociopath category.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/sociobiology/appendix.html (1616 words)

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