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	Sogdian language
		One of the dead East Iranian languages, Sogdian was once spoken in ancient Sogdiana, the historical region along the upper Zeravshan river, having the center in Samarkand (then Marakanda).
		The language of Sogdian documents represents the western dialects of the tongue, while the eastern branch gave birth to another Iranian language, Yagnobi, spoken nowadays.
		Sogdian phonetics showed 5 long and 5 short Indo-European vowels, also 2 pairs of diphthongs (ai, au), had the Indo-European schwa, 19 consonant sounds (while l was used only in loanwords, but absent in Sogdian words).
	indoeuro.bizland.com /tree/iran/sogdian.html (232 words)

	Sogdian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Sogdian language is a Middle Iranian language spoken in Sogdiana (Zarafshan River Valley) in the modern day republics of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan (chief cities: Samarkand, Panjikent, Ferghana).
		Sogdian is one of the most important Middle Iranian languages with a large literary corpus, standing next to Middle Persian and Parthian.
		Sogdian script is the direct ancestor of Uyghur script, itself the forerunner of the Mongolian script.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sogdian_language (437 words)

	Sogdian Rock - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes, a fortress in Sogdiana, was captured by the forces of Alexander the Great in 327 BC.
		Oxyartes of Bactria had sent his wife and daughters, one of whom was Roxana, to take refuge in the fortress, as it was thought to be impregnable, and was provisioned for a long siege.
		Sogdian Rock along with the Battle of Thermopylae and similar actions is used in military academies around the world to show how a small group of well trained and led soldiers can have an impact out of all proportion to their numbers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sogdian_Rock (307 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Sogdians
		The Sogdians spoke an East Iranian language called Sogdian language, which was closely related to Bactrian, another major language of the region in ancient times.
		Sogdian was written in a variety of scripts, all of which were derived from Aramaic.
		The Sogdian language continued to be spoken in a small part of the area, and is today known as Yaghnobi.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Sogdians (486 words)

	History of Iran: Soghdiana, Iranian Culture in Central Asia
		The survival of Sogdian culture was guaranteed until 9th century CE in the colonies of Central Asia and China and in Ustrushana, a region not Islamicized.
		The Sogdians were able to maintain their privileges in China because of the protection granted by the Uighurs, and increase their power at the latter's court.
		In 840 CE the Kirghiz destroyed the Uighur Empire and obliged the population to migrate to China.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/articles/soghdiana.php (1863 words)

	Sogdian alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Sogdian alphabet, also called the Old Uyghur alphabet is derived from Syriac, the descendant script of the Aramaic alphabet.
		It is occasionally known as the sutra script, and is similar to the script of the ancient letters used in writing on papyri.
		Sogdian was written either in horizontal and sometimes in vertical direction, the latter probably under Chinese influence, but with the first vertical line starting from the left side, not from the right as in Chinese, most probably because the right-to-left direction was used in horizontal writing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sogdian_alphabet (183 words)

	THE IRANIAN: History, Iranian culture in Central Asia, Matteo Compareti (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Sogdian colonies were widespread in the whole of Central Asia and large Sogdian trade communities lived even in the Chinese capital Chang'an.
		The survival of Sogdian culture was guaranteed until 9th century in the colonies of Central Asia and China and in Ustrushana, a region not Islamicized.
		In 840 the Kirghiz destroyed the Uighur Empire and obliged the population to migrate to China.
	www.iranian.com /History/2001/July/Sogdiana/index.html (1952 words)

	San'at :: About the style of early medieval art of Sogd
		The representatives of the local pantheon dominate in the pictures of deities, but the cultic-religious beginning is not dominant in Sogdian art, which did not survive a pressure of this or that religion, as it was, for example, in Iran where Zoroastrianism obviously dominated.
		The genesis of Sogdian painting was probably connected with northeastern and southern directions of cultural contacts as the wall painting and sculpture of such scale were not revealed in early medieval Iran.
		Essentially, this was Sogdian art that formed the basis of the future Muslim style in art and architecture of the region.
	www.sanat.orexca.com /eng/3-4-04/history_art2.shtml (2325 words)

	IL&S: Sogdian Language & Scripts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		The territory of Sogdian language bordered on the area of Persian speech in the west and extending the walls of China in the east.
		The Yaghnabi dialect, still spoken in Tajikestan, is believed to be the direct descendant of a variant of Sogdian.
		Manichaean script - The Manichaean orthography is influenced by the rules of both the Sogdian script and Manichaean variants of middle Persian and Parthian.
	iranianlanguages.com /midiranian/sogdian.htm (626 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Sogdian
		The Sogdian language is a Middle Iranian language spoken in Sogdiana (Zarafshan River Valley) in the modern day republics of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan (cheif cities: Samarkand, Panjikent, Ferghana).
		The Sogdian alphabet is derived from Syriac, the descendant script of Aramaic alphabet.
		Aramaic was for a long time (between the later Assyrian empire and the Abbasid Caliphate) a lingua franca in the Middle East; its alphabet, though itself derived from the Phoenician alphabet, therefore superseded the Old Hebrew alphabet that had been independently descended from the Phoenician alphabet.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Sogdian (1001 words)

	The History Cooperative \| Conference Proceedings \| Interactions: Regional Studies, Global Processes, and Historical ...
		Sogdian merchants were for centuries among the most successful in Asia, and their trading activities formed the major link connecting East and West.
		Once again, it was Sogdians who played a major role in the transmission of the faith, with their capital, Samarqand, becoming the center of an early and active Manichaean community.
		By the end of the sixth century the Sogdian Manichaeans were strong enough to declare their independence from the archegos, the head of the church in Baghdad, giving rise to a schism which was to persist for over a century.
	www.historycooperative.org /proceedings/interactions/foltz.html (6033 words)

	Stavisky - Once more about peculiarities of the Sogdian Civilization of the 4th-10th Centuries - Transoxiana Eran ud ...
		Sogdian civilization of the 4th-10th centuries had its notable specific features, the main of which was the formation of its diaspora outside the metropolis in the North-East of the Central Asia in Chinese Turkestan and South Siberia.
		Moreover, as their detachments though valiant were not numerous, the Sogdian rulers were perpetually forced to acknowledge their vassalage to unexpectedly rising chiefs of steppe and mountain tribes and Old Turkic kagans, or the Chinese "Son of the Heaven", or, finally, to the Arab deputy-general of Maverannahr (Transoxiana, the right-side of the Amu-Darya river).
		Klyashtornyj, Livšic (1972), Sogdian inscription of Bugut revised // Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 26, fasc.
	www.transoxiana.com.ar /Eran/Articles/stavisky.html (3077 words)

	Sogdian script and language
		The Sogdian script developed from the Aramaic and was first used during the 4th century AD.
		The Sogdian script largely full out of use during the 10th century, though was used to some extent until the 13th century.
		Sogdian is an extinct member of the eastern branch of Middle Iranian languages once spoken in Sogdiana, a region that includes parts of China (Xinjiang), Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/sogdian.htm (239 words)

	Sogd - history
		The principal Sogdian lands were along the valley of the river Zeravshan with Samarkand as a centre.
		The process of Sogdian colonisation to the north-east from the proper Sogd started in the ancient times and was more intensive at the time of the early Middle Ages.
		Extensive Sogdian colonies were situated in the valleys of the rivers Chu and Talas, where the Sogdian language was preserved until the XI c.
	kroraina.com /ca/h_sogd.html (1113 words)

	Sogdian-L
		The history of Sogdian communities in Transoxiana and beyond
		Sogdian-L is an open, unmoderated forum for the discussion of the history of Sogdian communities in Transoxiana and beyond, and the relations of these communities with other communities and civilizations of Eurasia.
		Discussions of language, numismatics and archeology, art history, religions and comparative cultural studies are all welcome, provided that they don't stray completely from Sogdian studies.
	www.unc.edu /awmc/sogdian-l.html (113 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Sogdian
		The Sogdian script was an offshoot of the Aramaic script adopted to write Sogdian, a Middle Iranian language related to Pahlavi (or Middle Persian).
		The Sogdian script initially retained the right-to-left writing direction of Aramaic, but around the 8th century CE the orientation rotated 90 degrees in the counterclockwise direction, resulting in a script that is written in vertical column from top to bottom and columns are ordered from left to right.
		While it is possible that this occurred due to influence from Chinese, but it is just as likely that the change occurred independently.
	www.ancientscripts.com /sogdian.html (217 words)

	Naymark - A Note on Sogdian Coroplastics - Transoxiana Eran ud Aneran
		And since Sogdian copper coins circulated mostly locally and were undoubtedly intended for the daily retail trade, the numismatic point testifies to the significant development of internal trade.
		The scale of economic growth in Sogdian craft and internal trade was so significant that it was not even interrupted by the hardships of the Arab conquest, during which some Sogdian towns, like Paykand, were razed completely and had to be rebuilt from scratch, while others, like Panjikant, were partially abandoned by their inhabitants.
		"Praviteli Pancha (sogdiitsy i tiurki) [Rulers of Panch (Sogdians and Turks)]." - Narody Azii i Afriki, 1979
	www.transoxiana.org /Eran/Articles/naymark.html (8742 words)

	Lin Ying - Sogdian and Imitations of Byzantine Gold Coin Unearthed in the Heartland of China - Transoxiana Eran ud ...
		Anjia (?-579 CE) was a Sogdian descendant from Bukhara, who took the office of Tongzhou (nowadays Dali county, Shanxi province) Sabao, i.e., the head of Sogdian community, in the Northern Zhou period.
		Clearly, from Central Asia to China, the literary and iconographical evidences both indicate the Sogdian representation of ruler: their headdress needed to be carefully depicted because that the crowns symbolized their status and authority.
		When the Sogdian imitation solidi found their way in China in the seventh century CE, the Sogdian image of Roman Caesar also assisted the Chinese to create a new description of the legendary ruler of the treasure country.
	www.transoxiana.org /Eran/Articles/lin_ying.html (6131 words)

	IITS - Lexicon of Iranian Languages (SD-Introduction) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Sogdian was once an "international" language — in fact, the lingua franca of the Silk Road for many centuries.
		The Sogdian Term follows the entry number as a transliteration in bold letters and in the alphabetic order commonly used in glossaries compiled for Sogdian texts and research literature.
		Sogdian loan-words in Persian are given in the Persian Meaning; so are the names of months, days and feasts from the works of Beruni, as well as certain grammatical notes.
	www.uni-koeln.de /phil-fak/indologie/lil/sd-intro.html (793 words)

	Iranian Language Family
		Sogdian, among the less dominants Middle Iranian languages, was surely the mostinfluential because of its important role as a mediating language of theSilk Road trade route.
		Mostof our sources for studying Sogdian are the inscriptions and administrative correspondences discovered in Mt. Mugh in Tajikstan, as well as some Manichean and Christian texts found during the discoveries at the great monastery of Turfan (now in Chinese Turkistan).
		There are attestations of Sogdian words in the works of post-Islamic authors and poets, as well as dictionaries, showing the survival of the language for a few centuries after Islam.
	www.iranologie.com /history/ilf.html (2828 words)

	Maps of Indo-European Languages-Sogdian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		This map shows the regions of the world where Sogdian was once spoken in southern Uzbekistan and the surrounding area (red circle).
		Sogdian is a dead language that possibly descended from Avestan, and it certainly came from the East Iranian subfamily of languages descending from the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European.
		Sogdian was most closely related to Pashto, Kurdish, Baluchi, and the Iranian Ossetic language of central Caucasia.
	web.cn.edu /kwheeler/IE_Satem_Sogdian.html (155 words)

	Afrasiab mural paintings (western wall)
		This feature seems to be common in Sogdian architectural layouts both of private main halls and palace throne rooms.
		On the other hand they certainly belonged to a single system of court officials (not merely bodyguards), as is indicated by their uniform coloured caftans.
		Sogdians have created the paintings for Sogdian eyes, and so they may simply symbolize (the desire for) close relations and intimate friendship to a Turkish ruler.
	www.orientarch.uni-halle.de /ca/afras/text/wmaintxt.htm (1666 words)

	Yatsenko - The Late Sogdian Costume - Transoxiana Eran ud Aneran
		Te influence of the Sogdian costume was spread throw the routs of Silk Road far to the West (Alans on the Northern Caucasus).
		In a number of cases considered the elements of epic personages and gods' clothes in Sogdian terracotta and paintings (the latter ones having obvious Indian and Susanian elements) to be Sogdian and the identification of a number of personages in the 'Hall of Ambassadors' in Afrasiab as namely Sogdians is arguable.
		As the comparison of Sogdian personages in terracotta and paintings shows the absence of any serious, principal difference in their clothing, these materials can be studied in common.
	www.transoxiana.com.ar /Eran/Articles/yatsenko.html (11387 words)

	Heart Of The Silk Road: SOGDIANA & SOGDIAN ART
		The Sogdians resented being governed by Alexander's successors, the Greek kings of the Seleucid dynasty.
		Sogdian textiles are known to have been in great demand among their neighbours.
		Ancient Sogdian wall frescoe: The men in this frescoe resembles officials of Tang Dynasty, China, which was the contemporary of Bunjikath.
	www.weecheng.com /silk/tajik/sogdian.htm (2138 words)

	Iranica.com - MUELLER, Friedrich W. K.
		Though he only distinguished Sogdian on the one hand from the Middle Persian and Parthian material on the other, without being able to divide the latter into Middle Persian and Parthian, he was able to provide reasonable translations of the texts he edited in 1904, after an initial short note in the same year.
		Thanks to the great advances made in the study of Sogdian since Müller's publications (and also, of course, because of them) Sundermann was able to add a great deal of precision to the editions and pay particular attention to the Syriac original.
		For the slightly modified Syriac script of the Christian Sogdian texts, Müller chose in "Sogdische Texte I" (1913) to present the text in two versions: in the original Syriac font as well as in a mixed Latin transliterative and transcriptional system similar to that he which he had used for the Manichaean script.
	www.iranica.com /articles/ot_grp5/ot_muller_20040720.html (2944 words)

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