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	Tajikistan:History
		The northern part of what is now Tajikistan was part of Soghdiana, a distinct region that intermittently existed as a combination of separate oasis states and sometimes was subject to other states.
		As intermediaries on the Silk Route between China and markets to the west and south, the Soghdians imparted religions such as Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism (see Glossary), and Manichaeism (see Glossary), as well as their own alphabet and other knowledge, to peoples along the trade routes.
		The Kushans, whose exact identity is uncertain, played an important role in the expansion of Buddhism by spreading the faith to the Soghdians,who in turn brought it to China and the Turks.
	www.cac-biodiversity.org /tjk/tjk_history.htm (2622 words)

	Soghdian Kai Yuans
		Soghdian became the lingua franca of that period.
		Whereas much have been published on the Soghdians with respect to their language, architecture and paintings, much less is know about their coin system.
		Soghdian Kai Yuan coins have been found at the cities of Varaksha and Afrasiab.
	www.charm.ru /coins/misc/soghdian-kaiyuan.shtml (1460 words)

	Bukhara after the Arabian conquest - Bukhara History
		Ashras had to establish the previous practice of levying taxes, which caused the Soghdian uprising in 728.
		The Soghdians supported him because they were indignant about the extortion of the vice-regent of Khorasan and the levies he put on them.
		It was accompanied by plunder, fires, destruction, death, or slavery for many Soghdians, as was normal during any conquest.
	www.advantour.com /uzbekistan/bukhara/history/006.htm (2303 words)

	A HISTORY OF ISLAM IN CENTRAL ASIA - Part 1
		The first people known to have occupied Central Asia were Iranian nomads who arrived from the northern grasslands of what is now Uzbekistan sometime in the first millennium B.C. At this time, cities such as Bukhoro (Bukhara) and Samarqand (Samarkand) began to appear as centres of government and culture.
		Numerous intraregional wars were fought between Soghdian states and the other states in Mawarannahr, and the Persians and the Chinese were in perpetual conflict over the region.
		The Soghdians and other Iranian peoples of Central Asia were unable to defend their land against the Khilafah because of internal divisions and the lack of strong indigenous leadership.
	www.islamawareness.net /CentralAsia/ca_hist1.html (768 words)

	PANDZHIKENT: An Ancient Iranian Town of Soghdia - (The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies - CAIS)©
		Ancient Pandzhikent was a small but rich town of the Soghdians, a people of Iranian language ranging among the most important peoples of pre-Islamic Central Asia.
		In the central Zarafshan valley, the town of ancient Pandzhikent (Soghdian: Panchekanth) was the capital of Panch and its rulers.
		Several Soghdian gods and goddesses appear in the paintings: The images of deities (sometimes more than life-sized they served as ritual icons) are a unique iconographic complex of Iranian religious art.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Geography/pandzhikent.htm (791 words)

	Tajikistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Contemporary Tajiks are the descendants of ancient Eastern Iranian inhabitants of Central Asia, in particular the Soghdians and the Bactrians, and possibly other groups, with an admixture of Western Iranian Persians and non-Iranian peoples.
		As intermediaries on the Silk Route between China and markets to the west and south, the Soghdians imparted religions such as Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism (see Glossary), and Manichaeism (see Glossary), as well as their own alphabet and other knowledge, to peoples along the trade routes.
		The Kushans, whose exact identity is uncertain, played an important role in the expansion of Buddhism by spreading the faith to the Soghdians,who in turn brought it to China and the Turks.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/tajikistan/all.html (17825 words)

	Country Profiles Foreign & Commonwealth Office
		Despite the fact that the IRP and other UTO forces retain very few positions in government, the political and security situation is now stable.
		As intermediaries on the Silk Route between China and markets to the west and south, the Soghdians imported religions such as Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism, as well as their own alphabet.
		Islamic Arabs began the conquest of the region in earnest in the early eighth century.
	www.fco.gov.uk /servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1019745009474 (3444 words)

	FOXNews.com - CountryWatch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		As intermediaries on the Silk Route between China and markets to the west and south, the Soghdians imparted religions such as Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism, as well as their own alphabet and other knowledge, to peoples along the trade routes.
		By the first century C.E., the Han dynasty of China had developed commercial and diplomatic relations with the Soghdians and their neighbors, the Bactrians.
		Islamic Arabs began the conquest of the region in earnest in the early eighth century.
	www.countrywatch.com /fox/country.asp?vCOUNTRY=168&topic=PCFHY (765 words)

	Silk Road Seattle - Samarkand (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Soghdian letters dating from 313-314 CE have been discovered there; they provide evidence about a network of Soghdian merchants in various places in China, whose commercial interests included precious metals, spices and cloth.
		Soghdian merchants also went west and seem to have been involved in the development of new routes for the Silk trade with Byzantium in the sixth century.
		It seems clear that the Soghdians were quite eclectic in their religious tastes, since motifs on some of the ossuaries mix Zoroastrian and Christian symbolism.
	depts.washington.edu /uwch/silkroad/cities/uz/samarkand/samarkand.html (2126 words)

	The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall - From Original Sources [Chapter 54]
		The tributary Soghdians threatened by these, sought protection from Merv, but help being slow of coming, they meanwhile made overtures to the Turks, and between the two suffered grievously.
		The Soghdians retaliated by putting to death the Muslim prisoners in their hands; on which the general fell upon the Soghdian residents, who having been meanwhile disarmed had only staves wherewith to defend themselves.
		A romantic story is told of the fort of Bahila, occupied by a clan of the Soghdians who remained loyal.
	answering-islam.org /Books/Muir/Caliphate/chap54.htm (2653 words)

	Bukhara
		The origin of its inhabitants goes back to the period of Aryan immigration into the region.
		The Iranian Soghdians inhabited the area and some centuries later the Persian language became dominant among them.
		During the first millennium, it was located on the silk road trade route.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/b/bu/bukhara.html (299 words)

	THE IRANIAN: Persian langauge, Dariush Gilani
		The weaker Persians (later Hakhamaneshi), Parths (Ashkanians), Soghdians, etc, circumvented the Caspian Sea and settled in present Turkmenistan and Afghanistan.
		This word is for a tribe of Turks who lived in northern Iran and later became Jewish and moved to Europe.
		The Sacs and Soghdians were a constant menace to the Persians.
	www.iranian.com /Opinion/2002/April/Persian/index.html (730 words)

	Pandzhikent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Ancient Pandzhikent was a small but rich town of the Soghdians, a people of Iranian language ranging among the most important peoples of pre-Islamic Central Asia.
		In the central Zarafshan valley, the town of ancient Pandzhikent (Soghdian: Panchekanth) was the capital of Panch and its rulers.
		Several Soghdian gods and goddesses appear in the paintings: The images of deities (sometimes more than life-sized they served as ritual icons) are a unique iconographic complex of Iranian religious art.
	mlucom6.urz.uni-halle.de /orientarch/ca/pandzh.htm (744 words)

	Uzbekistan the Early Islamic Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Arabs first invaded Mawarannahr in the middle of the seventh century through sporadic raids during their conquest of Persia.
		Available sources on the Arab conquest suggest that the Soghdians and other Iranian peoples of Central Asia were unable to defend their land against the Arabs because of internal divisions and the lack of strong indigenous leadership.
		The Arabs, on the other hand, were led by a brilliant general, Qutaybah ibn Muslim, and they also were highly motivated by the desire to spread their new faith (the official beginning of which was in A.D. Because of these factors, the population of Mawarannahr was easily conquered.
	www.country-studies.com /uzbekistan/the-early-islamic-period.html (433 words)

	WORLD ENCYCLOPAEDIA - Uzbekistan - The Early Islamic Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Arabs first invaded Mawarannahr in the middle of the seventh century through sporadic raids during their conquest of Persia.
		Available sources on the Arab conquest suggest that the Soghdians and other Iranian peoples of Central Asia were unable to defend their land against the Arabs because of internal divisions and the lack of strong indigenous leadership.
		The Arabs, on the other hand, were led by a brilliant general, Qutaybah ibn Muslim, and they also were highly motivated by the desire to spread their new faith (the official beginning of which was in A.D. Because of these factors, the population of Mawarannahr was easily conquered.
	encyclopaedic.net /world/uzbekistan/2.php (567 words)

	Kaveh Farrokh-Parthian is not Turkish
		I suspect that you do not speak Soghdian or read Soghdian.
		Soghdian and its east Iranian characteristics - kindly refer to A.J. Arberry's "Legacy of Persia" starting on page 187.
		Soghdian, like other older East Iranian languages predate Turkic languages
	www.ghandchi.com /iranscope/Anthology/KavehFarrokh/farrokh5.htm (1238 words)

	Khilafah.com - Uzbekistan — Country Profile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Using an extensive network of cities and settlements in the province of Mawarannahr in Uzbekistan and farther east in what is today China’s Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the Soghdian intermediaries became the wealthiest of these Iranian merchants.
		Because of this trade on the Silk Route, Bukhoro and Samarqand eventually became extremely wealthy cities, and at times in its history Mawarannahr was heralded as one of the most influential and powerful Persian provinces of antiquity.
		The Soghdians and other Iranian leaders of Central Asia were unable to defend their land against the Khilafah because of internal divisions and the lack of strong leadership.
	www.khilafah.com /home/category.php?DocumentID=4602&TagID=24 (2811 words)

	Penjikent
		was a small but rich town of the Soghdians, an Iranian people among the most important peoples of pre-Islamic Central Asia.
		In the central Zarafshan valley, the town of ancient Panjikent (Soghdian: Panchekanth) was the capital of Panch and its rulers.
		The town probably arose in the 5th century A.D. Its citizens were well established businessmen and landowners.
	www.geocities.com /panjikent (460 words)

	CENTRAL ASIA AFTER THE MONGOL INVASION-ISLAM AND SEDENTARY LIFE AS A CONSEQUENCE
		Because of the Iranian peoples of the west, it could be said that prior to the Mongolian invasion Turkestan in the modern sense of the term, was not a land of the Turk.
		The Soghdians, especcialy, had established merchant colonies in all the Central Asian cities as far as China.
		But we see in M. Kashghari, that as early as eleventh century the Soghdians in Transoxania and the Kenjek and Khotanese in Eastern Turkestan had already begun the speak Turkish in addition to their own Iraian languages.
	www.history.hacettepe.edu.tr /archive/oimakale.html (4119 words)

	Tajikistan
		Iranian peoples, including ancestors of the modern Tajiks, have inhabited Central Asia since at least the earliest recorded history of the region, which began some 2,500 years ago.
		Contemporary Tajiks are the descendants of ancient Eastern Iranian inhabitants of Central Asia, in particular the Soghdians and the Bactrians, and possibly other groups, with an admixture of Western Iranian Persians and non-Iranian peoples.
		As intermediaries on the Silk Route between China and markets to the west and south, the Soghdians imparted religions such as Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism, as well as their own alphabet and other knowledge, to peoples along the trade routes.
	faculty.oxy.edu /richmond/dwa278/tajikistan.htm (7000 words)

	The Church of the East
		In particular, the Soghdians, an ancient Iranian people who lived in Transoxiana and who were inveterate traders, were key players in the transmission of Christian teaching along the Silk Road (they also played a significant role in propagating Buddhism, Manichaeism and Islam throughout Central Asia at various times).
		The legacy of these Nestorian missionaries is still preserved in the scripts that they introduced to the area, all based on the Syriac alphabet, including the Soghdian, Uighur, Manchurian and Mongolian scripts.
		There are also Christian tombstones preserved in two ancient cemeteries located at Tokmak near Lake Issyq-Kol (close to Bishkek, in modern-day Kyrgyzstan) that bear witness to the faith of a truly cosmopolitan Christian population made up of Syrians, Persians, Indians, Mongols, Siberians, Manchurians, Chinese and Turks, with the latter in the majority.
	www.oxuscom.com /ch-of-east.htm (9857 words)

	Uzbekistan Online Forum - Онлайн Форум Узбекистана - Uzbek the first to play gitar!!! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Yes indeed from the word Tar which means string in Persian, we can understand that this picture belongs to the Soghdians and Bactrians of Central Asia.
		Why you hate the Iranians so much, Persian languge is not exclusivly to the Persians, nor are the Persian the onliest Iranian people, stronger even, Iran in civilizational sence is not the same as the terriory of what is now Iran.
		It is an accepted fact that the bactrians and Soghdians were speaking East-Iranian languades, so take it easy buddy.
	www.forum.uz:81 /showthread.php?t=200 (920 words)

	Central Asia Chronology
		B.C. Bactrian, Soghdian, and Tokharian states dominate area of present-day Uzbekistan, including cities of Bukhara and Samarkand and begin profit from trade on Silk Route.
		Han Dynasty of China trades with Soghdians and Bactrians of Central Asia.
		A.D. Present-day Tajikistan ruled by Buddhist Kushans, who spread their faith to Soghdians.
	econc10.bu.edu /economic_systems/NatIdentity/FSU/Central_Asia/casia_chronology.htm (1721 words)

	Steppe History Forum - What happened to the Soghdians?
		When these tribes or at a part of them migrated to the sedentary regions (Uzbeks to Mawarannahr, Uyghurs to Tarim basin), they mixed with the local Soghdians who constituted the majority in towns and other sedentary areas.
		Even today, the culture and the physical appearance of the sedentary Uzbeks and Uyghurs is very close to the Tajiks, who are also the descendants of Soghdians, than to the nomadic and other Turks like Kazaks, Kyrgyzes, or Turkmens.
		Even today, the culture and the physical appearance of the sedentary Uzbeks and Uyghurs is very close to the Tajiks, who are also the descendants of Soghdians, than to the nomadic and other Turks like Kazaks, Kyrgyzes, or Turkmens[quote]
	steppes.proboards23.com /index.cgi?action=gotopost&board=board05&thread=1178710297&post=1178815701 (1693 words)

	Steppe History Forum - What happened to the Soghdians?
		Therefore, I see the continuation of the sedentary Soghdian tradition and culture, and in part language, in modern Tajiks, many Ozbeks, and Uyghurs.
		you mean sart people, I think you know who the sarts are, since the gok turks, there have been a mix of soghdians adn turks in the city,
		I think Turks are cauca-mongoloid.Some of the Turkic peoples look more Mongoloid and some of us look more Caucasoid,this because of genetic elements and the key "HEAVÝLY MÝXÝNG".For example:Turkish people also look more Caucasoid,but this never means they have no genetic relation with the Turks who are more Mongoloid.Like Uzbegs.
	steppes.proboards23.com /index.cgi?action=display&board=board05&thread=1178710297&page=1 (1693 words)

	All Empires: History Forum: Samarkand
		No, the Soghdians were the sedentary Iranic people of Soghdiana (Samarkand, Bukhara and the such), the Sakâ were different from them.
		I honestly cannot see how some of you can see more similarity between SemizKent and Samarkand than Marakanda and Samarkand.
		In addition, the Greeks reported Soghdians in the area (Alexander's generals had difficulty dealing with them and Bessos without Alexander helping), not Turks.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=78&PN=7 (414 words)

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