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Topic: Sogdiana

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	THE IRANIAN: History, Iranian culture in Central Asia, Matteo Compareti
		Sogdiana entered history with the conquest of the region by Persian armies of the Achaemenid Dynasty (559-330 B.C.).
		Sogdiana comprised Khorasmia, Parthia and Aria in the 16th Imperial Satrapy.
		The common opinion among scholars is that Sogdiana was not conquered by the Kushans but their influence was very strong, especially in art and coinage.
	www.iranian.com /History/2001/July/Sogdiana/index.html (1981 words)

	Sogdiana - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the High Middle Ages it was extended to the north by a policy of colonial settlements up to the Lake Issyk Kul.
		Alexander the Great united Sogdiana with Bactria in to one satrapy.
		Following Zhang Qian's embassy and report, commercial Chinese relations with Central Asia and Sogdiana flourished, as many Chinese missions were sent throughout the 1st century BC: "The largest of these embassies to foreign states numbered several hundred persons, while even the smaller parties included over 100 members...
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sogdiana (581 words)

	History of Iran: Soghdiana, Iranian Culture in Central Asia
		Sogdiana entered history with the conquest of the region by Persian armies of the Achaemenid Dynasty (559-330 BCE).
		Sogdiana comprised Khorasmia, Parthia and Aria in the 16th Imperial Satrapy.
		The survival of Sogdian culture was guaranteed until 9th century CE in the colonies of Central Asia and China and in Ustrushana, a region not Islamicized.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/articles/soghdiana.php (1863 words)

	Sogdiana on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Corresponding to the later emirate of Bukhara and region of Samarkand, it was also known as Transoxiana.
		Sogdiana, though often a possession of other countries, had its own language, culture, and trading centers.
		Sogdiana was a satrapy under Darius I. Conquered 329 BC by Alexander the Great, it fell (7th cent.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/S/Sogdiana.asp (379 words)

	Sogdiana: From Bukhara to Boston
		Sogdiana was the name of much of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in antiquity, up until the middle ages.
		The Sogdians, along with the Bactrians (who lived in Bactriana, just to the south) and the Parthians (who lived in Parthia, to the southwest of Sogdiana) are the primary ancestors of today's Tajiks.
		The map here shows where Sogdiana was - to the north you can see the Aral Sea, and to the west, across what is now Turkmenistan, is the Caspian Sea.
	sogdiana.blogspot.com (5175 words)

	Sogdiana, the wonderland --- Tourist Gems of Uzbekistan
		Sogdiana is the name of a historical area on the territory of present-day Uzbekistan located in the basin of the Zerafshan and Kashkadarya rivers.
		Citizens of old Sogdiana practiced Zoroastrianism and in cultural layer of the town there were found small statues of Goddess of fertility Anahita, various ossuaries, containers for storage of bones of fire worshippers.
		Sogdiana was the member of a political confederation, which comprised about twenty different princedoms and independent towns.
	www.sairamtour.com /news/gems/35.html (2313 words)

	Section 17 – The Kingdom of Liyi 栗弋 (Sogdiana) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		K’ang-chü is the present Kirghiz Steppe to the north of the Syr and must not be identified with Sogdiana.” Enoki (1955), p.
		Sogdiana was centred in the Zerafshan (Zaravshan) and Kashka Daryâ valleys, and included the important oases cities of Samarkand and Bukhara, on the main trade route to Merv and beyond.
		This friendship was sealed by the marriage of a Kangju princess to the Kushan Emperor in 84 CE.
	depts.washington.edu /uwch/silkroad/texts/hhshu/notes17.html (930 words)

	History - Tajikistan - Asia
		Sogdiana was known to the Greeks as Transoxiana.
		In the 100s bc Sogdiana was included in the vast empire of the Kushanas, an area that at its height stretched from Central Asia to northern India.
		Sogdiana was then a central hub on the Silk Road, a collective term for the ancient caravan trade routes that linked China with the Middle East, India, and imperial Rome.
	www.countriesquest.com /asia/tajikistan/history.htm (386 words)

	Sogdiana (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Sogdiana was peopled by Indo-Iranian speakers and as such incorporated into the Persian or Iranian empire of the Achaemenids in the 6th century (BCE).
		Sogdiana was not firmly controlled by Parthia mainly because it bore the brunt of other Indo-Iranian invasions.
		The decline of the Silk Route affected Sogdiana which revived after the establishment of the Sasanid Empire in the 3rd century CE, although it is not clear whether Sogdiana itself became a Sasanid province.
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /s/sogdiana.html (715 words)

	The Glories of Sogdiana
		It was in effect the early-comers fending off the late-comers, because the inhabitants of Transoxiana were an Iranian population who had themselves moved in from the steppes and who had settled down.
		Sogdiana was made up of the Zaravshan and Kashka Daryâ river valleys, Ferghâna is along the upper Syr Daryâ River, and Khorezm is in the delta region of the Amu Daryâ.
		It had been founded in the 5th century, was used as the capital of the Hephthalites who conquered Sogdiana in 509, and was a thriving metropolis when it was destroyed by the Arabs in the early 8th century.
	www.silk-road.com /artl/sogdian.shtml (2323 words)

	Sogdian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Sogdian language is a Middle Iranian language spoken in Sogdiana (Zarafshan River Valley) in the modern day republics of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan (chief cities: Samarkand, Panjikent, Ferghana).
		The economic and political importance of the language guaranteed its survival in the first few centuries after the conquest of Sogdiana by the Muslims in the early eighth century CE.
		The fact that the earliest texts of Modern Persian have been written in the territory of Sogdiana under the patronage of Samanid Kings means that many Sogdian words have entered Modern Persian as well.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sogdian_language (376 words)

	Sogdiana (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It lay north of Bactria between the Oxus (Amu Darya) and the Jaxartes (Syr Darya), and embraced the fertile valley of the Zerafshan (anc.
		By Alexander the Great, Sogdiana was united in one satrap y with Bactria, and subsequently it formed part of the Bactria n Greek kingdom, founded by Diodotus, until the Scythia ns occupied it in the middle of the third century BCE.
		After the victory of the Turks over the Hephthalite armies near Nakhshab in 560s, Sogdiana was incorporated into the Turkish Qaghanate until the first quarter of VIIIth century.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Sogdiana.html (220 words)

	Encyclopedia: Bactria
		Bessus (died summer 329 BC) was a Persian nobleman and satrap of Bactria and Sogdiana, and later self-proclaimed king of Persia.
		Alexander conquered Bactria without much difficulty; it was only in Sogdiana to the north, beyond the Oxus, that he met strong resistance.
		The Greco-Bactrians were a dynasty of Greek kings who controlled Bactria and Sogdiana, an area comprising todays northern Afghanistan and parts of Central Asia, the easternmost area of the Hellenistic world, from 250 to 125 BCE.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Bactria (3633 words)

	Newman Reader - History of the Turks - Lecture 4
		The empire of the Caliphate was already dying in its extremities, and Sogdiana was one of the first countries to be detached from his power.
		For him the title of Sultan or Soldan was invented, which henceforth became the special badge of the Turkish monarchs; as Khan is the title of the sovereign of the Tartars, and Caliph of the sovereign of the Saracens.
		New tribes of Turks seem to have poured down, and were wresting Sogdiana from the race of Seljuk, as the Seljukians had wrested it from the Gaznevides.
	www.newmanreader.org /works/historical/volume1/turks/lecture4.html (6751 words)

	Hindu Gods in Western Central Asia
		This cross-fertilization of cultures is the hallmark of Penjikent's Sogdiana civilization of the pre-Islamic period.
		In fact Sogdiana was the melting pot of cultures coming from various directions through the long-distance trade mechanism.
		Sogdiana witnessed Hinduism in the worship of five gods, viz.
	www.hvk.org /articles/0103/311.html (788 words)

	Selection from the Han Narrative Histories
		North of this country is Sogdiana ; in the west are [the] Yue-chi; in the southwest is Bactria; in the northeast are the Wu-sun; and in the east Han-mi and Khotan [Yu-tien].
		Sogdiana is to the northwest of Ferghana perhaps 2000 li distant.
		Sogdiana had received the news of China's victory over Ferghana and delivered the fugitive king to Shang-kuan Kie, who sent him well bound and guarded by four horsemen to the commander-in-chief.
	artemis.austincollege.edu /acad/history/jmoore/HanNarrativeHistories.htm (8241 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Sogdiana
		Sogdiana covered much of the territory of modern-day Tajikistan, southern Uzbekistan, and northern Afghanistan.
		The Sogdian state was centered around its capital city of Afrasiab, which was situated where the modern city of Samarkand now stands, in southeastern Uzbekistan.
		Following the conquest of Central Asia by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC (despite ferocious local resistance), Sogdiana was ruled by a series of foreign rulers, including Greeks, Hepthalites, Turks, and Mongols.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Sogdian (444 words)

	IL&S: Sogdian Language & Scripts (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Herodotus lists Sogdiana in a list of nations subject to the Achamaenid kings, and according to other Greek sources, the limits of Sogdiana are the Oxus river in the south and the Jaxartes in the north.
		After the collapse of the Persian empire in the 4th century BC, Sogdiana was ruled by a succession of the Greeks, the nomadic Yüeh-chih, the Kushan kings, the Sasanians, the Hephthalites, the Turks, and finally succumbing to the Mongols.
		The Aramaic script was introduced into Sogdiana during the Achaemenian period, and was probably modified for Sogdian in the late Parthian period.
	iranianlanguages.com /midiranian/sogdian.htm (626 words)

	Tajikistan history1
		From the 6th-4th century BC the Persian Achaemenid Empire's satrapies (provinces) of Bactria and Sogdiana were located in this region of Central Asia.
		In the 2nd century BC, after the overthrow of the Greeks in Bactria, a new state called Tokharistan was formed in order to later, together with Sogdiana and other areas of Central Asia, to become part of the tremendous Kushan Kingdom.
		In the 5th century AD Sogdiana and Tokharistan came under the power of the Hephtalites, and in the 6th century AD - under nomadic Turkic tribes.
	www.asia-travel.uz /tajikistan/history.html (474 words)

	the Archaeology of Sogdiana
		The Kurgancha settlement in southern Sogdiana, which was excavated by M. Khasanov, dated the fourth and the third centuries BCE, is characteristic of this trend.
		In the ninth century, Sogdiana lost its ethnic and cultural distinctiveness, although many elements of Sogdian material culture are found in materials dating from the ninth to the eleventh centuries.
		The Archaeology of Sogdiana by: Boris I. Marshak
	www.silk-road.com /newsletter/december/archaeology.htm (3200 words)

	Central Asia: West (Site not responding. Last check: )
		"Sogdiana" is the name given to the fertile regions of Inner Central Asia, astride the course of the Syr Darya River as it makes its way out of the Vale of Fergana in eastern Uzbekistan and winds north through the Kyzyl Kum, to empty into the Aral Sea.
		To the Timurid Empire, 1370 - mostly Samarkand sequence for the bulk of Sogdiana hereafter...
		Coming from China, caravans arrived in Sogdiana and continued through the desert to Margiana, from where they went to the Parthian empire and finally the Mediterranean.
	www.hostkingdom.net /centasia.html (2210 words)

	Sogdiana (from arts, Central Asian) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Sogdiana, with its capital of Afrasiab, was already noted for the sophistication and number of its towns when Alexander the Great conquered it in 328
		Excavations have shown that Sogdiana was probably settled between 1000 and 500 BC and that it then passed under Achaemenian rule.
		It was later attacked by Alexander the Great and may have been included in the Bactrian Greek kingdom until the invasions of Saka and...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-13977?tocId=13977 (886 words)

	History of Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan History. --- Sairam Tourism. (Uzbekistan) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bactria and Sogdiana first joined the Selevkids state, and in later period they became a part of Greko-Bactrian state and Kushan empire.
		The idea was suggested after a story of a Chinese messenger who had returned to his native country in 125 B.C. after long travels and had narrated about the "western" countries he had seen.
		It is noteworthy that the foreigners not only brought their own culture to this part of the world but also adopted local cultural traditions.
	www.sairamtour.com /uz/uz_02.html (1431 words)

	Kageyama - Use and production of the silks in Sogdiana - Transoxiana Eran ud Aneran
		Textiles with animal motifs in pearl medallions had flourished in Sogdiana in the second half of the seventh century and the first half of the eighth century.
		Their assumption has been based on the fact that group B reproduces the Sasanian textile design but its technology is not high enough to be considered Sasanian.
		The numerous examples of the stag motifs in group B and the similarity of the motifs with those represented on the Sogdian silver vessels lead us to assume that the brocades of group B were produced in Sogdiana.
	www.transoxiana.com.ar /Eran/Articles/kageyama.html (4095 words)

	Sogdiana Capital Advisors Ltd
		Sogdiana Capital Advisors (SCA) provides a range of financial services for local and international clients interested in doing business in Central Asia.
		Sogdiana’s objective is to help clients do business successfully.
		We are capable of developing a flexible mix of strategies for a particular situation, as well as recommending ways to hedge or ameliorate specific risks.
	www.aliyaintl.com /sogdcap.html (569 words)

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