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	Foreign Affairs - The Decline of America's Soft Power - Joseph S. Nye, Jr.
		Skeptics of soft power (Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld professes not even to understand the term) claim that popularity is ephemeral and should not guide foreign policy.
		Soft power, therefore, is not just a matter of ephemeral popularity; it is a means of obtaining outcomes the United States wants.
		Some hard-line skeptics might counter that, whatever its merits, soft power has little importance in the current war against terrorism; after all, Osama bin Laden and his followers are repelled, not attracted, by American culture and values.
	www.foreignaffairs.org /20040501facomment83303/joseph-s-nye-jr/the-decline-of-america-s-soft-power.html (722 words)

	Soft power - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Soft power is a term used in international relations theory to describe the ability of a political body, such as a state, to indirectly influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies through cultural or ideological means.
		Soft power is contrasted with hard power, which has historically been the predominant realist measure of national power, through quantitative metrics such as population size, concrete military assets, or a nation's Gross Domestic Product.
		The resources from which soft power behavior is derived are culture (when it is attractive to others), values (when there is no hypocrisy in their application) and foreign polices (when they are seen as legitimate in the eyes of others).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soft_power (717 words)

	Power (international) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Great Powers are usually taken to be those nations or political entities that, through their great economic and military strength, are the arbiters of world diplomacy, and whose opinions must be taken into account by other nations before effecting initiatives.
		In Western thought, the power of a state is generally thought of in qualitative terms; however, in the current political thinking of the People's Republic of China, national power can be measured quantitatively using an index known as comprehensive national power.
		State power is often divided into hard power (military power) and soft power (economic or cultural or persuasive power).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Power_(international) (1201 words)

	Propaganda Isn't the Way: Soft Power: Joseph Nye
		Soft power is the ability to get what you want by attracting and persuading others to adopt your goals.
		Both hard and soft power are important in the war on terrorism, but attraction is much cheaper than coercion, and an asset that needs to be nourished.
		The lessons for those in the Pentagon who want to enhance America's soft power is that it will come not from military propaganda campaigns but from greater sensitivity to the opinions of others in the formulation of policies.
	www.ksg.harvard.edu /news/opeds/2003/nye_soft_power_iht_011003.htm (682 words)

	Amazon.ca: Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics: Books: Joseph S., Jr. Nye (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Soft Power, by Joseph Nye, Jr., is an interesting publication that blends together contemporary events and brief American history lessons to support his theme that America's success in its war on terrorism must rely on properly balancing two types of power.
		Soft power, which "arises from the attractiveness of a country's culture, political ideals, and policies" is the ability of that country to persuade other nations to share its objectives or desired outcomes.
		Soft Power, overall, is a very interesting read that cites themes that argue how our U.S. government needs to invest more of its budget in the State Department in order to exercise not just hard or soft power, but smart power.
	www.amazon.ca /Soft-Power-Means-Success-Politics/dp/1586483064 (3002 words)

	Between Hard and Soft Power:The Rise of Civilian-Based Struggle and Democratic Change
		Hard power is the use of military force and economic measures, often in response to short and intermediate crises; its policies are generally more coercive.
		Soft power is what makes America's ideas and society more attractive, in the words of Joe Nye, and includes measures such as cultural exchanges and public diplomacy.
		Soft power is applied consistently over the long term, and is designed to encourage cooperation and accommodation.
	www.state.gov /s/p/of/proc/34285.htm (6782 words)

	Europe’s Soft Power -Empire? - Global Policy Forum
		Others — both countries and nonstate actors — also possess soft power that can be used to help or hinder the United States’ achievement of its preferred outcomes.
		A measure of the EU’s emerging soft power is the view that it is a positive force for solving global problems.
		Soft power can be shared and used in a cooperative fashion.
	www.globalpolicy.org /empire/analysis/2004/0503softpower.htm (838 words)

	The Benefits of Soft Power - HBS Working Knowledge
		Hard and soft power are related because they are both aspects of the ability to achieve one's purpose by affecting the behavior of others.
		Soft power resources tend to be associated with the co-optive end of the spectrum of behavior, whereas hard power resources are usually associated with command behavior.
		Not all hard power actions promptly produce desired outcomes—witness the length and ultimate failure of the Vietnam War, or the fact that economic sanctions have historically failed to produce their intended outcomes in more than half the cases where they were tried.
	hbswk.hbs.edu /archive/4290.html (2539 words)

	Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Saddled as we are with a foreign policy that largely relies on the hard power of our military and economic might, rather than capitalizing on the soft power of shared values, we would all agree that America’s recent foreign policy initiatives are seen as less than successful in the eyes of the world.
		Soft power is essential to be able to attract the majorities to the values that I just described -- not necessarily to being Americans, but in a diverse and pluralistic world to better opportunities, education, health care, and a sense of dignity.
		The answer is not to pretend that hard power doesn’t matter -- it does and we will need to continue to use it -- but realise that to use hard power without combining it with soft power, which has all too often been the practice in the last few years, is a serious mistake.
	www.carnegiecouncil.org /viewMedia.php/prmTemplateID/8/prmID/4466 (6360 words)

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	THE PERILS OF 'SOFT POWER'
		The problem, however, is that many individuals and regimes regard the use of soft power by an adversary as a sign of weakness, and are thus emboldened in their deadly enterprises.
		The use of soft power did not prevent Mussolini's invasion of Abyssinia and the end of the League of Nations.
		Between 1980 and 1988, Germany and France used soft power to persuade the mullahs of Tehran to agree to a cease-fire in the Iran-Iraq war.
	www.travelbrochuregraphics.com /extra/perils_of_soft_power.htm (1161 words)

	Free Essay Soft Power and Chinese Foreign Policy
		First of all, with regard to the definition of soft power, I believe that soft power is an indirect but viable alternative to the hard power which can be used to compete with other political actors on the international scale.
		The effectiveness of soft power depends on the quality of interaction between public and decision maker in other countries and the shaping of international institutions and norms.
		The pursuit of soft power which I analyzed here was achieved by China through sacrificing some interests to maintain the credibility and keep consistent in international affairs.
	www.echeat.com /essay.php?t=26543 (2151 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Soft power lies in the ability to attract and persuade.
		Whereas hard power-the ability to coerce-grows out of a country's military or economic might, soft power arises from the attractiveness of a country's culture, political ideals, and policies.
		Of particular relevance for the current moment is the data he provides on the costly erosion in soft power that the war on terror and the invasion of Iraq have created for the United States.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/1586482254 (1144 words)

	Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics - Council on Foreign Relations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		So even though I think the neo-conservatives are right to say that democracy is part of our soft power, the means that they've chosen to implement that—they've stepped on their own message.
		Soft power does not attract a bin Laden or a Taliban or so forth—that's not the point.
		If the Europeans, who have a degree of soft power, because of what they created in Europe, are able to persuade people in Morocco or Algeria or Tunisia that they should gradually democratize, that's a plus for us.
	www.cfr.org /publication/6939/soft_power.html (7856 words)

	Think Again: Soft Power
		The concept, he asserts, is the power of “attraction,” as opposed to the power of “coercion” or “payment.” Soft power is not exclusively cultural power, yet exporting cultural goods that hold attraction for other countries can communicate values and influence those societies.
		Soft power will also help win the war on terror, as extremist and moderate Muslims compete for the support of ordinary people, Military maneuvers in the Middle East can’t succeed without a soft-power policy that convinces Muslims to reject radical groups who encourage violence.
		A country’s soft power can come from three resources: its culture (in places where it is attractive to others), its political values (when it lives up to them at home and abroad), and its foreign policies (when they are seen as legitimate and having moral authority).
	yaleglobal.yale.edu /display.article?id=7059 (1926 words)

	Project Syndicate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		But power, defined as the ability to influence others, comes in many guises, and soft power is not weakness.
		On the contrary, it is the failure to use soft power effectively that weakens America in the struggle against terrorism.
		Soft power is the ability to get what one wants by attracting others rather than threatening or paying them.
	www.project-syndicate.org /commentary/1542/1 (991 words)

	Presentation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Soft power arises from the attractiveness of a country’s culture, political ideals, and policies, whereas hard power — the ability to coerce — grows out of a country’s military or economic might.
		Soft power is always present, though sometimes the temptation in international politics is to ignore its significance to diplomacy.
		In fact, the use of Soviet hard power in Hungary and Czechoslovakia and the growth of its weapons stocks in the 1970s were directly correlated to the decline of Soviet soft power.
	info.worldbank.org /etools/bspan/PresentationView.asp?PID=1176&EID=604 (946 words)

	The Globalist \| Global Diplomacy -- Europe’s Soft Power
		Others — both countries and nonstate actors — also possess soft power that can be used to help or hinder the United States’ achievement of its preferred outcomes.
		A measure of the EU’s emerging soft power is the view that it is a positive force for solving global problems.
		Soft power can be shared and used in a cooperative fashion.
	www.theglobalist.com /DBWeb/printStoryId.aspx?StoryId=3886 (839 words)

	Amazon.com: Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics: Books: Joseph S. Nye (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Soft power is the ability to encourage, rather than force, other political entities to contribute to your best interests, and the best way to succeed in world politics is to smartly mix soft power with hard power - a tactic that has fallen by the wayside in very recent American history.
		In contrast, Chinese soft power is built for strategic necessities (or for regime security) in practical terms, while the soft power of European Union is built for ideology in cultural terms.
		Soft power is a very fascinating concept, but in terms of stability, peace and the suspicions of "the rest of the world", is it better to have mutual understanding and cultural assimilation rather than "power" in soft manner?
	www.amazon.com /Soft-Power-Means-Success-Politics/dp/1586482254 (4138 words)

	Foreign Policy Association - Resource Library
		If power is the ability to get others to do what you want, or in other words to influence them to get the outcomes you want.
		We need to use all three types of power, both the military and economic dimensions of hard power to succeed in this struggle we have against terrorism but we're not paying nearly enough attention to the problems of soft power.
		Its not that military power isn't necessary in terms of being successful in the struggle against terrorism, Afghanistan is a case and point, but military power is not sufficient.
	www.fpa.org /topics_info2414/topics_info_show.htm?doc_id=225504 (2706 words)

	Guardian Unlimited Books \| Review \| Slow down, tune out, make peace
		Hard power is the coercive military strength of the 19th century; but it doesn't work in the 21st.
		Nye cites the BBC World Service as a key element in Britain's soft power; it is a window on a universe that its listeners worldwide respect and want to emulate.
		Soft power - and the values and lifestyles behind it - may be invisible, but it is nevertheless potent, and we sacrificed a lot of it to make common cause with US neo-conservatives who want to make America feared for its uncontestable military might.
	books.guardian.co.uk /review/story/0,,1300972,00.html (2087 words)

	Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics
		Saddled as we are with a foreign policy that largely relies on the hard power of our military and economic might, rather than capitalizing on the soft power of shared values, we would all agree that America’s recent foreign policy initiatives are seen as less than successful in the eyes of the world.
		Soft power is essential to be able to attract the majorities to the values that I just described—not necessarily to being Americans, but in a diverse and pluralistic world to better opportunities, education, health care, and a sense of dignity.
		The answer is not to pretend that hard power doesn’t matter—it does and we will need to continue to use it—but realise that to use hard power without combining it with soft power, which has all too often been the practice in the last few years, is a serious mistake.
	www.cceia.org /resources/transcripts/4466.html (4623 words)

	PublicAffairs Books: SOFT POWER
		In this important new book, he explains why this concept of galvanizing influence through the powerful attraction of our culture and ideals, rather than merely through the hard power of our military and economic muscle, is more crucial than ever in a world defined by information flow and threatened by terrorism.
		America's 'soft power'-—the power and attraction of our culture and values-—must be clearly reflected in our foreign policy and public diplomacy.
		Soft power cannot be squandered, or we could lose the next generation of the world to anti-Americanism and radical politics.
	www.publicaffairsbooks.com /publicaffairsbooks-cgi-bin/display?book=1586482254&view=quotes (688 words)

	According to Julie: Joseph Nye on Soft Power
		This last kind of power is soft power, and the first is the kind most commonly associated with hard power.
		Soft power is having the ability to make people want to do what you want them to do.
		Many sources of soft power are outside of the government’s control, and these may have a better impact than those controlled by the government.
	www.espen.com /julie/archives/2006/09/joseph_nye_soft_power.html (1753 words)

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