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Topic: Soil Contaminants

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	Water Quality: soil contaminants
		Samples of dispersible soil will be identified and collected from throughout the southern region to evaluate the accuracy of the statistical model.
		In addition to mineralogical differences, contaminated soils will be selected based on the criteria that the soil contains a minimum of 250 mg/kg of at least one of the target contaminants.
		Soil mineralogy will control colloid dispersion and speciation of solid phases of contaminants within the applied litter, particularly heavy metals such as zinc and copper.
	www.clemson.edu /scg/water/smith.htm (554 words)

	Soil Properties that affect Groundwater (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The northwest corner of the County consists of poorly-drained heavier soils of clay and silt derived from the weathering of the crystalline bedrock.
		The porosity of soil or geologic materials is the ratio of the volume of pore space in a unit of material to the total volume of material.
		Contaminant attenuation in soils depends on water moving through the top two layers of soil (horizons A and B) at a rate that ensures maximum contact between the percolating water that contains contaminants and the soil particles.
	www.uwsp.edu /water/portage/undrstnd/soil.htm (1667 words)

	A Citizen's Guide to Thermal Desorption
		If the contaminated material is very wet or has a high level of contaminant, it may need to be blended with sand or dried to make it a more uniform mass for treatment in the desorption unit.
		The function of the desorption unit is to heat the contaminated soil to a sufficient temperature for a sufficient period to dry it and vaporize the contaminants from the soil.
		If, however, the soil requires further treatment (for example, the soil contained contaminants that did not respond to this process), it may be treated with another technology or transported off-site for disposal.
	www.p2pays.org /ref/07/06191 (1400 words)

	GAINING INSIGHT INTO MECHANISMS OF DERMAL ABSORPTION OF SOIL CONTAMINANTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Soil samples were contaminated by individual PAH as neat chemical via dry deposition or using acetone as a vehicle.
		for the soil rich in OC is 1.7-2.2 folds of that for the soil with less OC, indicating that the soil-to-skin transfer of PAHs was significantly influenced by the chemical absorption onto soil OC.
		The absorption of NP into the SR equilibrated with contaminated soil was proportional to the partial pressure developed in the headspace air, and the absorption rates into SR were consistent with the partial pressure changes, suggesting the involvement of vapor-phase transport in the soil-to-skin transfer process.
	www.mines.edu /fs_home/abunge/SkinBarrierResGroup/GroupMeeting/abstract010214.htm (472 words)

	Southern Association of Agricultural Experiment Station Directors
		Soil contaminants such as heavy metals must be managed indefinitely because they are not degraded in soils, they are typically not converted to volatile forms, and their biouptake is low compared with macro-nutrients.
		By evaluating the soil mineralogical and chemical properties that are important for mobilization of soil colloids, and by determining the nature of association between selected soil contaminants and different mineralogical and organic fractions of soils, the proposed research will provide mechanistic insights that will be useful for managing the long-term impacts of persistent soil contaminants.
		To better understand the potential for soil contaminants to move along with dispersed colloids or to be sequestered into immobile forms in soils, the second objective will quantify the amounts of contaminant associated with mobile colloids and certain mineral fractions in a number of contaminated soils from the southern region.
	www.cals.ncsu.edu /research/s280/project_summary.html (1827 words)

	ATSDR - PHA - F.E. Warren Air Force Base, Cheyenne, Laramie County, Wyoming
		To evaluate whether health hazards are associated with exposures to contaminants in surface soil, surface water, and sediment at Landfills 2 and 3, ATSDR estimated the potential doses for residents (adults and children).
		Therefore, the precipitation necessary to transport contaminants in soil is infrequent and not expected to carry significant amounts of soil to Dry Creek from throughout the northern portion of the base.
		The drinking water and soil CVs used to evaluate contamination in surface water and sediment, respectively, are derived using conservative assumptions about exposure, such as daily ingestion of 2 liters of contaminated water and daily contact with contaminated soil.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /HAC/pha/fewarren/few_p2.html (6746 words)

	Soil Cleanup Goals-GD19
		The soil cleanup goals presented in Table 1 are the lowest of the human health based goals, the label application rate based goals and the goals based on leaching of contaminants to ground water using the high, moderate and low risk to ground water scenarios for each compound.
		Partitioning of the contaminant to organic carbon in soil, to soil water and to soil air was calculated using compound specific characteristics and generic soil characteristics such as organic carbon content and bulk density in an equation modified from Dragun (1988).
		The approach used to develop the preliminary soil cleanup goals does not specifically consider the initial concentration or volume of contaminated soil; the presence of karst at or adjacent to the site; ecological, food crop or livestock risks; phytotoxicity of the contaminated soil, and discharge of contaminated ground water or runoff to surface water.
	www.mda.state.mn.us /IncidentResponse/gd19.htm (2012 words)

	Remediation Technologies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Volatilized contaminants migrate upward and are removed upon reaching the vadose zone, typically through soil vapor extraction.
		Process of alteration of organic or inorganic contaminants to innocuous and/or immobile state by injection or infiltration of stabilizing agents into a zone of contaminated soil/groundwater.
		Contaminants are physically bound or enclosed within a stabilized mass (solidification), or their mobility is reduced through chemical reaction (stabilization).
	www.gwrtac.org /html/techs.html (1498 words)

	Soil Flushing
		Soil flushing is a technology used for extracting contaminants from the soil.
		Contaminants that are dissolved in the flushing solution are leached into the groundwater, which is then extracted and treated.
		Flushing additives may leave small residuals in the soil or groundwater, and should be evaluated on a site-specific basis.
	www.cpeo.org /techtree/ttdescript/soilflus.htm (392 words)

	Field Research Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Soil contaminants that we tested for were sulfides and nitrates.
		Contamination of air was evaluated by examining the carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfide levels.
		We speculated that the amount of contaminants would be greater in the direction of the wind, base on the premise that the wind would spread the contaminants.
	depts.alverno.edu /nsmt/archive/MAB.htm (997 words)

	ATSDR - PHA - Langley Air Force Base and Nasa Langley Research Center, Hampton, York County, Virginia
		These elements include a source of contamination, an environmental medium in which contaminants may be present, a point of human exposure, a route of human exposure (such as ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact), and a receptor population.
		Because contaminants were detected at higher levels in the upper reaches of the creek, the cleanup action will focus on that area (Figure 6).
		Soil at the former playground is contaminated with pesticides, herbicides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and metals.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /hac/pha/langley/ula_p2.html (3589 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		e., fixation and degradation) of contaminants with the phytoextraction and subsequent accumulation of contaminants in the above-ground biomass of the plants.
		Alternatively, if the chemically fixed contaminants are sufficiently stable, the plant biomass, accumulated contaminants and the amended soil layer may be left in situ or capped with an additional layer of amended soil or barrier mats.
		In yet another embodiment, once the inorganic or organic contaminants have been brought to the upper surface, the amended soil layers and accumulated biomass from the phytoaccumulators may be removed for subsequent treatment or disposal.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=02/28557.020411&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (3273 words)

	Water Quality / (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Soil characteristics are very important in determining 1) how a contaminant breaks down to harmless compounds; and 2) whether it leaches into groundwater.
		Clay soils, on the other hand, are made up of extremely small particles that slow the movement of water and dissolved contaminants through the soil.
		Soils in the southern third of Indiana were formed on older glacial deposits or directly on bedrock.
	www.ecn.purdue.edu /SafeWater/farmasyst/surveys/siteeval.htm (2685 words)

	Newswise
		Soil particles lock up contaminants hundreds to thousands of times faster under the caustic conditions found beneath leading toxic waste tanks at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation than under normal soil conditions, researchers report.
		But the contaminated soils and toxic wastes materials are too dangerous for the scientists to work with directly.
		To the researchers’ surprise, over time the contaminants in the experimental set-ups were bound by newly formed clays in the soil, forming unusual minerals called zeolites and feldspathoids.
	www.newswise.com /articles/view/503950 (835 words)

	SBRP RB No. 45: Improving the Understanding of Contaminant Bioavailability in Soils
		The bioavailability of contaminants in soils is a complex process that is influenced by both chemical and biological factors.
		For example, the chemical process of adsorption is generally thought to decrease the bioavailability of certain contaminants in soils, while some evidence suggests that the presence of bacteria in soils may increase the accessibility of soil contaminants to living organisms.
		Since some bacterial polymers are effective at releasing contaminants from soils and the polymers are easily harvested from bacterial cultures, the potential also exists for using bacterial polymers in the development of new biotechnological approaches to remediate contaminated soils.
	www-apps.niehs.nih.gov /sbrp/researchbriefs/view.cfm?Brief_ID=45 (919 words)

	Cleanup Standards Applicable to the Hanford 100 Area (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The cleanup level for individual nonradioactive contaminants in soil is set at whichever value is greatest among the MTCA Method B cleanup level, the area background concentration, and the PQL.
		First, MTCA says that if contaminant levels in soil are not more than 100 times the corresponding limits in groundwater, then groundwater is considered protected from soil contamination (Ecology, 1996, p 50).
		For the 100 Area soil remediation, RESRAD and DAF adjustments are combined to determine Remedial Action Goals for soil contaminants that are designed to protect the Columbia.
	www.yetiarts.com /dms/100_cleanup_levels_content.html (3604 words)

	PNNL News and Publications
		Depending on the type of contaminant, the system is designed either to draw pollutants from the soil and treat the gases above ground, or to destroy the hazardous material, in place, underground.
		The soil treatment process, named Electrical Remediation At Contaminated Environs or ERACE, is being developed by a multidisciplinary research team at the U.S. Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest Laboratory in Richland, Washington.
		The steam passes through a plasma reactor where contaminants are oxidized or consumed, and the gases are scrubbed with water and neutralized with ordinary baking soda.
	www.pnl.gov /news/1992/92-10.htm (701 words)

	Soil Vapor Extraction Enhancements
		Tightly bound soils such as clays and silts are not generally suited to hot air or steam injection.
		Where the contaminated zone is close to the water table, precautions must be taken to avoid transferring contaminants from soil to groundwater.
		Conventional soil vapor extraction (SVE) was used initially to remove chlorinated solvents from the unsaturated zone at a former hazardous waste disposal site near the City of Muehlacker, Germany, and a hydraulic pump and treat system was used to remediate ground water.
	www.cpeo.org /techtree/ttdescript/ensve.htm (645 words)

	Ecological Engineering Group
		It is this symbiotic relationship between soil microbes that is responsible for the accelerated degradation of soil contaminants.
		Plants are effective at remediating soils contaminated with organic chemical wastes, such as solvents, petrochemicals, wood preservatives, explosives and pesticides.
		The conventional technology for soil cleanup is to remove the soil and isolate it in a hazardous waste landfill or incinerate it.
	www.ecological-engineering.com /defs.html (5940 words)

	4.5 Phytoremediation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Phytoremediation is a process that uses plants to remove, transfer, stabilize, and destroy contaminants in soil and sediment.
		Phyto-accumulation is the uptake of contaminants by plant roots and the translocation/accumulation (phytoextraction) of contaminants into plant shoots and leaves.
		Currently, trees are under investigation to determine their ability to remove organic contaminants from ground water, translocate and transpiration, and possibly metabolize them either to CO or plant tissue.
	www.frtr.gov /matrix2/section4/4_5.html (730 words)

	4.2 Biodegradation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Sometimes contaminants may be degraded to intermediate or final products that may be less, equally, or more hazardous than the original contaminant.
		For contaminated sites with low soil temperature, heat blankets may be used to cover the soil surface to increase the soil temperature and the degradation rate.
		Important contaminant characteristics that need to be identified in an enhanced bioremediation feasibility investigation are their potential to leach (e.g., water solubility and soil sorption coefficient); their chemical reactivity (e.g., tendency toward nonbiological reactions, such as hydrolysis, oxidation, and polymerization); and, most importantly, their biodegradability.
	www.frtr.gov /matrix2/section4/4_2.html (1328 words)

	Contaminants in Soil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Dust from contaminated soil can be tracked into the house on shoes and can end up on indoor surfaces and toys.
		Removing debris, turning the soil over, sodding, covering with plastic or cement, or excavating and disposing of contaminated soil will reduce exposure.
		Do not disturb contaminated soil on windy days or when children or pregnant women are present.
	www.idph.state.il.us /envhealth/factsheets/leadsoil.htm (298 words)

	BRIE: The Penn State Biogeochemical Research Initiative for Education
		Dec. Characterization of enzymatic or abiotic immobilization of xenobiotics in soil.
		Use of free and immobilized laccase for the decontamination of soil polluted with 2,4-dichlorophenol.
		Soil pore-water distributions and the temperature feedback of weathering in the field.
	www.ems.psu.edu /BRIE/publications.html (4561 words)

	Entomology FacStaff Temp.
		Contaminated Soils: from Soil-Chemical Interactions to Ecosystem Management.
		Field studies of imidacloprid distribution following application to soil through a drip irrigation system.
		In Pesticide Remediation in Soils and Water, P. Kearney, and T. Roberts, eds.
	entomology.wsu.edu /Profiles/felsot.html (389 words)

	Toxics Program Bibliography-Ground- and Surface-Water Contamination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Soil sorption of organic pollutants and pesticides, in Meyers, R.A., ed., Encyclopedia of Environmental Analysis and Remediation: New York, John Wiley, p.
		A partition-limited model for the plant uptake of organic contaminants from soil and water: Environmental Science and Technology, v.
		Soil sorption of organic vapors and effects of humidity on sorptive mechanism and capacity: Environmental Science and Technology, v.
	toxics.usgs.gov /bib/bib-research-gw-sw.html (13621 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Groundwater and Soil Cleanup: Improving Management of Persistent Contaminants (1999)
		Cleaning up contamination at installations that were part of the former nuclear weapons production complex is the most costly environmental restoration project in U.S. history.
		Effective technologies do not exist for treating many of the common groundwater and soil contaminants at DOE facilities.
		This report advises DOE on technologies and strategies for cleaning up three types of contaminants in groundwater and soil: (1) metals, (2) radionuclides, and (3) dense nonaqueous-phase liquids (DNAPLs), such as solvents used in manufacturing nuclear weapons components.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309065496/html/1.html (399 words)

	Nanotechnology's Miniature Answers To Developing World's Biggest Problems
		Number two on the list is agriculture, where science is developing a range of inexpensive nanotech applications to increase soil fertility and crop production, and help eliminate malnutrition - a contributor to more than half the deaths of children under five in developing countries.
		Nanotech materials are in development for the slow release and efficient dosage of fertilizers for plants and of nutrients and medicines for livestock.
		Other agricultural developments include nano-sensors to monitor the health of crops and farm animals and magnetic nano-particles to remove soil contaminants.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/05/050512120050.htm (1729 words)

	RIVM - Artikelen 2003 - Milieurisico's en Externe Veiligheid = Environmental risks and external safety
		Observational and simulated evidence of ecological shifts within the soil nematode community of agroecosystems under conventional and organic farming
		Development of an in vitro digestion model for estimating the bioaccessibility of soil contaminants
		Metal uptake from soils and soil-sediment mixtures by larvae of Tenebrio molitor (L.) (Coleoptera)
	www.rivm.nl /bibliotheek/artikelen/artikelen2003mev.html (3124 words)

	E&ES Scientific Publications
		of surface soils from the Luquillo Experimental Forest of Puerto Rico-A
		Evidence of Climatic Influence." Water, Air and Soil Pollution 30: 319-330.
		forest soils of the Cordillera Piuchue, Chile: Biogeochemical Implications."
	www.sas.upenn.edu /earth/Deptpublications.html (7114 words)

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