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	RAM Reliability: Soft Errors
		Soft errors in memory are non-permanent errors which are "fixed" simply by writting new data to the memory.
		Soft errors can arise due to poor power regulation when a brown out occurs, since the memory in the computer may not get enough power to be properly refreshed.
		A better indication of the frequency of soft errors can be obtained from Micron (1997a, 1997b); the soft error rate MTBF of their DRAM modules ranges from 14 years to 142 years.
	www.crystallineconcepts.com /ram/ram-soft.html (1390 words)

	Soft error - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Errors may be caused by a defect, usually understood either to be a mistake in design or construction, or to be a broken component.
		Soft errors became widely known with the introduction of dynamic RAM in the 1970s.
		Soft errors in logic circuits other than memory are sometimes detected and corrected using the techniques of fault tolerant design.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soft_error (1384 words)

	Soft error resistant circuits - US Patent 6366132 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The soft error resistant keeper includes (a) a FET having a gate connected to the keeper node; (b) a FET having a gate connected to the domino node; and (c) an inverter between the domino and keeper nodes.
		A soft error is a change in the voltage state of a node in a circuit due to cosmic rays.
		The overall effect of circuit 80 is a significantly improved soft error reduction with a relatively high switch speed performance (i.e., speed in output signal q responding to a change in inputs during the evaluate phase).
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/6366132.html (5232 words)

	What is soft error? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary
		A soft error will not damage a system's hardware; the only damage is to the data that is being processed.
		Chip-level errors are rare because modern memory is so stable that it would take a typical computer with a large memory capacity at least 10 years before the radioactive elements of the chip's materials begin to decay.
		system-level soft error: These errors occur when the data being processed is hit with a noise phenomenon, typically when the data is on a data bus.
	www.webopedia.com /TERM/S/soft_error.html (244 words)

	A Brief Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		By virtue of their nature, soft errors are out of the scope of testing and verification, and are difficult to pinpoint on the field.
		While soft errors are not a new problem—they became widely known in 1970s with the introduction of dynamic RAM—the introduction of nanoscale technologies has magnified their effects on digital circuits and has effectively caused the industry of digital electronic circuits to enter an escalating reliability crisis.
		soft errors) are unpredictable and temporary malfunctions of a circuit.
	www.zerosoft.net /A_Brief_Introduction.html (379 words)

	PSU Neutron Beam Group (NBG)
		Soft errors, or single event effects (SEE), are transient circuit errors caused due to excess charge carriers induced primarily by external radiation.
		An even higher soft error rate of 4000 FIT was reported for a typical processor with approximately half of the errors affecting the processor core and the rest affecting the cache.
		The lack of fault models that abstract the physical phenomena of soft errors accurately in a fashion that is accessible to computer engineers and the absence of tools that analyze the effectiveness of soft error countermeasures are affecting researchers in their quest for taming the soft error problem.
	www.engr.psu.edu /nbg/Soft_Error_Analysis_Toolset.htm (1966 words)

	soft error - Enterprise Storage Forum, Leading Edge Coverage of the Storage Industry
		Soft errors typically can be remedied by cold booting the computer.
		A soft error will not damage a system's hardware; the only damage is to the data that is being processed.
		Chip-level errors are rare because modern memory is so stable that it would take a typical computer with a large memory capacity at least 10 years before the radioactive elements of the chip's materials begin to decay.
	enterprisestorageforum.webopedia.com /TERM/S/soft_error.html (240 words)

	Patent 4852060: Soft error resistant data storage cells
		These soft errors result from the collection of cosmic ray particle-induced excess charge at the data node of the latch which causes the stored data to change state.
		This first embodiment is the soft error resistant data storage cell with NFET word line transistors consistent with an active high word line clock voltage requirement (i.e., a positive-going clock signal voltage) to turn the word line transistors ON to write or read the stored data on the latch.
		The second embodiment is the soft error resistant data storage cell with PFET word line transistors consistent with an active low word line clock voltage requirement (i.e., a negative-going clock signal voltage) to turn the word line transistors ON to write or read the stored data on the latch.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4852060.html (4644 words)

	Combinational logic soft error correction
		We present two techniques for correcting radiation-induced soft errors in combinational logic — Error Correction using Duplication, and Error Correction using Time-Shifted Outputs.
		Simulation results show that both techniques reduce combinational logic soft error rate by more than an order of magnitude.
		Soft errors affecting sequential elements (latches and flip-flops) at combinational logic outputs are automatically corrected using these techniques.
	www.gigascale.org /pubs/890.html (201 words)

	Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Soft errors or transient errors are circuit errors caused due to excess charge carriers.
		The uniqueness of the toolset will be the support for soft error analysis ranging from device to architectural level.
		The design and validation of this toolset will be supported by accelerated soft error testing performed at the Breazeale nuclear research reactor at the Penn State campus.
	www.cse.psu.edu /~mdl/SE (235 words)

	ECC WHITEPAPER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Soft (correctable) errors occur when the electric charge is suddenly knocked off the capacitor inside a memory storage cell, causing the loss of a single bit of data.
		The soft error rate for a computer system can be estimated by multiplying the soft error rate for a DRAM cell by the number of cells in a chip and the number of chips in the system.
		Once error correction has been incorporated into a system, the probability of soft errors occurring is so low as to be completely irrelevant.
	www.corsairmicro.com /main/tecc.html (1297 words)

	Patent 5057893: Static RAM cell with soft error immunity
		Each of these nodes is at the connection of the drain of a pull-down transistor and the source-drain of a pass transistor which occurs in a doped region of the substrate in which the integrated circuit is formed.
		The soft error immunity is increased by increasing the capacitance of each of the storage nodes.
		Soft errors in dynamic random access memories (DRAMs) has been understood for quite some time as being caused primarily by the capacitor of one of the DRAM cells being struck by an alpha particle.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5057893.html (3612 words)

	Print Version-Fujitsu develops soft-error simulator (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd said it has developed soft-error simulator software with a margin for error of less than 15 percent compared to soft errors generated by a neutron white beam source.
		Soft errors cause by neutrons in secondary cosmic rays have emerged as a serious issue as more transistors are integrated into a single chip.
		For that purpose, simulation technology with a margin for error of 20 percent is required, according to Tosaka.
	www.eetasia.com /ARTP_8800354440_480100.HTM (331 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Soft Errors Soft errors are unexpected or unwanted changes in the value of a bit (or bits) somewhere in the memory.
		An error on the address bus will cause the PC to find the wrong bit or byte of data and the unexpected value might have the same results as if it were a data bus error.
		Initially, the hard error may appear to be a soft error (i.e., a memory glitch) however, rebooting the system does not alleviate the symptom and possibly the system will not reboot if it cannot pass the memory system self-test.
	longwood.cs.ucf.edu /courses/cgs3269.spr2002/memory4.doc (8582 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Alpha-particle-induced soft error in 256M DRAM was numerically investigated.
		The author investigated the soft error rate of 256M DRAM and identified the bit-bar mode as one of dominant modes for soft error.
		In addition, for the first time, it was found that trench-oxide depth has a significant influence on soft error rate, and it should be determined by the tradeoff between soft error rate and cell-to-cell isolation characteristics.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=687475 (187 words)

	ST \| New Chip Technology from STMicroelectronics Eliminates "Soft Error" Threat To Electronic Systems \| T1394H
		These soft errors are caused by ever-present nuclear particles that make up the earth's low intensity background radiation.
		The effect of these capacitors is to increase the amount of charge required to "flip" a memory cell, thus reducing the number of soft errors in any given time interval.
		Testing for neutron-induced soft errors was performed at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Centre, USA, where one hour's exposure to the neutron beam is equivalent to 15,753 years of normal operation at sea-level.
	www.st.com /stonline/press/news/year2003/t1394h.htm (1363 words)

	Soft Error Detection
		Soft errors occur when high-energy charged particles alter the stored charge in a memory cell in an electronic circuit.
		As device geometries have continued to shrink, the probability of soft errors in SRAM is becoming significant for some systems.
		The Soft Error Detection is a user-configurable IP core, which allows the configuration of the IP and generation of a netlist and simulation file for use in designs.
	www.latticesemi.com /products/intellectualproperty/ipcores/softerrordetection.cfm (304 words)

	Network Computing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		If this error is captured at counts of even one in an error packet, the NAUN and destination devices of the reporting station should be tested with diagnostics or by removing the stations from the ring and rerunning a protocol analysis session.
		This error signifies that the reporting RS has copied a frame that may have the same address as its own (a duplicate address.) It also is possible that the frame was corrupted on the ring.
		A token error is generated only by the active monitor in the event that it does not detect a token on the ring.
	ibg.networkcomputing.com /netdesign/15softerrors.html (1696 words)

	Solutions for Soft Errors in System on Chip Designs
		For today's single-bit errors, parity checking provides a simple but effective route for soft error detection and a pragmatic application of this approach would be the addition of one parity bit per byte.
		The detection and protection of areas of a microprocessor from the effects of soft errors is difficult; available solutions often incur significant penalties in area and performance and are still not always 100 percent effective in resolving soft errors.
		Although it is difficult to quantify the true threat presented by soft errors, the industry is agreed that the trend for SER is clearly set to rise with increasingly smaller process geometries.
	www.us.design-reuse.com /articles/article6930.html (1836 words)

	Soft Errors from Alpha Particles - a DRAM Failure
		The soft error rate depends on circuit sensitivity and the alpha flux emitted by the package of the device.
		Qcrit becomes smaller as devices are reduced in size and operating voltages, making soft errors a bigger problem for smaller devices.
		Soft error rates due to alpha particles may be
	www.siliconfareast.com /soft-error.htm (392 words)

	Maintaining Link Consistency in Distributed Hyperwebs
		Soft errors are temporary network errors due to routing problems or network overload.
		Figure 6 shows the effect of soft errors on the propagation delay and the traffic generated.
		A soft error rate of 10% means that in every step 10% of the update propagations will fail (10% of the servers are unreachable), which are chosen randomly.
	www.isoc.org /HMP/PAPER/073/html/paper.html (6229 words)

	Soft-Best.Net - Soft / Error Dcotor 2006 1.3
		ERROR DOCTOR™ will fix hidden bugs and errors on your PC and increase the overall performance speed of your computer by as much as 300%.
		After the scan is complete, ERROR DOCTOR™ will show you a full list of errors with details, and let you fix individual invalid entries or all invalid entries of a certain type.
		Before scanning your registry for errors, ERROR DOCTOR™ gives you the option to create a backup file(s) that can be used to undo the changes.
	soft-best.net /en/detail/error_dcotor_2006_13 (205 words)

	iRoC Technologies Introduces TFIT Software to Help Custom and Handcrafted Chips Meet Reliability Targets
		Because soft errors can't be eliminated using classic reliability techniques, they must be addressed during the design phase.
		ASIC and fabless companies are now feeling pressure from end customers to provide soft error probabilities, and they are turning to their foundries and IP vendors for help in addressing this.
		Together, the products allow designers to understand the soft error risk and sensitivities of their design, IP block or library before it is released to production -- in contrast to today's approach of knowing only after the finished product has been tested in a neutron beam facility.
	www.tmcnet.com /usubmit/2005/Mar/1122375.htm (1554 words)

	Robust System Design with Built-In Soft-Error Resilience (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Soft errors, also called single-event upsets, are radiation-induced transienterrors caused by neutrons generated from cosmic rays and alpha particlesgenerated by packaging material.
		Traditionally, soft errors were regarded as a major concern only for space applications.
		The effects of soft errors in sequential elements such as flip-flops,latches, and combinational logic must be evaluated, and effective protection mechanismsincorporated into the design.
	csdl2.computer.org /persagen/DLAbsToc.jsp?resourcePath=/dl/mags/co/&toc=comp/mags/co/2005/02/r2toc.xml&DOI=10.1109/MC.2005.70 (180 words)

	WildPackets - Soft Errors
		There may, or may not, be an Error Monitor on the ring to actually record or take action on the Soft Error Report.
		A parity error was detected during DMA (Direct Memory Access) between the adapter and the attached system.
		The Isolating error points to the immediate upstream neighbor; the AC Error points to the immediate upstream neighbor as being the one who didn’t set the bits properly in the AMP or SMP frame.
	www.wildpackets.com /support/compendium/token_ring/soft_errors/printable (1053 words)

	Token Ring Troubleshooting 1
		Keep in mind that soft errors are the less-critical type of errors that can occur on the ring, and they do not always indicate a definite problem with any associated network component through a Token Ring address.
		If a particular soft error occurs frequently and you have thoroughly analyzed the respective soft error and followed the recommended troubleshooting steps, yet cannot conclusively locate a failure cause for the error, go to page 15.4 and analyze the network bandwidth.
		If a hard error occurs frequently, and you have thoroughly analyzed the Beacon MAC frame and followed the recommended troubleshooting steps for the fault domain and yet cannot conclusively locate a failure cause for the error, go to page 15.4 and analyze the network bandwidth.
	www.gilanet.com /Ohlandl/NIC/tr_trouble_15.html (2019 words)

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