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Topic: Sociological positivism

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Article 48

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Sociological positivism
		Positivism is the view that serious scientific inquiry should not search for ultimate causes deriving from some outside source but must confine itself to the study of relations existing between facts which are directly accessible to observation.
		Social scientists realize that it is extremly hard to create a law that would hold true in all cases when human behaviour is concerned, and that often while behaviour of groups may be sometimes explained and predicted with some probability, it is much harder to explain the behaviour of each individuals.
		Most sociologists today operate somewhere between positivism and antipositivism, arguing that human behavior is more complex than animal behavior or the movements of planets.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/Sociological_positivism.html (691 words)

	Logical positivism - Psychology Wiki - A Wikia wiki
		Logical positivism (later referred to as logical empiricism, rational empiricism, or neo-positivism) is a philosophy that combines positivism—which states that the only authentic knowledge is scientific knowledge—with a version of apriorism—the notion that some propositional knowledge can be had without, or “prior to”, experience.
		Logical positivism denied the soundness of metaphysics and traditional philosophy, and affirmed that statements about metaphysics, religion and ethics are devoid of cognitive meaning and thus nothing but expression of feelings or desires; only statements about mathematics, logic and natural sciences have a definite meaning.
		An important objective pursued by logical positivism was "unified science"; that is, the construction of a "constitutive system" in which every legitimate statement is reduced to the concepts of a lower level which refer directly to a given experience.
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Logical_positivism (3992 words)

	Sociological positivism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This article describes the term 'positivism' as used in social sciences, especially within the science of sociology.
		For other meanings of this word, see positivism.
		Social scientists realize that it is extremely hard to create a law that would hold true in all cases when human behaviour is concerned, and that often while behaviour of groups may be sometimes explained and predicted with some probability, it is much harder to explain the behaviour of each individual.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sociological_positivism (643 words)

	[No title]
		This important insight, however, was cut short by the sociological positivism of A. Comte and his followers (Zeitlin, 1969), perhaps best exemplified today by the standard "high science" or mathematical sociology which is characteristic of the majority of the articles in the American Sociological Review, the major sociological journal for positivists in North America.
		Sociological positivism negates the basis upon which the human production and transformation of societies might be understood.
		Sociological positivism bases the verification of its knowledge on a notion of facts as irreducible units of truth which are to be discovered by the social scientist.
	www.etext.org /Politics/Progressive.Sociologists/authors/Young.TR/critical-theory-and-limits-of-sociological-positivism (6883 words)

	MODERN PHILOSOPHY: The Philosophy of Positivism
		Positivism spread from France to England, the classic land of Empiricism, which was thus disposed not only to accept the new current of thought, but also to give it a better systematization than had the land of its origin.
		Indeed, the appearance of Positivism in Italy coincides with the establishment of national unity; that is, it arrived when the time was ripe for the reorganization of economic, educational and social life on a national scale.
		Positivism made no contributions at all in the areas of theory of knowledge, metaphysics, theory of nature, and philosophical psychology, and was manifestly unintelligible and incorrect in the area of ethics or moral philosophy.
	radicalacademy.com /adiphilpositivism.htm (3837 words)

	A General View of Positivism
		The subjective principle of Positivism, that is, the subordination of the intellect to the heart is thus fortified by an objective basis, the immutable Necessity of the external world; and by this means it becomes possible to bring human life within the influence of social sympathy.
		They not unfrequently attempt, for instance, to explain all sociological facts by the influence of climate and race, which are purely secondary; thus showing their ignorance of the fundamental laws of Sociology, which can only be discovered by a series of direct inductions from history.
		Positivism, far from countenancing so dangerous an error, is, as we have seen, the only philosophy which can completely remove it.
	www.marxists.org /reference/subject/philosophy/works/fr/comte.htm (10431 words)

	Ralph Dumain: "The Autodidact Project": Maurice Cornforth: "Science versus Idealism": Chapter 16 (section: Positivism ...
		Positivism with its semantical theories, as I have indicated, claims to come to the rescue of suffering humanity by teaching us how to avoid "bad language" when speaking of our own affairs.
		Here positivism has produced a formula the significance of which is precisely expressed in the old saying, "not to see the wood for the trees." Its application produces remarkable results.
		For in its sociological aspect, that philosophy is merely a new‑fangled expression of the methods which the vulgar bourgeois sociologists have been employing for the past hundred years.
	www.autodidactproject.org /other/cornforth7/SVI-16b.html (1068 words)

	chapter 1
		The main proponents of positivism, the social philosopher Auguste Comte (1798 - 1857) and the physiologist Claude Bernard (1813 - 1878), drew up an epistemological matrix which has since represented a dominant strand among modern conceptions of science and which can, for the present purpose, be treated as a coherent theory.
		Sylvie Merzeau has recently argued that positivism gave birth to a “phantasm of absolute visibility” and unleashed a “scopic pulsion” in the course of which photography was used to push the limits of visibility and to explore the invisible.
		It is interesting in the context of the present study that Topinard marks this shift by the introduction, in the publication of 1900, of a new explanatory model for the difference between animals and humans.
	solair.eunet.yu /~lab/site/Chapter1.htm (8804 words)

	Legal Positivism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Legal positivism is the thesis that the existence and content of law depends on social facts and not on its merits.
		Legal positivism is here sometimes associated with the homonymic but independent doctrines of logical positivism (the meaning of a sentence is its mode of verification) or sociological positivism (social phenomena can be studied only through the methods of natural science).
		Accordingly, positivism's critics maintain that the most important features of law are not to be found in its source-based character, but in law's capacity to advance the common good, to secure human rights, or to govern with integrity.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/legal-positivism (9472 words)

	3
		Durkheim's positivism is understandable as an expression of his impatience with unfounded and unverified theories of his day, and as a strategic appeal for empirical observation.
		The fourth cell might be termed "sociological nominalism" (for lack of a better term) which acknowledges the independent role of the investigator in formulating categories, constructs, and theories, but does not take into account the meaning-states of the actors being studied.
		Weber's conception of sociological explanation is rooted in his notions of interpretation and the ideal type.
	poli.haifa.ac.il /~levi/res/durk.html (9248 words)

	The Research Observatory
		Positivism is a philosophical system first developed by Auguste Comte (1798-1857).
		Positivism takes little account of beliefs or feelings, although strangely some of its more extreme protagonists seem to be drawn towards mysticism.
		They are particularly interested in the idea that human experience is a valuable source of data, as opposed to the idea that true research or discovery lies in simply measuring the existence of physical phenomena.
	www.uwe.ac.uk /ro/room1/da/da6.shtml (255 words)

	The Place Of Theory In Applied Sociology: A Reflection
		Those who hold that their only interest in developing sociological theories is to generate more research to improve theories, etc., are either enormously self-involved, oblivious to the world around them, or intellectually dishonest.
		On the other hand, as long as the development of real sociological theory is avoided, eschewed, or held to be a futile undertaking, it will be very difficult for sociologists to realize its potential as a source of enlightenment and a means of improving the human condition.
		In part because of the prevalent misunderstanding among sociologists of positivism and their lack of sympathy for the founding conception of sociology as a kind of technology, a disdain of intellectual craftsmanship characterizes the dominant (but not necessarily larger) segment of our profession.
	theoryandscience.icaap.org /content/vol001.001/01weinstein_revised.html (12543 words)

	Sample Chapter for Constable, M.: Just Silences: The Limits and Possibilities of Modern Law.
		Sociological positivism, then, as shall be discussed in the section "Sociolegal Positivism," in effect maintains that any so-called law that precedes a given legal positivist system was itself socially powerful in the manner of positive law or was not really law at all.
		Sociological analysis brings to light the obedience or conformity or compliance--or its obverse--that is produced in forums of consciousness or unconsciousness.
		This moment marks the convergence of legal positivism and sociological study in a sociolegal positivism that is as important as any natural law/positive law distinction for understanding modern law.
	www.pupress.princeton.edu /chapters/s8096.html (12481 words)

	Antipositivism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		According to this view, closely related to antinaturalism, sociological research must use specific tools and methods and concentrate on humans and their cultural values.
		Antipositivists then add that positivism is restricted to phenomena that can be constrained within an analytical and verifiable fragment of the reality, i.e., that it is impossible to study freedom, irrationality and various unpredictable actions that are common in individual human behaviour.
		Finally, antipositivsts argue that positivism's three goals - explanation, control, and prediction - are incomplete, since they lack the goal of understanding.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antipositivism (434 words)

	CRITICAL THEORY AND THE LIMITS OF SOCIOLOGICAL POSITIVISM
		Instead it is often assumed that such meanings are self-evident, that native-speakers of a language are more or less interchangeable, that the manifest content is sufficient for study, or that judges are interchangeable.
		The separation of value and fact, made credible when the sociological positivist ignores the origin of his/her facts, the consequences of theory, and the context of sociology in society, serves to protect university professors by giving them a safe zone in which to protect their narrow specialty, "free" from ethical questions and social struggles.
		The organization of sociology embodies the organization of the monopoly capitalist division of labor of which it is a part.
	www.mega.nu:8080 /ampp/176krkpt.htm (7176 words)

	Crim theory outline for week 3 -- crime as a social product
		Sociological Criminology: Parallel development in the study of society and a population explosion spurred a sociological application to social, political, and religious traditions.
		Durkheim’s idea of social positivism was directly related to criminality as a part of human nature and crime as a normal and necessary social event.
		Hagan (1985) on criminological positivism: “The hallmark of criminological positivism is the formulation of predictive propositions, using data derived from efforts at the objective measurement of variables.”
	www-personal.ksu.edu /~lswilli/crthryoutline3.htm (1213 words)

	Diversity in Families and Households
		You should, however be able to comment in an informed way on the opposed philosophical traditions of positivism and interpretivism(also sometimes referred to as humanistic or phenomenological), and give examples of research conducted using the methods of each tradition.
		The pure empiricist tradition in sociology is associated with positivist approaches and in particular with those sociological perspectives which seek to understand the structure of whole societies.
		He argues that the positivist/interpretivist debate is a product of institutional inertia and that what \was learned from 1980s sociology was that the options confronting the sociological researcher have nothing to do with positivism versus interpretivism.
	www.homestead.com /rouncefield/files/as_soc_method_3.htm (4360 words)

	Contrasting_Schools_of_Thought.htm
		Positivism represents a method of inquiry that attempts to answers questions through what has come to be called the scientific method.
		Thus, biological positivism locates the causes of crime within the individual's physical makeup; psychological positivism suggests the causes are in faulty personality development; sociological positivism stresses certain social factors within one's environment or surrounding culture and social structure.
		It is centered on the core idea of the superior knowledge and wisdom of the scientific expert who, on the basis of scientific knowledge, decides what kind of human beings commit crimes, and prescribes treatment without concern for public opinion and without consent from the person so diagnosed (i.e., the criminal).
	www.sheldensays.com /new_page_5.htm (5908 words)

	Sociological positivism Sociology
		In sociology, anthropology, and other social sciences, the term positivism is closely connected to naturalismand can be traced back to the philosophical thinking of Auguste Comtein the 19th century.
		Positivists believe that there is little if any difference between social sciencesand natural sciences, as societiesoperate according to laws, as does nature.
		Most sociologists today operate somewhere between positivism and antipositivism, arguing that human behavioris more complex than animal behavioror the movements of planets.
	www.lumrix.com /medical/sociology/sociological_positivism.html (674 words)

	Sociological Positivism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Positivism also involves a belief in the social progress which would be necessarily..
		Home: Sociology: “From Durkheim to Merton the impact of sociological positivism on the study of crime, deviance and social order has been profound.
		Positivism is a system of philosophical and religious doctrines elaborated by..
	www.sociologicalpositivism.info (349 words)

	Logical positivism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Logical positivism (later and more accurately called logical empiricism) is a school of philosophy that combines empiricism—the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge of the world we live in—with a version of rationalism—the idea that our knowledge includes a component that is not derived from observation.
		Logical positivism grew from the discussions of the Moritz Schlick's Vienna Circle and Hans Reichenbach's Berlin Circle in the 1920s and 1930s.
		The movement is known for its espousal of verificationism, its admiration for science and technical rigor, and its commitment to the analytic-synthetic distinction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logical_positivism (4360 words)

	Bibliothèque Virtuelle Gilberto Freyre - L'oeuvre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The purpose of this book is clearly stated in its preface: to present "an up-to-date survey and evaluation of research by sociologists and social psychologists into the nature, conditions and implications of human conflict, and particularly conflict between nations".
		This book is a really valuable book, because it makes a scientific contribution to the sociological and psychological study of problems that are being faced by policy-makers, sometimes under the pressure of charlatans, never perhaps so numerous and so bold in fields where political action and social science meet as at present.
		Its first chapter - written by Professor Bernard - emphasizing the sociological approach to conflict, is supplemented by the second one, written by Professor Pear: an analysis of the psychological problem: and by the third one, written by Professor Aron - "a more focused study of war, within a political and historical setting".
	prossiga.bvgf.fgf.org.br /frances/obra/opusculos/nature_conflict.htm (873 words)

	Anthony Giddens Summary
		That is to say, Giddens wrote that the epistemology of sociological research was a "double hermeneutic" in which theory offered an explanation for the phenomena of everyday life and everyday life provided a means by which theory could be understood.
		The sociological observer cannot make social life available as 'phenomenon' for observation independently of drawing upon his knowledge of it as a resource whereby he constitutes it as a 'topic for investigation'.
		In sum, the primary tasks of sociological analysis are the following: (1) The hermeneutic explication and mediation of divergent forms of life within descriptive metalanguages of social science; (2) Explication of the production and reproduction of society as the accomplished outcome of human agency.
	www.bookrags.com /Anthony_Giddens (5628 words)

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