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Topic: Sodium benzoate

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	Sodium benzoate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is the sodium salt of benzoic acid and exists in this form when dissolved in water.
		Sodium benzoate is effective only in acidic conditions (pH < 3.6) making its use most prevalent in foods such as preserves, salad dressings (vinegar), carbonated drinks (carbon dioxide), jams (citric acid), fruit juices (citric acid), and chinese food sauces (soy, mustard, and duck).
		Because of this the use of sodium benzoate in animal food is forbidden.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sodium_benzoate (343 words)

	BENZOIC ACID AND SODIUM BENZOATE
		After oral uptake, benzoic acid and sodium benzoate are rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and metabolized in the liver by conjugation with glycine, resulting in the formation of hippuric acid, which is rapidly excreted via the urine.
		Benzoic acid is slightly irritating to the skin and irritating to the eye, while sodium benzoate is not irritating to the skin and is only a slight eye irritant.
		Sodium benzoate is also used in pharmaceuticals for preservation purposes (up to 1.0% in liquid medicines) and for therapeutic regimens in the treatment of patients with urea cycle enzymopathies (see section 9).
	www.inchem.org /documents/cicads/cicads/cicad26.htm (12007 words)

	Ammonul Online, Description, Chemistry, Ingredients - Sodium Phenylacetate and Sodium Benzoate Injection - RxList ...
		(sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate) Injection 10% / 10% is a sterile, concentrated, aqueous solution of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate, used for the treatment of hyperammonemia in urea cycle disorders.
		Sodium phenylacetate is a crystalline, white to off-white powder with a strong, offensive odor.
		Sodium benzoate is a white and odorless, crystalline powder that is readily soluble in water.
	www.rxlist.com /cgi/generic4/ammonul.htm (192 words)

	sodium benzoate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Sodium benzoate, also known as benzoate of sodium, is the sodium salt of benzoic acid.
		Sodium benzoate is used as a preservative in food.
		Sodium benzoate works best in acidic environments and is used in such foods as salad dressing, pickles, fruit juices, and carbonated drinks.
	www.cas.astate.edu /draganjac/sodiumbenzoate.html (94 words)

	Lumen Foods: Sodium Benzoate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Sodium benzoate is freely found in nature, and in fact, even organically grown cranberries or prunes can contain levels of benzoic acid that exceed the legal limit imposed by the FDA on U.S. food manufacturers (0.1% by weight), although the level normally found in berries will be in the range of 0.05 to 0.1%.
		Sodium benzoic, as well as benzoic acid are completely SAFE, and like the preservative, potassium sorbate (sorbic acid), have been labelled SAFE by the leading food additive authority, Dr. Michael Jacobsen, founder and president of Center for Science in the Public Interest.
		Sodium benzoate has been the subject of extensive experimentation: it has been tested in longitudinal and short-term feeding experiements in man, dogs, and rats.
	www.soybean.com /sb.htm (421 words)

	Venture \| Chemical Food Preservatives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Benzoic acid is the compound with the antimicrobial properties, and is found naturally in cranberries, prunes, greengage plums, cinnamon, ripe cloves and apples.
		Sodium benzoate is the sodium salt of benzoic acid and is preferred over benzoic acid in many food applications because it is 180 times more soluble in water.
		Sodium benzoate is used in fruit products, jams, relishes, beverages, dressings, salads, pie and pastry fillings, icings, olives and sauerkraut, and is against yeasts, some bacteria (foodborne pathogens but not spoilage bacteria) and some molds.
	www.nysaes.cornell.edu /fst/fvc/Venture/venture2_chemical.html (730 words)

	sodium benzoate, potassium benzoate, specialty chemicals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Other large uses for benzoic acid are as a raw material in the production of caprolactam (for nylon fibers), glycol dibenzoate plasticizer esters, and the food preservatives sodium and potassium benzoate.
		Benzyl benzoate is also used as a miticide and in food applications, such as confectioneries and chewing gums.
		While sodium benzoate was for years the only form of benzoate available, potassium benzoate is now available.
	www.noveon.com /products/NoveonKalama/kciprodn.asp (951 words)

	Lori A. Garlock '98 - CSB \| SJU - Nutrition Department (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the optimum levels of potassium sorbate (PS) and sodium benzoate (SB) to inhibit aerobic growth and yeast and mold growth without affecting the taste of the three different types of salads.
		Sodium benzoate is an effective inhibitor of yeast and bacteria but is less effective against mold.
		Sodium benzoate does have a distinctive taste and is an inexpensive ingredient.
	www.csbsju.edu /nutrition/Research/lgarlockresearch.htm (481 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		However, the known sodium benzoate granules are found to be highly smearable, as a consequence of which clogging readily takes place in, for instance, processing equipment used in the treatment and transport of these granules.
		Upon drying and processing of the sodium benzoate granules, moreover, dust formation generally occurs, which is undesirable from the point of view of good occupational hygiene and from the point of view of good process efficiency.
		Examples of the alkaline (earth) metal benzoate particles to which the process according to the invention applies are particles obtained via a granulation technique, for instance fluid bed granulation, pelletizing, steam granulation, wet granulation or pan granulation and particles obtained via an extrusion technique, for instance high-pressure extrusion and low-pressure extrusion.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=00/47543.000817&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (2886 words)

	Noveon Kalama Potassium Benzoate Product Bulletin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		It is designed to replace sodium benzoate in applications where the preserving power of benzoic acid is required, but where a low sodium content is desired.
		This is because the ratio of undissociated benzoic acid (free benzoic acid) to ionized benzoic acid increases as the pH decreases.
		Potassium benzoate may be used in carbonated and still beverages, syrups, cider, salted margarine, olives, sauces, relishes, jellies, jams, preserves, pastry and pie fillings, low fat salad dressing, fruit salads, prepared salads, and in storage of vegetables.
	www.noveon.com /products/NoveonKalama/kobzpbn.htm (1294 words)

	Sodium Benzoate - Melbourne Australia
		Sodium benzoate is the sodium salt of benzoic acid.
		Sodium benzoate is effective only in an acidic environment making its use most prevalent in foods such as preserves, salad dressings, carbonated drinks, jams, fruit juices, and chinese food sauces.
		Animals have a significantly lower tolerance against benzoic acid and its salts, this is why of this the use of sodium benzoate in animal food is forbidden.
	www.mfcd.net /depot/PROD/sodben.asp (182 words)

	Benzoic acid (CASRN 65-85-0), IRIS, Environmental Protection Agency
		Based on data regarding the amounts of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate produced as a food preservative, FDA (1973) estimated a daily per capita intake of 0.9-34 mg for benzoic acid and 34-328 mg for sodium benzoate.
		In the stomach, both benzoic acid and sodium benzoate exist in their ionized form, benzoate, which is absorbed rapidly and completely by the GI tract.
		The equivalent benzoic acid doses, adjusted for moleculer weight differences between sodium benzoate and benzoic acid, are 3502 mg/kg/day and 3367 mg/kg/day for males and females, respectively.
	www.epa.gov /IRIS/subst/0355.htm (1982 words)

	Preservatives
		Sodium sorbate is the sodium salt of sorbic acid.
		The sodium salt of propyl para-hydroxybenzoate, E217 is produced from benzoic acid and is an antimicrobial preservative.
		Sodium nitrite is the sodium salt of nitrous acid.
	www.chm.bris.ac.uk /webprojects2001/anderson/preservatives.htm (2274 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate was granted orphan drug status by the FDA, with 7 years of exclusivity based on long-term compassionate patient use in patients with UCD.
		The efficacy of sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of acute hyperammonemia has been demonstrated in an analysis of data from 316 patients who were hospitalized with acute hyperammonemia (1,045 episodes) over a 22-year period of time.
		Conclusion Sodium phenylacetate and sodium benzoate injection is an ammonia-scavenging rescue agent that has demonstrated efficacy as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of acute hyperammonemia and associated encephalopathy in patients with urea cycle disorder (UCD).
	www.heritage-info.com /mocaidrx/june2005drugs/Ammonulmon.doc (1971 words)

	Ingredients -- Sodium benzoate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Sodium benzoate converts to benzoic acid when use in acidic mixtures.
		Benzoic acid has good anti-microbial features, but does not dissolve well in water, whereas sodium benzoate dissolves very well in water.
		Sodium benzoate is used in acidic foods and products to control bacteria, mold, yeasts, and other microbes.
	sci-toys.com /ingredients/sodium_benzoate.html (113 words)

	Sodium Benzoate & Benzoic Acid I.P. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Benzoic Acid in free State or in the form of salts is widely distributed in nature.
		Sodium Benzoate and Benzoic Acid are employed in a wide range of preservative applications because of its combination of bactericidal and bacteriostatic action with non-toxicity and tastelessness.
		Sodium Benzoate is also used with Fumaric Acid and Boric Acid for preservation of fish.
	www.shreeadditives.com /htmlsite/5f.htm (749 words)

	Re: How toxic is sodium benzoate?
		Sodium benzoate is a very widespread food preservative used much under 0.1% in many foods from soup to cereals.
		Degradation pathways for benzoic acid (produced in the body from the sodium salt) have been studied in detail and have shown the harmlessness of this substance: 75-80% is excreted within 6 hours, and the total dose leaves the body within about 10 hours.
		The limit of sodium benzoate in foods is not because of its toxicity, but at levels higher than 0.1% will leave an unacceptable aftertaste.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/sep2000/969376641.Ch.r.html (322 words)

	Sodium Benzoate
		Sodium Benzoate is not considered hazardous under the OSHA standard.
		Sodium Benzoate is not subject to the reporting requirements of Sections 311 or 312 of SARA Title III.
		Sodium Benzoate does not contain ingredients (at a level of 1% or more) on the List of Toxic Chemicals in Section 313 of SARA Title III.
	www.tradezone.com /tradesites/sodiumbenzoate.html (561 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Sodium in diet
		Sodium is also critical for the functioning of muscles and nerves.
		The most common form of sodium is sodium chloride, which is table salt.
		In addition, sodium may lead to fluid retention in patients with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, or kidney disease.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/002415.htm (523 words)

	Educational Review Aug 2005
		Sodium benzoate is also added to oral drugs for flavour and is used to treat dental plaque, due to its antibacterial properties.
		Diagnosis and management of benzoate sensitivity is fraught with difficulties, as are many conditions that are triggered or exacerbated by naturally-occurring chemicals or food additives that exert their effects on the body by non-immunologically mediated mechanisms, most of which are incompletely understood.
		A person avoiding all benzoates as additives would normally consume a very low level of benzoate, so simply avoiding the chemical as an additive may be sufficient to maintain a symptom-free state without concern for the amount of natural benzoates in food.
	www.allergyadvisor.com /educational/Aug05_2.htm (5066 words)

	Sodium Benzoate and Sodium Phenylacetate (Systemic) - MayoClinic.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Sodium benzoate and sodium phenylacetate combination has not been studied in pregnant women or animals.
		It is not known whether sodium benzoate and sodium phenylacetate combination passes into the breast milk.
		There is no specific information comparing the use of sodium benzoate and sodium phenylacetate in the elderly with use in other age groups.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/drug-information/DR202524 (941 words)

	Organic Synthesis - Benzyl Benzoate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		This benzyl benzoate supercools readily, but after solidifying melts within one degree of the highest recorded value (19.4'0) and therefore need not be refractionated, unless material of exceptional grade is required.
		Simultaneously, the sodium benzylate is converted into sodium benzoate, which is of no value for inducing the desired reaction, and consequently very little benzyl benzoate is obtained.
		If it is found to contain sufficient benzoic acid to react with a considerable proportion of the sodium alcoholate, a poor yield of ester will be obtained.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/sci/chemistry/OrganicSynthesis/chap2.html (663 words)

	Effect of Pantothenic Acid on Hippurate Formation in Sodium Benzoate-Treated HepG2 Cells -- PALEKAR 48 (3): 357 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Green TP, Marchessault RP, Freese DK 1983 Disposition of sodium benzoate in newborn infants with hyperammonemia.
		Gatley JS, Sherratt HSA 1977 The synthesis of hippurate from benzoate and glycine by rat liver mitochondria.
		Ji M, Tremblay GC 1993 The relative toxicity of pivalate, benzoate, and valproate to gluconeogenesis, ureagenesis, and hippurate synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes.
	www.pedresearch.org /cgi/content/full/48/3/357 (1998 words)

	Nature's Flavors : Sodium Benzoate Vegan, Gluten free,kosher,100% pure, Artificial preservative For canning
		Nature’s Flavors sodium benzoate comes in two forms; as a pure crystalline powder and as a 25% solution in distilled water.
		When using sodium benzoate as a preservative, use twice as much acid as preservative in the finished product.
		Potassium sorbate, citric acid, and a 25% sodium benzoate solution can also be purchased in a combination solution.
	www.naturesflavors.com /product_info.php?cPath=8&products_id=3732 (374 words)

	020. Benzoate, sodium (FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series 40abc)
		Biological Data The biological data on benzoic acid and sodium benzoate as given in the Sixth Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (FAO/WHO, 1962) are, relevant for the evaluation of potassium benzoate.
		Evaluation There is no reason to believe that potassium benzoate differs toxicologically from benzoic acid and sodium benzoate when these are used as food additives.
		The estimated acceptable daily intakes of benzoic acid and its sodium salt for man given in the Sixth Report are therefore considered applicable to the potassium salt.
	www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/40abcj02.htm (458 words)

	Determination of Saccharin, Sodium Benzoate and Caffeine in Carbonated Beverages by HPLC
		Determination of Saccharin, Sodium Benzoate and Caffeine in Carbonated Beverages by HPLC (1)
		Scope: This method has been evaluated for the recovery of saccharin, caffeine and sodium benzoate from spiked samples of ginger ale in the 40-800 ppm range for saccharin and caffeine and in the 500-1500 ppm range for sodium benzoate.
		Note 1: Under the chromatographic conditions given sodium saccharin and sodium benzoate elute from the column as saccharin and benzoic acid respectively.
	www.hc-sc.gc.ca /fn-an/res-rech/analy-meth/chem/lpfc-102_01_e.html (599 words)

	Rescue therapy for hyperammonemia approved (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The ammonia-scavenging agent is indicated as adjunctive therapy for treatment of acute hyperammonemia and associated encephalopathy in patients with urea cycle disorder (UCD), a congenital deficiency of a urea cycle enzyme that prevents individuals from eliminating ammonia from their bloodstream.
		Sodium phenylacetate–sodium benzoate should only be used as rescue therapy and only administered I.V. in a hospital setting using a central line.
		Injections of sodium phenylacetate–sodium benzoate can be repeated until the patient’s ammonia level returns to normal or the patient can tolerate oral nutrition and medications.
	www.pharmacist.com /articles/h_ts_0740.cfm (395 words)

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