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Topic: Sodium vapor

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sodium chloride

sodium hydroxide

sodium carbonate

sodium bicarbonate

sodium nitrate

sodium hypochlorite

Sodium dodecyl sulfate

sodium cyanide

sodium sulfate

Sodium thiopental

potassium sodium tartrate

sodium silicate

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	Sodium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sodium is a soft, waxy, silvery reactive metal belonging to the alkali metals that is abundant in natural compounds (especially halite).
		Sodium is relatively abundant in stars and the D spectral lines of this element are among the most prominent in star light.
		Sodium chloride, better known as common salt, is the most common compound of sodium, but sodium occurs in many other minerals, such as amphibole, cryolite, halite, soda niter, zeolite, etc. Sodium compounds are important to the chemical, glass, metal, paper, petroleum, soap, and textile industries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sodium (952 words)

	Sodium vapor lamp - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		LPS Lamps (Low Pressure Sodium), also known as SOX Lamps (Sodium OXide), consist of an outer vacuum envelope of glass coated with an infrared reflecting layer of indium-tin oxide, a semi-conductor material that allows the visible light wavelengths out and keeps the infrared (heat) back.
		High pressure sodium (HPS) lamps are smaller and contain some other elements (for example, mercury), produce a dark pink glow when first struck, and produce a pinkish orange light when warmed up.
		Because of the extremely high chemical activity of the high pressure sodium arc, the arc tube is typically made of translucent aluminum oxide (alumina).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Low_pressure_sodium_lamp (388 words)

	Discharge Lamp Theory and Other Technical Information
		The sodium vapor pressure is controlled by the temperature of the "amalgam reservoir(s)" of the arc tube, where any unevaporated mercury and sodium reside.
		The sodium vapor pressure is controlled by the temperature of the amalgam reservoirs at the ends of the arc tube.
		Often, especially in mercury vapor lamps, the arc temperature is surprisingly constant, and this leads to a surprisingly constant thermal conduction loss from the arc, in watts per centimeter of arc length.
	www.uvlamp.com /TechArt/disch.htm (3862 words)

	Mercury-vapor lamp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Mercury vapor lamps (and their relatives) are often used because they are relatively efficient while still offering better color rendition than either low- or even high-pressure sodium vapor lamps.
		The mercury vapor lamp is a negative resistance device and requires auxiliary electronics to prevent it from from destroying itself.
		Sodium iodide and Scandium iodide are commonly in use.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/m/mercury-vapor-lamp.htm (822 words)

	PIRA 7B11.00 ABSORPTION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A grating spectrometer that resolves the sodium d lines is used to show emission by a salt flame and absorption of white light by the flame.
		Illuminate half a slit with a sodium flame, half with sunlight from a heliostat.
		White light is passed through sodium flames before being dispersed by a prism.
	www.physics.ncsu.edu /pira/7modern/7B11.html (315 words)

	Patent 4061939: Low noise sodium vapor lamp for sonic pulse operation
		This invention relates to high pressure sodium vapor lamps specially designed for operation on sonic frequency pulses with short duty cycles in order to raise the color temperature and improve the color rendition, and is concerned with reducing the noise level in such lamps.
		The object of the invention is to provide high pressure sodium vapor lamps which are substantially noisefree on sonic pulse operation, that is, lamps in which the noise level is low enough for comfortable use indoors.
		I have determined that a major source of noise in sonic pulse operation of prior art lamps is the stem press or seal of the outer glass envelope or jacket wherein the welds of the inner and outer nickel portions to the intermediate portion of the inleads are embedded in glass.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4061939.html (2741 words)

	Sodium vapor lamp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Sodium Vapor Lamp is a gas discharge lamp which uses sodium in an excited state to produce light.
		'Low Pressure Sodium Lamps' also known as SOX Lamps consist of an outer vacuum envelope of glass coated with an infrared reflecing layer of Indium (allows the light wavelengths out and keeps the infrared (heat)in).
		High pressure Sodium lamps are quite efficient — about 100 lm/W.
	www.encyclopedia-1.com /s/so/sodium_vapor_lamp.html (192 words)

	Patent 4253037: High-pressure sodium-vapor discharge lamp
		Only a part of the sodium and a part of the mercury in the discharge tube are present as vapor in the operating condition of the lamp.
		Only a part of the sodium and a part of the mercury in the discharge tube 42 are present as vapor in the operating condition of the lamp.
		The temperature of the coldest spot in the discharge tube 42 in the operating condition of the lamp is approximately 1050 K. A sodium vapor pressure of approximately 500 torr corresponds therewith.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4253037.html (3271 words)

	Re: How do sodium vapor lamps glow?
		When a sodium lamp is energized, the high voltage start-up pulse ionizes the starting gas in the arc tube, and a gas arc is established between the main electrodes.
		Sodium light is strongest in the yellow and orange range of the spectrum and weakest in the blue-green wavelengths.
		Spent sodium lamps contain sufficient mercury to meet the US definition of a hazardous waste, and should always be recycled or disposed of properly.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/dec97/879297655.Eg.r.html (523 words)

	Sodium -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Sodium in its metallic form is an essential component in the making of (Formed by reaction between an acid and an alcohol with elimination of water) esters and in the manufacture of (A fertilizer that is derived from animal or vegetable matter) organic compounds.
		Sodium is relatively abundant in ((astronomy) a celestial body of hot gases that radiates energy derived from thermonuclear reactions in the interior) stars and the D (Click link for more info and facts about spectral line) spectral lines of this element are among the most prominent in star light.
		Sodium makes up about 2.6% by weight of the (The 3rd planet from the sun; the planet on which we live) Earth's crust making it the fourth most abundant element overall and the most abundant alkali metal.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/so/sodium.htm (1891 words)

	PIRA 7B13.00 RESONANCE RADIATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A sodium furnace in an evacuated bell jar produces a sodium vapor beam that forms a "pencil" of resonance reradiation when illuminated with sodium light.
		A sodium vapor bulb is prepared and heated in a furnace while sodium and mercury light is passed through.
		Measure the resonance polarization of mercury light from a quartz resonance cell of mercury vapor is measured.
	www.physics.ncsu.edu /pira/7modern/7B13.html (275 words)

	Crystallization Conditions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Crystallization experiments were performed in hanging drops by vapor diffusion technique at 37 ° C, 19 ° C and 4 ° C. Crystals were grown in 20 µl droplets applied to the inside of the lid of sterile plastic Petri dish.
		Purified virus was crystallized either by dialysis in 5 to 100 µl of ammonium sulfate in 0.1 M sodium phosphate (pH 7.6), containing a trace of NaN3 as a preservative or in vapor diffusion chambers in which the virus droplet had been diluted with an equal volume of the ammonium sulfate solution in the reservoir.
		An orthorhombic crystals were prepared by hanging drop vapor diffusion method with 2.8% PEG 8000 in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 in the reservoir with an initial virus concentration of 5 mg/ml and 1.4% PEG 8000 in the same buffer in the hanging drop.
	mmtsb.scripps.edu /viper/crystals.php (5433 words)

	Why is lightning colored? (gas excitations)
		In gas excitations it is specific atoms, present as a vapor or a gas, which have their electrons raised into higher energy levels by a variety of excitations; light is then emitted when the excess energy is released as photons.
		Sodium- and mercury-vapor lamps efficiently emit yellow and bright blue, respectively, and are often used in parking lots, where they distort the color of our autos.
		Gas lasers, as in the helium-neon laser, use gas excitations with optical feedback from mirrors at each end of the tube to produce coherent light, in which all the light waves have almost the same frequency and are coherent, that is, in step, both in space and in time.
	www.webexhibits.org /causesofcolor/4.html (672 words)

	Patent 4442378: High pressure sodium vapor lamp having resistance heater means
		An improved high pressure sodium vapor lamp is described having resistance heater means contained within a tubular light-transmitting ceramic envelope that further contains a reservoir of sodium-mercury amalgam in excess of the quantity vaporized during lamp operation in order to heat the ceramic envelope before lamp starting and thereby reduce the starting voltage requirements.
		It is also known that the color temperature of high pressure sodium vapor lamp operation varies undesirably with the overall lamp color point depending to a significant degree on the temperature of the cold spot in the arc tube where amalgam condensation takes place.
		Resistance heater means have also been located inside the arc tube of the sodium vapor lamp to stabilize the cold spot temperature and amalgam vapor pressure which tend to rise during lamp operating life.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4442378.html (2490 words)

	Vapor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Sodium vapor lamp Sodium Vapor Lamp is a light.
		Although vapor and gas are frequently used interchangeably, vapor often carries th...
		Vapor pressure The vapor pressure is the vapor.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/vapor.html (137 words)

	AllRefer.com - potassium, Compound & Element (Compounds And Elements) - Encyclopedia
		Potassium has several useful tartaric acid salts, e.g., Rochelle salt (sodium potassium tartrate), tartar (argol) and cream of tartar (potassium hydrogen tartrate), and tartar emetic (potassium antimony tartrate).
		With sodium the metal forms alloys that are liquid at room temperature; these alloys are sometimes used in chemical reactions.
		Potassium metal is produced commercially by a thermochemical process in which molten potassium chloride is reacted with sodium vapor; this method is also used to produce liquid sodium-potassium alloys.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/potas.html (548 words)

	Light induced drift effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Sodium vapor was admitted through a stub and lateral orifice at the midpoint of the cell.
		The vapor admission rate was regulated by autonomous heating of the stub.
		The remainder part of the light was used for shutting the sodium vapor in the auxiliary capillary.
	www.iae.nsk.su /~lab12/lid/lid_exp.htm (574 words)

	High Pressure Sodium Lamps HPS HID Lamps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		High pressure sodium lamps are a type of lighting called HID or high intensity discharge.
		High pressure sodium lamps have generally a greater light output, golden white light (sometimes people say yellowish) and require special ballasts and fixtures for each specific lamp.
		Sodium bulbs are HID light sources, which produce light by an electrical discharge through sodium vapor operating at relatively high pressures and temperatures.
	www.866blilamps.com /high_pressure_sodium.html (591 words)

	Flickr: Sodium Vapor Dreams
		A group for all the city dwelling night creatures.
		Shots taken under the sodium vapor street lights.
		Discussion feeds for Sodium Vapor Dreams Available as RSS 2.0 and Atom
	www.flickr.com /groups/sodium_vapor_dreams (29 words)

	Color Of Sodium Vapor Lights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Sodium vapor lamps emit an orange or amber-looking light They are the steet lamps that are commonly used these days.
		They were using sodium vapor lighting which most of Hong Kong is lit by and which has produced...
		I am going to be shooting a church at night which is illuminated by a Sodium Vapor flood light.
	www.hotpoint-washing-machines.co.uk /hotpoint/color_of_sodium_vapor_lights.html (595 words)

	The role of aluminum surface alloying in improving the corrosion resistance of silicon nitride under the influence of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The role of aluminum surface alloying in improving the corrosion resistance of silicon nitride under the influence of sodium vapor.
		Unimplanted and implanted $\rm Si\sb3N\sb4$ samples were exposed in atmospheric pressure oxygen enriched with 100 and 220 ppm sodium nitrate vapor at 900$\sp\circ$-1100$\sp\circ$C for 0.5 to 8 hours.
		It has been revealed, experimentally and theoretically, that for a given sodium content in the gas phase, an optimum aluminum alloying concentration exists which will minimize the detrimental effect of sodium on the corrosion resistance of $\rm Si\sb3N\sb4$.
	digitalcommons.stevens.edu /dissertations/AAI9903538 (494 words)

	Howstuffworks "How do the blue-ish headlights on expensive luxury cars work?"
		We normally see HID lamps in the form of mercury vapor and sodium vapor lights used as street lamps and as outdoor lighting for stadiums.
		In the case of sodium vapor, they are twice as efficient as normal fluorescent bulbs.
		In the case of mercury vapor lamps, it is a high-pressure gas, the distance between the electrodes is very short and the light is produced directly without the need for the phosphor.
	www.howstuffworks.com /question387.htm (320 words)

	The Comparison of Energetics between Sodium Vapor Explosion and Steam Explosion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the present study, the energetics of sodium vapor explosion and steam explosion are numerically investigated.
		The energetics of sodium vapor explosion and steam explosion are compared under both hydrodynamic and thermal fragmentation mechanisms.
		Although the energy conversion ratio of sodium vapor explosion is at the same level as that of steam explosion, the total mechanical energy release is limited by the mass of melt and internal energy available in the explosion.
	www3.inspi.ufl.edu /icapp03/program/abstracts/3068.html (491 words)

	History of Electric Lighting Technology
		Mercury vapor arc lamps are roughly 20% efficient in turning electricity into light, Unfortunately, their light is particularly cold, harsh, blue-green in color.
		A different type of sodium arc lamp, the low pressure sodium arc lamp, is the most efficient arc lamp known today in turning electricity into visible light.
		They tend to not be quite as efficient as the high pressure sodium vapor lamp, but they put out a much more white light.
	www.sheldonbrown.com /marty_light_hist.html (2224 words)

	Sodium Vapor Lighting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Sodium vapor lamps emit an orange or amber-looking light They are the steet lamps that are commonly used...
		Sodium vapor lamps are used on some highways, as are color-corrected mercury-vapor discharge lamps.
		They were using sodium vapor lighting which most of...
	www.domestic-lighting-uk.co.uk /lights/sodium_vapor_lighting.html (474 words)

	Chemical of the Week -- Gases that emit light
		Mercury vapor also emits blue light, and sodium vapor emits yellow.
		Fluorescent lamps are constructed in a similar fashion to neon lamps: a glass tube filled with mercury vapor and having an electrode at each end.
		Ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 254 nm is produced along with the blue light that is emitted when an electric current is passed through mercury vapor.
	scifun.chem.wisc.edu /CHEMWEEK/gasemit/gasemit.html (1057 words)

	Frictional Properties of Sintered Iron-Base Materials with Calcium Fluoride Additions in Liquid Sodium and Sodium Vapor ...
		Abstract: In rubbing tests carried out in a sodium vapor atmosphere on calcium fluoride-containing iron-base sintered materials under a load of 20 kgf/sq cm at a sliding speed of 3.14 m/min and a temperature of 310 C, the best bearing characteristics were found to be exhibited by Fe15Mo6CaF(sub 2).
		In operation in an argon atmosphere with sodium vapor, sintered Fe6CaF(sub 2) and Fe9CaF(sub 2) materials are inferior to Kh18N10T steel, but their coefficients of friction are lower and their stability is greater than those of the stainless steel.
		This material is well suited for use in frictional units operating in liquid sodium and sodium vapor.
	www.stormingmedia.us /72/7219/D721911.html (264 words)

	Low Wattage Sodium Vapor Light (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The lumen ratings of Low Pressure Sodium lamps are based on the average performance of large groups of lamps operated at rated watts in the specified operating position on a standard reference reactor.
		Choose your mercury vapor, metal halide, low pressure sodium, high pressure sodium and self-ballasted mercury vapor.
		A lamp where light is produced from sodium vapor at alow partial pressure...
	www.dietspots.com /118/low-wattage-sodium-vapor-light.html (607 words)

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