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	Irony - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Irony is a form of utterance that postulates a double audience, consisting of one party that hearing shall hear and shall not understand, and another party that, when more is meant than meets the ear, is aware, both of that "more" and of the outsider's incomprehension.
		Socratic irony involves a profession of ignorance that disguises a skeptical, non-committed attitude towards some dogma or universal opinion that lacks a basis in reason or in logic.
		The expression "irony of fate" stems from the notion that the gods (or the Fates) are amusing themselves by toying with the minds of mortals, with deliberate ironic intent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Irony (2345 words)

	Irony (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The song "Poor Judd" from the musical Oklahoma provides an especially clear example of this form of irony: Curley's words and tone of voice are perceived by Judd as expressions of camaraderie and empathy, while the onlookers (and the audience) understand that it is mockery.
		Heavy-handed irony, in which a speaker emphatically states the flat opposite of the truth – perhaps with accompanying body language to deny the words – exemplifies the form of irony called sarcasm.
		It may take several forms: the character speaking may realise the irony of his words while the rest of the actors may not; or he or she may be unconscious while the other actors share the knowledge with the spectators; or the spectators may alone realize the irony.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/i/ir/irony.html (1285 words)

	English Literature 2: Romantic Irony
		Irony is related to buffoonery not just because subjective mastery is undermined; buffoonery falls, enjoys the humour of the fall, laughs from on high at the falling buffoon, and remains implicated in the fall.
		Irony was not just signalling the opposite of what was said; it was the expression of both sides or viewpoints at once in the form of contradiction or paradox: ‘Irony is the form of paradox.
		Irony divides the flow of temporal experience into a past that is pure mystification and a future that remains harassed forever by a relapse within the inauthentic.
	www.englit.ed.ac.uk /studying/undergrd/english_lit_2/Handouts/cmc_irony.htm (6074 words)

	Irony - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Television journalist Louis Theroux is someone who has demonstated expert use of Socratic irony to his audience, by interviewing a number of diverse individuals with an air of relaxed naivety and appreciative curiosity.
		The expression "irony of fate" stems from the notion that the gods (or the Fates) are amusing themselves by
		This sort of meta-irony was almost certainly the goal of the writers of Saturday Night Live in their "Irony Theatre" sketch, in which guest host Jason Alexander presided over a Masterpiece Theatre-like presentation of short films which, to his increasing dismay, lacked ironic content.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /irony.htm (1711 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| The Guardian \| The final irony
		Irony is a state of affairs or an event that seems deliberately contrary to what one expects and is often amusing as a result.
		Irony is used as a synonym for cool, for cynicism, for detachment, for intelligence; it's cited as the end of civilisation, as well as its salvation.
		The sixth is that irony and cynicism are interchangeable.
	www.guardian.co.uk /weekend/story/0,3605,985375,00.html (2502 words)

	Notes on some types of irony
		In general, irony is the use of language to express both a surface meaning and a different underlying meaning.
		Socrates asked apparently simple, silly questions as a means of discovering whether the accepted wisdom of his time was based on sound principles.
		This is the common classification for irony that is used simply to express oneself, usually to a single audience, though the term could be correctly applied more broadly (e.g., to Socratic irony, which is a rhetorical means to an end).
	faculty.washington.edu /ewebb/Rome/Irony.html (771 words)

	Encyclopedia: Irony (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The purpose of Socratic Dsicussion was to produce a psychic shock to stop the mind in a state of ignorance (Aporia) which makes the possibility of finding the State of Happiness (Ataraxia), which is the what is meant Classically by Happiness and also in the American Declaration of Independence (pursuit of happiness).
		Jump to: navigation, search A tragedy may be defined loosely as any work of fiction in which the protagonist suffers a fall in his or her fortunes, and ends in a worse state than that in which they began.
		Another popular definition of irony appears in the 1997 film Con Air, in which Garland Greene, played by actor Steve Buscemi, states (while 'Sweet Home Alabama' plays in the background): 1997 is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Irony (4126 words)

	D. Anthony Storm's Commentary On Kierkegaard - The Concept of Irony
		Part One is on Socratic irony as exhibited by Plato, Xenophon and Aristophanes, with a closing section on Hegel.
		A pivotal passage from The Apology concerns Socrates' recount of the oracle at Delphi, which said that he was the wisest man. His interpretation was, after having addressed many reputed wise men, that he was wisest because he was aware of his ignorance, while others were not.
		Thus, since there is irony in the Apology, one cannot summarily reject it...because it is not Platonic irony, because it is indeed possible that Socrates' irony was different from Plato's....
	sorenkierkegaard.org /kw2a.htm (940 words)

	Ralph Dumain: "The Autodidact Project": "Irony" by Norman D. Knox
		Apart from Socrates, the rhetoricians thought of irony, in Quintilian’s terms, as either "trope," a brief figure of speech embedded in a straightforward context, or "schema," an entire speech or case presented in language and a tone of voice that conflict with the true situation.
		The comic irony of praise through blame, which had also originated in Socratic self-depreciation, remained a minor figure of speech until the early eighteenth century, when in England, at least, Swift, Pope, and their friends recognized it as a delightful mode in which to write letters and converse.
		Irony, which Schlegel sometimes called "Socratic irony," was "never-ending satire," "continual self-parody," by means of which the spirit "raises itself above all limited things," even over its "own art, virtue, or genius." On the other hand, it was in those very "things" that the spirit must now find itself.
	www.autodidactproject.org /other/ironydhi.html (4832 words)

	20th WCP: Spelunking with Socrates: A Study of Socratic Pedagogy in Plato's Republic
		Socrates goes to great lengths to emphasize that censorship should be used generously to prohibit the possibility of dangerous conclusions by the guardians.
		For example, Socrates censors corrupting instances of poetry from the guardians' ears because they are "'...poetic and sweet for the many to hear, but the more poetic they are, the less should they be heard by boys and men who must be free and accustomed to fearing slavery more than death'" (Republic, 387b).
		Socrates fears that the lilting words of the poets may hinder a noble conception of death—a vital characteristic for the guardian class.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Anci/AnciBout.htm (4555 words)

	Irony and Ignorance
		The irony is that pressure in one direction elicits pressure in the other; whenever one group of volunteers works toward change, another group often reacts to preserve tradition or advocate yet another alternative.
		In rhetoric, irony is simply that figure of speech in which the speaker's intended meaning is the opposite of that expressed by the words used.
		IRONY: a method of humorous or subtly sarcastic expression in which the intended meaning of the words is the direct opposite of their usual sense.
	www.geocities.com /eirig (14321 words)

	SOCRATES: Philosophy's martyr
		Socrates is based on a chapter from the first volume of his forthcoming two-volume history of western philosophy, The Dream of Reason.
		A few academic essays about Socrates are available online---for example, The Socratic Elenchus as a Search for Truth, by Andrew N. Carpenter of U.C.Berkeley; and a discussion of Kierkegaard’s work on Socratic irony, by D. Anthony Storm.
		A contrarian view of Socrates is expressed in Socrates had it coming, which is on a site describing itself as "Your One-Stop Shopping for Sedition", and as a selection of "Conservative, Libertarian, Constitutionalist, Militia, and Patriot thought".
	www.btinternet.com /~socratic (660 words)

	Irony
		The word irony is frequently used figuratively, especially in such phrases as "the irony of fate," of an issue or result that seems to contradict the previous state or condition.
		It may take several forms; the character speaking may be conscious of the irony of his words while the rest of the actors may not, or he may be unconscious and the actors share the knowledge with the spectators, or the spectators may alone realize irony.
		Various analyses have been made of the lyrics of the song to attempt to determine whether they are or are not ironic, generally for the purposes of humour or simple mockery[?] of Morissette.
	www.fastload.org /ir/Irony.html (411 words)

	IRONY - Definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		[n] incongruity between what might be expected and what actually occurs; "the irony of Ireland's copying the nation she most hated"
		[n] witty language used to convey insults or scorn; "he used sarcasm to upset his opponent"; "irony is wasted on the stupid"
		Made or consisting of iron; partaking of iron; iron; as, irony chains; irony particles.
	www.hyperdictionary.com /search.aspx?Dict=&define=irony (127 words)

	Irony - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		For the song by Alanis Morissette, see Ironic (song)
		In 2004, Alanis stated that "the most ironic thing about 'Ironic' is that it's not filled with ironies" and acknowledged that the song doesn't live up to the definition, which is what makes it ironic.
		"The final irony (http://www.guardian.co.uk/weekend/story/0,3605,985375,00.html)" – a Guardian article about irony, use and misuse of the term
	www.hackettstown.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Irony (1738 words)

	Sharing Our Pathways Volume 8, Issue 5
		Long forgotten is the Socratic method, which promotes listening by the students and gentle facilitating by the instructor.
		Because of the pretended deference, which Socrates played to the superior intelligence of his pupil, this stage of the method was called "Socratic Irony".
		The Socratic method can bring out concepts and ideas by the questioning of the instructor and allow for the students to explore what they have learned and what that knowledge means to them.
	www.ankn.uaf.edu /sop/SOPv8i5.html (7571 words)

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