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Topic: Sogdian alphabet

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	Aramaic/Proto-Hebrew alphabet
		The Early Aramaic or Proto-Hebrew alphabet was developed sometime during the late 10th or early 9th century BC and replaced Assyrian cuneiform as the main writing system of the Assyrian empire.
		This alphabet is thought to be the ancestor of a number of Semitic alphabets as well as the Kharosthi alphabet.
		At the end of the 6th century BC the Early Aramaic alphabet was replaced by the Hebrew square script which is also known as the Aramaic alphabet.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/aramaic.htm (299 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Mongolian alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Two writing systems based on simplified Chinese ideograms and Sinogram-typed alphabetic block (see Hangul), respectively, were used to write the Mongolic language of Khitan, also used to write the Tungusic Jurchen language in their modified forms.
		This alphabet is a phonemic[?] alphabet, meaning that there is a high level of consistency in the representation of individual sounds.
		Intermediate between these is the Mongolian script proper, derived from the Sogdian[?] alphabet through the Syriac alphabet via the Uighurs.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/mo/Mongolian_alphabet (259 words)

	Sogdiana Encyclopedia Article @ Populace.org (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes, a fortress in Sogdiana, was captured in 327 BC by the forces of Alexander the Great, who united Sogdiana with Bactria in to one satrapy.
		Sogdians were actors in the Silk Road transmission of Buddhism, until the period of Muslim invasion in the 8th century.
		Sogdian was written in a variety of scripts, all of them derived from the Aramaic alphabet.
	www.populace.org /encyclopedia/Sogdiana (855 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Mongolian alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Two writing systems based on simplified Chinese ideograms and Sinogram-typed alphabetic block (see Hangul), respectively, were used to write the Mongolic language of Khitan, also used to write the Tungusic Jurchen language in their modified forms.
		This alphabet is a phonemic[?] alphabet, meaning that there is a high level of consistency in the representation of individual sounds.
		Intermediate between these is the Mongolian script proper, derived from the Sogdian[?] alphabet through the Syriac alphabet via the Uighurs.
	encyclopedia.kids.net.au /page/mo/Mongolian_alphabet (259 words)

	Soghdiana; Iranian Culture in Central Asia - (The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies - CAIS)©
		Sogdian colonies were widespread in the whole of Central Asia and large Sogdian trade communities lived even in the Chinese capital Chang'an.
		The survival of Sogdian culture was guaranteed until 9th century in the colonies of Central Asia and China and in Ustrushana, a region not Islamicized.
		The Sogdians were able to maintain their privileges in China because of the protection granted by the Uighurs, and increase their power at the latter's court.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Geography/soghdiana.htm (1892 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Syriac alphabet
		The Syriac alphabet is a writing system used to write the Syriac language from around the 2nd century BC.
		It is one of the Semitic abjads directly descending from the Proto-Canaanite alphabet.
		The Nabatean alphabet (which gave rise to the Arabic alphabet) was based on this form of Syriac handwriting.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Syriac_alphabet (695 words)

	history_of_the_alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Aramaic alphabet, which evolved from the Phoenician in the 7th century BC as the official script of the Persian Empire, appears to be the ancestor of nearly all the modern alphabets of Asia:
		The Osmanya alphabet devised for Somali in the 1920s was co-official in Somalia with the Latin alphabet until 1972, and the forms of its consonants appear to be complete innovations.
		And while manual alphabets are a direct continuation of the local written alphabet (both the British two-handed and the French/American one-handed alphabets retain the forms of the Latin alphabet, as the Indian manual alphabet does Devanagari, and the Korean does Hangul), Braille, semaphore, maritime signal flags, and the Morse codes are essentially arbitrary geometric forms.
	www.treyparker.com /wiki/?title=History_of_the_alphabet (1723 words)

	Sogdiana - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia
		Sogdian territory corresponds to the modern provinces of Samarkand and Bokhara in modern Uzbekistan as well as the Sughd province of modern Tajikistan.
		Sogdians were actors in the Silk Road transmission of Buddhism, until the period of Muslim invasion in the 8th century.
		Sogdian was written in a variety of scripts, all of them derived from the Aramaic alphabet.
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /wiki.asp?k=Sogdiana (1001 words)

	Sogdiana information - Search.com
		Sogdian territory corresponded to the modern districts of Samarkand and Bokhara in modern Uzbekistan as well as modern Tajikistan.
		Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes, a fortress in Sogdiana, was captured in 327 BC by the forces of Alexander the Great, who united Sogdiana with Bactria in to one satrapy.
		The great majority of the Sogdian people gradually mixed with other local groups such as the Bactrians, Chorasmians, Turkics and Persians from Achaemenid empire and came to speak Persian (modern Tajiks) or (after the Turkic conquest of Central Asia) Turkic Uzbek and are among the origins of the modern Tajik and Uzbek people.
	domainhelp.search.com /reference/Sogdiana (716 words)

	Iranian Language Family
		Sogdian, among the less dominants Middle Iranian languages, was surely the most influential because of its important role as a mediating language of the “Silk Road”.
		Sogdian was also written in a script derived from Aramic which used heterograms, while the Manichaean script was also used occasionally for recording religious texts of that language.
		It was written in an alphabet derived from Greek, and even after the invasion of the Kushans by the Sasanian emperors, Greek alphabet continued to be used for writing the Bactrian language.
	www.iranologie.com /history/ilf.html (0 words)

	Alphabet - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site (Site not responding. Last check: )
		An alphabet is a complete standardized set of letters—basic written symbols—each of which roughly represents a phoneme of a spoken language, either as it exists now or as it may have been in the past.
		In a perfectly phonological alphabet, the phonemes and letters would correspond perfectly in two directions: a writer could predict the spelling of a word given its pronunciation, and a speaker could predict the pronunciation of a word given its spelling.
		The Aramaic alphabet, which evolved from Phoenician in the 7th century BC and was used by the Persian Empire, is the ancestor of nearly all of the modern alphabets of Asia.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=670 (2336 words)

	Greatest Inventions-- The Alphabet
		Sanskrit is written in an alphabet of 53 letters, including the visarga mark for final aspiration and special letters for kš and jñ, though one of the long els is theoretical and not actually used.
		Latin alphabet to write all of its own words, but certain letters (such as K, X and W) are retained for the purpose of writing "foreign" words.
		Santali alphabet, an indigenous true alphabet of India, appears to be based on traditional symbols such as "danger" and "meeting place", as well as pictographs invented by its creator.
	www.edinformatics.com /inventions_inventors/alphabet.htm (2709 words)

	Mongolian Alphabet Encyclopedia Article @ ChinaPowerhouse.com (China Powerhouse) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The traditional Mongolian alphabet is not a perfect fit for the Mongolian language, and it would be impractical to extend it to a language with a very different phonology like Chinese.
		The most recent Mongolian alphabet is a slightly modified Cyrillic alphabet (the Russian alphabet plus 2 letters, Өө /ö/ and Үү /ü/).
		It is a phonemic alphabet, meaning that there is a high level of consistency in the representation of individual sounds.
	www.chinapowerhouse.com /encyclopedia/Mongolian_alphabet (716 words)

	History of Iran: Soghdiana, Iranian Culture in Central Asia
		Between 720 and 722 CE the Sogdians lead by Devastich (who proclaimed himself king of Sogdiana) made a rebellion against the Omayads, but they were defeated after a siege at the castle of Mount Mugh and Devastich was crucified.
		The survival of Sogdian culture was guaranteed until 9th century CE in the colonies of Central Asia and China and in Ustrushana, a region not Islamicized.
		In 840 CE the Kirghiz destroyed the Uighur Empire and obliged the population to migrate to China.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/articles/soghdiana.php (1863 words)

	Sogdiana, the wonderland --- Tourist Gems of Uzbekistan
		Sogdian craftsmen were renowned for making various articles - sickles and knives, spears and arrow-heads, daggers and chain armors, stirrups and bits for horses...
		Sogdian written language was based on the use of Aramiac alphabet.
		Sogdian ishhid (king), Divashtich, did not submit to the conquerors and was replaced with another king, Gurek.
	www.sairamtour.com /news/gems/35.html (2322 words)

	The Glories of Sogdiana
		Even in the earliest period, before those cities were founded, the Sogdians were the major participants in the Silk Road caravans, their language became the lingua franca across Asia, their alphabet the source of later alphabets to the east, they carried with them such religions as Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism and Nestorian Christianity.
		There were some local uprisings, the area suffered from the campaigns, some of the cities being abandoned or destroyed, and with the change in the caliphate dynasty, from the Umayyads to 'Abbâsids, in 750, came large scale conversions to Islam.
		The murals include religious themes, such as one believed to depict the Sogdian burial rite, illustrating the death of the god Syavush, representing the dying year, and his rebirth in a background scene.
	www.silk-road.com /artl/sogdian.shtml (2323 words)

	Helicon Publishing: Data sets and samples: Language and usage: Sample articles
		Alphabetic writing now takes many forms – for example, the Hebrew aleph-beth and the Arabic script, both written from right to left; the Devanagari script of the Hindus, in which the symbols 'hang' from a line common to all the symbols; and the Greek alphabet, with the first clearly delineated vowel symbols.
		All the alphabetic scripts west of Syria seem to have derived from the Canaanite branch, whereas nearly all the hundreds of alphabets of the east apparently sprang from the Aramaic branch.
		The South Semitic group of alphabets remained mainly confined within Arabia, although a secondary branch spread westwards and became the progenitor of the Ethiopic alphabet which through its offshoot, the Amharic script, is the only South Semitic script still in use, and the only one in which a literature has been produced.
	www.helicon.co.uk /online/datasets/samples/language/articles.htm (2096 words)

	About Georgia : Language and Alphabet : Georgian Alphabet
		The Georgian alphabet is the script currently used to write the Georgian language and other Kartvelian languages (such as Mingrelian), and occasionally other languages of the Caucasus (such as Ossetic in the 1940s).
		Older Armenian sources attribute the alphabet to Saint Mesrop Mashtots, who is credited with the invention of the Armenian alphabet, but this is not generally accepted.
		One of the more contentious is that the asomtavruli alphabet was invented in 412 BC by Georgian priests of the cult of Matra (Persian Mithra), and reformed in 284 BC by king Parnavaz I of Iberia.
	www.aboutgeorgia.net /language/alphabet.html?print=1 (562 words)

	Sogdian script and language
		The Sogdian script developed from the Aramaic and was first used during the 4th century AD.
		The Sogdian script largely full out of use during the 10th century, though was used to some extent until the 13th century.
		Sogdian is an extinct member of the eastern branch of Middle Iranian languages once spoken in Sogdiana, a region that includes parts of China (Xinjiang), Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/sogdian.htm (0 words)

	Mongol Scripts
		This phonemic alphabet was adapted in 1204 from the alphabet used by the Uighur tribe at the time.
		The Cyrillic alphabet used for Mongolian is directly based on the Russian alphabet with the addition of two vowels derived from Old Cyrillic.
		It is said that Stalin got upset with the plethora of alphabets used by the various Russian territories acquired in their Tsarist colonial days, including Buryatia, Georgia and Armenia, as well as the satellite nations added in the early days of the Soviet Union.
	www.viahistoria.com /SilverHorde/research/MongolScripts.html (2659 words)

	Sogdian alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Sogdian alphabet, also called the Old Uyghur alphabet is derived from Syriac, the descendant script of the Aramaic alphabet.
		It is occasionally known as the sutra script, and is similar to the script of the ancient letters used in writing on papyri.
		The Mongolian alphabet proper still uses this kind of vertical writing, introduced by the Sogdians.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sogdian_alphabet (183 words)

	IITS - Lexicon of Iranian Languages (SD-Introduction) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Sogdian was once an "international" language — in fact, the lingua franca of the Silk Road for many centuries.
		The Script Symbol represents the script with which the source text of the Sogdian word was written: B for Buddhist, C for Christian, M for Manichean and S for secular Sogdian texts.
		Sogdian loan-words in Persian are given in the Persian Meaning; so are the names of months, days and feasts from the works of Beruni, as well as certain grammatical notes.
	www.uni-koeln.de /phil-fak/indologie/lil/sd-intro.html (793 words)

	Origin of the Indo-European languages: Part IV (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Avesta's text was firstly written by using a Semitic alphabet (Aramaic), and it was then transcribed by people without a definite tradition into the special writing that we can see nowadays.
		Sogdian language play an important role as civilized language, from Sogdia itself to Manchu.
		In fact, the trilingual inscription in Kara --Balgasun-- (9th century A.D.) is partly written in Sogdian language.
	www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com.ar /english/linguistics/origin4.html (2071 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Sogdian alphabet
		The Sogdian alphabet, also called the Old Uyghur alphabet is derived from Syriac, the descendant script of the Aramaic alphabet.
		Sogdian was written either in horizontal and sometimes in vertical direction, the latter probably under Chinese influence, but with the first vertical line starting from the left side, not from the right as in Chinese, most probably because the right-to-left direction was used in horizontal writing.
		It seems likely, though it is uncertain, that the Sogdian alphabet influenced the formation of the Khitan small script to at least some degree.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet (0 words)

	Tajik
		Prior to the conquest of Central Asia by the Arabs in the 6th-8th centuries AD, the population of the area that is now Tajikistan spoke Sogdian.
		In the first millennium AD, Sogdian was widely used in Central Asia for oral and written communication but was eventually replaced by Persian, the lingua franca of the Persian Empire.
		In an effort to increase literacy and to distance the largely illiterate population from the influence of Islam, Soviet linguists began to simplify the Perso-Arabic script in 1923, before moving to a Latin-based alphabet which was officially adopted in 1928.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/february/Tajik.html (1371 words)

	Historical Sketch of Buddhism and Islam in East Turkistan
		Sogdian Buddhist merchants from Uzbekistan also settled in these oasis cities, especially along the northern route, and influenced the development of Buddhism as well.
		The Tibetans ruled all the East Turkistani oasis states except Kashgar and Yarkand, as well as most of Gansu and eastern Kyrghyzstan, from the early seventh until the mid-ninth centuries, with a break in the middle when they were taken by the Chinese.
		They not only gave their writing system, which they had adopted from the Sogdians, to the Mongols under Chinggis Khan, but were the first to introduce Buddhism to the Mongols.
	www.berzinarchives.com /web/en/archives/study/islam/historical_interaction/overviews/history_east_turkestan_buddhism.html (942 words)

	Ancient Turk Rock Inscription in the Talass Ala-Too - (CAIS)
		One inscription was in Sogdian (studied by V.A. Livshits), two other inscriptions were written in runic script (submitted to the author of the present article for investigation).
		It is one of the rare cases when a Sogdian word is written in Turkish runic script: runic šarγa < Sogdian šaγw, šrwγ (šarγaw, šaraγ) "lion", with an appropriate loss when adopted into Turkish of the final billabial w.
		Not only the choice of the alphabet but also the form of linguistic adaptation shows that the author of the graffiti was a Turk, and that the inscription can not be dated earlier than the late 9
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Languages/sogdian_word.htm (773 words)

	Uyghur alphabets, pronunciation and language
		Uyghur was originally written with the Orkhon alphabet, a runiform script derived from or inspired by the Sogdian script, which was ultimately derived from the Aramaic script.
		Unlike Sogdian, which was written from right to left in horizontal lines, the Old Uyghur alphabet was written from left to right in vertical columns, or in other words, it was a version of Sogdian rotated 90° to the left.
		Uyghur is the preferred spelling in the Latin alphabet: this was confirmed at a conference of the Ethnic Languages and Script Committe of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region held in October 2006.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/uyghur.htm (0 words)

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