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	Sogdiana - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia
		Sogdian territory corresponds to the modern provinces of Samarkand and Bokhara in modern Uzbekistan as well as the Sughd province of modern Tajikistan.
		The Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes, a fortress in Sogdiana, was captured in 327 BC by the forces of Alexander the Great, who united Sogdiana with Bactria into one satrapy.
		Sogdians were actors in the Silk Road transmission of Buddhism, until the period of Muslim invasion in the 8th century.
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /wiki.asp?k=Sogdiana (1001 words)

	[No title]
		Sogdian territory corresponded to the modern districts of Samarkand and Bokhara in modern Uzbekistan as well as modern Tajikistan.
		Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes, a fortress in Sogdiana, was captured in 327 BC by the forces of Alexander the Great, who united Sogdiana with Bactria in to one satrapy.
		Sogdians were actors in the Silk Road transmission of Buddhism, until the period of Muslim invasion in the 8th century.
	portable-apps.subiectiv.com /portable.php?title=Sogdiana (675 words)

	Sogdian Rock - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes, a fortress north of Bactria in Sogdiana (near fabled Samarkand on the northern Silk road), was captured by the forces of Alexander the Great in 327 BC as part of his conquest of the Persian Empire (Achaemenid Empire) of the day.
		Oxyartes of Bactria had sent his wife and daughters, one of whom was Roxana, to take refuge in the fortress, as it was thought to be impregnable, and was provisioned for a long siege.
		The story of the siege is told by the Roman historian Arrian of Nicomedia, in Anabasis (section 4.18.4-19.6).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sogdian_Rock (345 words)

	Sogdian Rock - Definition, explanation
		Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes a fortress in Sogdiana was captured by the forces of Alexander the Great in 328 or 327 BC.
		Oxyartes of Bactria had sent his wife and daughters, one of whom was Roxane, to take refuge in the fortress because it was thought to be impregnable and it was provisioned for a long siege.
		Sogdian Rock along with the Battle of Thermopylae and similar actions is used in military academies around the world to show how a small group of well trained and led soldiers can have an impact out of all proportion to their numbers.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/s/so/sogdian_rock.php (304 words)

	Ancient Turk Rock Inscription in the Talass Ala-Too - (CAIS)
		In the autumn of 1981 three more rock inscriptions were found by the expedition of the Institute of History and the Institute of Language and Literature of the Kyrgiz Academy of sciences (directed by I. Kozhomberdiev and Ch.
		One inscription was in Sogdian (studied by V.A. Livshits), two other inscriptions were written in runic script (submitted to the author of the present article for investigation).
		Among the numerous petroglyphs covering the surface of the rock there are images of humans in mushroom-shaped hats, of archers, ibexes, stags, wolves and ulars.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Languages/sogdian_word.htm (742 words)

	Alexander the Great: the capture of the Sogdian rock
		In 328 or 327, Alexander captured one of the mountain forts in Sogdia, the Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes.
		News had come in that a large number of the natives had taken refuge on the Rock of Sogdia, and among them the wife and daughters of Oxyartes the Bactrian, who had himself refused to submit to Alexander and had chosen this refuge for his family in the belief that the Rock was impregnable.
		To the Rock, therefore, Alexander advanced, at the beginning of Spring.
	www.livius.org /aj-al/alexander/alexander_t54.html (611 words)

	Discovery :: Archive :: From Editor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Alexander informed the Sogdians that they could now surrender, as the men with wings had been found and were now in possession of the summit.
		In a cleft in a rock face near Iskandarkul, there is a dessicated, partly-mummified corpse known as “Khoja Ishok”, which some local people maintain to be the corpse of Spitamenes.
		The defeat of Spitamenes and the capture of the Sogdian Rock was the end of Alexander's operation in Sogdiana.
	discoveruzbekistan.com /archive/tajikistan/winter2005/alex.shtml (1251 words)

	Roxana from Amu Darya region. Alexander the Great --- Sairam Tourism
		The first fortress that stood in the way of the Greek-Macedonian army was "Sogdian Rock" or the "Rock of Oxus" - a mountain fortress the fate of which could predestined the further course of the rebellion.
		The rock was inapproachable and on the demand of Alexander to surrender the Sogdians responded with laugh saying that if the warriors of the king of Hellenes and Macedonians had wings they could have tried to reach them, otherwise it was better for them to leave because they could never reach the fortress.
		E.Rtveladze came to the conclusion that 'Sogdian Rock', an asylum for Oxiart's family, was located on the boundary between Bactria and Sogdiana near the famous Iron Gates.
	www.sairamtour.com /uzbekistan/alexander_the_great.html (2605 words)

	Alexander the Great - Sources
		At the first appearance of spring, he advanced towards the rock in Sogdiana, to which he was informed many of the Sogdianians had fled for refuge; among whom were said to be the wife and daughters of Oxyartes the Bactrian, who had deposited them for safety in that place, as if forsooth it were impregnable.
		But he bade him send to the rock some of those who came down with him to order his men to surrender the place; and it was surrendered by those who had fled to it for refuge.
		For all the inhabitants deserted the cities and began to flee to the rock which is in their land, and is called Aornusi’ For stupendous is this rock in this land, about which the current report is, that it was found impregnable even by Heracles, the son of Zeus.
	websfor.org /alexander/arrian/book4b.asp (6836 words)

	Alexander of Macedonia
		The Sogdians had a pinnacle refuge, a tooth of a rock to which they could retreat and remove the means of access.
		The Sogdians replied to the effect that the Sogdians would not be afraid of the Macedonians until the Macedonian learned to fly.
		The Sogdians on the Rock were no threat to Alexander and he could easily have passed them by, but not after they had challenged his invincibility.
	www.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/alexandergreat.htm (6989 words)

	sogdiana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Sogdian territory corresponded to the modern districts of Samarkand and Bokhara currently Uzbekistan as well as modern Tajikistan.
		The Sogdians spoke an East Iranian language called Sogdian -- closely related to Bactrian, another major language of the region in ancient times.
		Minority of the Sogdian people gradually mixed with other local groups such as the Bactrians, Chorasmians & Greeks from Pamir.Persians from Achaemenid empire spoken Persian (modern Tajiks).
	www.ratemydogs.com /wiki/?title=Sogdiana (509 words)

	Showcases :: Zoroastrian prayer, the Ashem Vohu
		By the early fourth century AD the Sogdians were well established as traders travelling the length of the Silk Road as far East as the Chinese capital, Luoyang.
		Sogdian communities developed at staging posts along the trade route, and in Dunhuang, where this manuscript was found, there is written evidence as early as the fourth century for a Zoroastrian temple, which was still flourishing in the early 10th century.
		The Sogdian language died out some time after the 10th century AD, but a related dialect, Yagnobi, still survives as a minority language spoken in the Yagnob valley north of Dushanbe, Tajikistan.
	portico.bl.uk /onlinegallery/themes/asianafricanman/prayer.html (921 words)

	Oxyartes - WCD (Wiki Classical Dictionary) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The story in Arrian is that Alexander besieged the Sogdian Rock, where Oxyartes had put his wife and daughters for safety “after his own rebellion” (A 4.18.4).
		Almost immediately afterwards the Macedonians moved on to the Rock of Chorienes, where Oxyartes was instrumental in persuading the defenders to surrender (A 4.21.6-9).
		This is the same as the Sogdian Rock of Arrian, with the challenge to find the winged soldiers (C 7.11).
	www.ancientlibrary.com /wcd/Oxyartes (763 words)

	Alexander the Great - MSN Encarta
		The first conquest, of Sogdiana (or Sogdia or Sogdian) in Central Asia, whose ruler Oxyartes had taken refuge on the Sogdian Rock, culminated in the marriage of Alexander to Oxyartes’ daughter Roxana (or Roxane, died c.
		Presently the army came to a valley where ivy grew, and which they were therefore persuaded was Nysa, a foundation of Dionysus; it was perhaps in the region of Nuristan, in modern Afghanistan.
		Alexander continued his emulation of the gods by subduing the Rock of Aornus (Pir-Sar), which even Heracles (Krishna, in some local legend) had failed to conquer.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761564408_2/Alexander_the_Great.html (4662 words)

	pothos.org - All about Alexander the Great (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The story in Arrian is that Alexander besieged the Sogdian Rock in early 327, where Oxyartes had put his wife and daughters for safety “after his own rebellion”.
		Almost immediately afterwards the Macedonians moved on to the Rock of Chorienes, where Oxyartes was instruental in persuading the defenders to surrender.
		This is the same as the Sogdian Rock of Arrian, with the challenge to find the winged soldiers.
	www.pothos.org /alexander.asp?ParaID=13 (618 words)

	Rock Climbing Forums: Climbing Information: Climbing History & Trivia: Origins Of Rock Climbing
		Rock climbing started in the 1960's, when Chuck Pratt went up the Crack of Doom and the Twilight Zone.
		Rock climbing started as an off season pass time for mountian climbers and was not taken too seriously in it's own right.
		I suspect the British brought the true spirit of rock climbing to the mountain communities in the Alps.
	www.rockclimbing.com /forums/viewtopic.php?p=83701 (1325 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A great deal of Sogdians were taking refuge on a large mountain like plateau effectively called the Sogdian Rock.
		The Rock could not be assaulted by simply climbing up the road provided, for the Sogdians guarded it.
		The Sogdians refused to surrender, so Alexander pointed to the 300 soldiers behind them, claiming that the soldiers had "wings" and flew to the top.
	members.aol.com /framauro14/india.htm (320 words)

	Silk Road
		For lunch we will move to Chillas Inn.Ahead of Chillas for next 100 kms as the road curves round the foot of Nanga Parbat mountain the area is plain being the bed of a lake came into being by a land slide from the mountain in 1840.
		Gilgit is an old name derived from the original Girigitta that appears in the Hatun rock inscription of seventh century A.D. The morning is free to explore this only Northern Area pre- historic city for hundreds of kilometers in either direction, bustling with Mongols, Tajiks, Kirghiz, Uygars, Chineses etc.
		There are clear inscription of five languages a portrait of the first century Kushan king of Gandhara, "Gondophares".The date of the inscription corresponds to AD 419 the greatest of the Gupta emperors who ruled over most of Pakistan in the early fifth century AD.
	www.alpine.com.pk /silk_road.html (3656 words)

	Alexander the Great
		Alexander asked for volunteers and promised 12 talents to the first, 11 to the second, 10 to the third etc, who would climb the rock.
		During the night, 300 Thracians and Macedonians tried to climb the rock using ropes and poles.
		Alexander married Roxanne, the excuisite daughter of the Sogdian leader.
	members.fortunecity.com /fstav1/alexandros/alexandros6.html (1677 words)

	Detail Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Her father, Oxyartes, was a nobleman from Bactria who led the Sogdians against the invasion of Alexander in the eastern provinces of Persia after Alexander's defeat of Darius, the Persian king.
		Roxane, her mother, and her sisters had been sent for safety to the Sogdian Rock, which had so precipitous a drop that it was considered impregnable.
		In heavy snows, some 300 volunteers, promised significant rewards from Alexander, scaled the heights and conquered the citadel.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=AGRW0386 (590 words)

	Alexander the Great (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Despite the sheer face of the cliff the Macedonian king detailed a group of mountaineers to climb behind the citadel by night and to signal to the rest of the army when they had arrived.
		The Sogdians were so surprised and horrified at the unexpected appearance of Alexander's men that they immediately surrendered.
		With operations in Sogdiane brought to a successful conclusion the king marched his army into India, the very edge of the world from the Greek point of view.
	www.seleukids.org /Alexander.htm (2260 words)

	Eran ud Aneran - Transoxiana Webfestschrift Series 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Role of the Sogdian Colonies in the Diffusion of the Pearl Roundels Pattern
		Sogdians and Imitations of Byzantine Gold Coin Unearthed in the Heartland of China
		Aspects of the relationship between the ancient Turkish and Sogdians -based on a stone statue with Sogdian inscription in Xinjiang-
	www.transoxiana.org /Eran (477 words)

	Sogdian Language Term Papers, Essay Research Paper Help, Essays on Sogdian Language
		Since 1998, our Sogdian Language experts have helped students worldwide by providing the most extensive, lowest-priced service for Sogdian Language writing and research.
		We are available to write Sogdian Language term papers for research—24 hours a day, 7 days a week—on topics at every level of education.
		In addition to regular libraries, our professional Sogdian Language researchers have access to online, member-only libraries that contain millions of books, journals, periodicals, magazines, and vast information on every conceivable Sogdian Languagesubject.
	www.essaytown.com /topics/sogdian_language_essays_papers.html (803 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		She was the daughter of a Bactrian named Oxyartes of Balkh in Bactria (then eastern Persia, now northern Afghanistan).
		She married Alexander in 327 BC after he captured her when the fortress of Sogdian Rock surrendered to him.
		Balkh was the last of the Persian Empire's provinces to fall to Alexander.
	maxpedia.org /cgi-bin/mp/m.pl?la=en&sw=Roxana (251 words)

	330-327, conquest of Afghanistan
		Alexander divided army into 3 (Alexander, Hephaestion, Coenus) to deal with revolts in 3 directions, Spitamenes to the east raided from the desert reinforced by the Dahae tribesmen, the Sacae attacked from the north, the Satibarzanes and Bactrians raided from the south.
		Alexander had no choice but to seize bases such as the Sogdian Rock and to deny the enemy their bases, massacring men, enslaving women and children, and leaving garrisions site by site.
		It took two years to suppress Bactrian and Sogdian revolts, but he ended up recruiting Sacae, Bactrian, Sogdian, and Scythian cavalry for his invasion of
	web.ics.purdue.edu /~rauhn/Hist303/Alex_afghan.htm (398 words)

	Roxanne Hudson
		He never lost a battle and had arguably a greater impact on Western civilization than any other man of the ancient world.
		In 329 B.C., in the battle of Sogdian Rock (good name), Alexander laid seige to Balkh and captured Roxana.
		To unite the great and rival empires of Greece and Persia, Alexander married Roxana in 327 B.C. Some reports say he actually loved her (even though he preferred men), and certainly she rose above other female choices.
	www.photosecrets.com /roxanne.html (919 words)

	Battle of Thermopylae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In essence, the Oracle's warning was that either Sparta would be conquered and left in ruins, or one of her two hereditary kings must sacrifice his life to save her.
		This battle, along with Sogdian Rock and similar actions, is used in military academies around the world to show how a small group of well-trained and well-led soldiers can have an impact out of all proportion to their numbers.
		It is worth noting also that the effectiveness of the Greeks against such a vastly larger army was due in no small part to the battlefield itself.
	battle-of-thermopylae.iqnaut.net (1512 words)

	Alexander the Great, Synopsys,JJP p a r t t w o
		On his march towards India through Afghanistan, he attacked Oxyartes and the remaining three princes (Corienes, Catanes and Austanes) who controlled the hills of Paraetacene (modern Tadzhikistan).
		One of his splendid moves was the capture of the Sogdian Rock.
		At the top of the rock was Oxyartes, who felt protected because of the vertical cliffs on each side.
	www.1stmuse.com /frames/p2-alex-synopsys.html (5842 words)

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