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Topic: Soil erosion

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	Soil erosion: An agricultural production challenge
		Soil erosion is a gradual process that occurs when the impact of water or wind detaches and removes soil particles, causing the soil to deteriorate.
		Soil erosion is the detachment and movement of soil particles from the point of origination through the action of water or wind.
		Soil erosion by water occurs when bare-sloped soil surface is exposed to rainfall, and the rainfall intensity exceeds the rate of soil intake, or infiltration rate, leading to soil-surface runoff.
	www.ipm.iastate.edu /ipm/icm/2000/7-24-2000/erosion.html (885 words)

	Geoindicators: Soil and sediment erosion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Erosion, both fluvial and eolian (wind) is generally greatest in arid and semi-arid regions, where soil is poorly developed and vegetation provides relatively little protection.
		Soil erosion also reduces the levels of the basic plant nutrients needed for crops, trees and other plants, and decreases the diversity and abundance of soil organisms.
		Soil erosion both affects and is affected by vegetation and crop cover.
	www.gcrio.org /geo/soil.html (1012 words)

	soil erosion
		The removal of forests (deforestation) or other vegetation often leads to serious soil erosion, because plant roots bind soil, and without them the soil is free to wash or blow away, as in the American dust bowl.
		Soil degradation and erosion are becoming as serious as the loss of the rainforest.
		It is estimated that more than 10% of the world’s soil lost a large amount of its natural fertility during the latter half of the 20th century.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0024281.html (462 words)

	Soil Erosion Ordinance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The purpose of this Ordinance is to prevent soil erosion and sedimentation from occurring as a result of non-agricultural development within the Township by requiring proper provisions for water disposal and the protection of soil surfaces during and after construction, in order to promote the safety, public health, convenience, and general welfare of the community.
		All temporary and permanent soil erosion measures shall be indicated on the plan and may be indicated using the Unified Keying System as promulgated by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.
		Permanent soil erosion control measures for all slopes, channels, ditches, or any disturbed land area shall be completed within fifteen (15) calendar days after final grading or the final earth change has been completed.
	www.commercetwp.com /Building/BD_MSW_Soil_Erosion_Ordinance.htm (2603 words)

	SOIL EROSION
		Soil erosion is the wearing away and removal of the land surface by __ or irrigation water, wind, ice, or other natural or human agent at rates exceeding geologic erosion.
		Erosion of soil sediments by water and wind results from two physical processes: detachment and.
		With the sometimes sterile definitions on the impact of soil erosion, it is easy to overlook the very real impact soil erosion has on the lives of people.
	www.cst.cmich.edu /users/Franc1m/esc334/lectures/erosion.htm (1027 words)

	Working in The Woods: Why Is My Forest the Way It Is:Soil Erosion
		Soil building is a long-term process, and effects of having soil lost or displaced through management activities can be so devastating that you must consider the impact of all activities on the soil.
		The amount of erosion that occurs is a response to the balance between gravity, which tends to move soil down slope, and the resistance of soils, rock and, vegetation, which tends to hold the materials in place.
		SOIL EROSION: The detachment and movement of soil or rock by water, wind, ice, or gravity.
	www.cnr.berkeley.edu /departments/espm/extension/EROSION.HTM (2117 words)

	Effects of wind erosion
		Wind erosion can also take place in high-rainfall climates when certain months of the year are particularly dry (but only if the soil is tilled with techniques that crush the surface fine).
		The less structure-improving matter a soil has on the surface (organic matter, iron and free aluminium, lime), the more fragile it will be, while the presence of sodium or salt often leads to formation of a layer of dust on the surface, which fosters wind erosion.
		Irrigating the soil prior to the normal rainy season is enough to allow favourable tillage conditions and establish plant cover before the destructive tornadoes which generally come at the start of the rainy season.
	www.fao.org /docrep/T1765E/t1765e0t.htm (2149 words)

	Soil Erosion in Agricultural Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Water erosion occurs during the spring with the thawing and melting action of the snow.
		For example, after the corn is harvested, the stalks are left on the field all winter to reduce erosion and soil fertility decline.
		Soil conservation is critical to creating sustainable agriculture, but it also creates the need for heavier doses of pesticides and herbicides.
	www.msu.edu /user/dunnjef1/rd491/soile.htm (580 words)

	Residue Management for Soil Erosion Control, G81-544-A (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Soil erosion and the subsequent sedimentation have been identified as major water quality problems in the state.
		Soil particles and aggregates that have been detached by raindrops are transported down the slope by runoff.
		Soil particle size distribution, organic matter content, and the slope of the land all influence how susceptible different fields are to the forces of erosion.
	ianrpubs.unl.edu /fieldcrops/g544.htm (1898 words)

	Soil Erosion
		Soil erosion in agricultural systems is a very important problem to manage.
		Soil erosion is the detachment and movement of soil particles by the erosive forces of wind or water.
		Soil detached and transported away from one location is often deposited at some other place.
	www.walkerschools.org /eco/soil3.html (865 words)

	Chesapeake Bay Foundation - Save the Bay: Soil Erosion: Simple Ways to Save the Chesapeake Bay
		Erosion is when rain and moving surface water dislodge and carry soil particles, organic matter, and plant nutrients.
		The texture of the soil and its potential for absorbing water, the steepness of the slope, and the adequacy of protective cover on the soil are all factors that influence the extent of erosion.
		Use erosion control matting or straw mulch to protect soil from erosion until vegetation is established.
	www.cbf.org /site/PageServer?pagename=action_simple_ways_soil (469 words)

	Soil Erosion in Iceland - Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Land with very severe erosion is shown red on the map, and occurs on 7% of the country.
		Severe erosion is orange and land with considerable erosion is yellow.
		Erosion spots are the most common erosion form in Iceland, but erosion is seldom severe where they dominate.
	www.rala.is /desert/4-1.html (487 words)

	Have Conservation Compliance Incentives Reduced Soil Erosion? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The soil loss tolerance, or T value, is an estimate of the rate of soil erosion that can occur on a given soil without significant long-term productivity loss.
		Data on erodibility and soil erosion from the National Resources Inventory (NRI), maintained by USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service, were combined with ARMS data on crop acreage and government payments received to estimate the extent of HEL cropland and related erosion on farms receiving government payments and subject to conservation compliance.
		This amount is roughly 89 percent of the 331 million tons of excess erosion reduction on HEL cropped in 1982 and 1997 and 25 percent of all erosion reduction.
	www.ers.usda.gov /Amberwaves/June04/Features/HaveConservation.htm (2714 words)

	New Scientist 24 February 1990 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The erosion of tropical soils on hill-sides where trees have been cut down is a common sight today.
		The two major phases of soil erosion were preceded by a minor event about 3500 years ago, in the early days of maize cultivation.
		Increasingly, there is evidence that the cycles of soil erosion around the lake were repeated around other centres of population in the region.
	www.ciesin.org /docs/002-272/002-272a.html (545 words)

	SOIL
		Soils vary with topography primarily because of the influence of moisture and erosion.
		Contact our office for a copy of a soil survey that has maps and descriptions of all of the soils in Shawnee county or how to obtain one for soils in your area.
		This is the layer that soil conservation efforts are focused.
	www.cjnetworks.com /~sccdistrict/soilpro.htm (612 words)

	WERU: Wind Erosion Simulation Models
		Soil loss for the management periods over a year are added to estimate annual erosion.
		Soil loss from the peroids also can be added for a multi-year rotation, and the loss divided by the number of years to obtain an average, annual estimate.
		Soil erosion by wind is initiated when wind speed exceeds the saltation threshold velocity for a given field condition.
	www.weru.ksu.edu /weps.html (834 words)

	Peace Corps \| World Wise Schools \| Lesson Plans \| Teacher Guides \| Lesotho
		Have small groups of students brainstorm ways soil erosion in Lesotho could be prevented or reversed, basing their solutions on what they have learned about its causes.
		Erosion is the wearing away of the earth's surface, which happens all the time, but at different rates in different places.
		Soil erosion becomes a serious problem when it removes topsoil from an area faster than it can be replaced.
	www.peacecorps.gov /wws/guides/lesotho/lescrisis.html (850 words)

	An Introduction to Soil Erosion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Soil erosion is a gradual process that occurs when the actions of water, wind, and other factors eat away and wear down the land, causing the soil to deteriorate or disappear completely.
		Soil deterioration and low quality of water due to erosion and run off has often become a severe problem around the world.
		The key to minimizing soil erosion and saving the farm lands is the farmer himself.
	agen521.www.ecn.purdue.edu /AGEN521/epadir/erosion/introduction.html (139 words)

	Soil Erosion
		Wind and water are the main agents of soil erosion.
		Soil erosion can be seen as both a symptom of underdevelopment (i.e.
		On commercial farm lands, overstocking, mono-cropping, and the ploughing of marginal lands unsuitable for cultivation has led to soil erosion and desertification.
	www.botany.uwc.ac.za /Envfacts/facts/erosion.htm (773 words)

	People Cause More Soil Erosion Than All Natural Processes
		Soil and rock particles derived from the glacial, riverine, and agricultural erosion of east-central North America enter the Gulf of Mexico as muddy water along the delta of the Mississippi River.
		Soil Erosion Winding Down, Not Revving Up (August 23, 1999) -- Fertile topsoil is probably not eroding from farmlands at the alarming rate that it's widely believed to be, suggests a study in the 20 August issue of Science.
		Because soil formation proceeds at about the same rate as natural erosion, Wilkinson's results mean that humans are stripping soil from the surface of the Earth far faster than nature can replace it.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/11/041103234736.htm (563 words)

	Soil Erosion Control after Wildfire
		The potential for severe soil erosion is a consequence of wildfire because as a fire burns it destroys plant material and the litter layer.
		Percolation of water into the soil profile is reduced, making it difficult for seeds to germinate and for the roots of surviving plants to obtain moisture.
		Factors contributing to their formation are: a thick layer of litter before the fire; a severe slow-moving surface and crown fire; and coarse textured soils such as sand or decomposed granite.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /PUBS/NATRES/06308.html (1877 words)

	Preventing soil erosion after spring rains
		Some areas of Iowa have experienced hard, late-spring rains that have contributed to various types of soil erosion, especially fields with minimum residue coverage, where sheet and rill erosions were observed.
		This soil splashing may seal off the soil's surface, reducing infiltration and allowing rainwater to collect and move down slopes, carrying dislodged soil particles with it.
		Terrace design must be in concert with the kind of soil, slope gradient, and tolerance for in-field erosion, all of which vary throughout the state.
	www.ipm.iastate.edu /ipm/icm/2001/5-21-2001/preventeros.html (729 words)

	Soil Erosion Article from Science Magazine Vol. 267 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Soil erosion is a major environmental threat to the sustainability and productive capacity of agriculture.
		Pimentel et al state that the total on and off-site costs of damages by wind and water erosion and the cost of erosion prevention each year is 44,399,000,000.
		These very large estimates of the costs of erosion are bound to trigger much debate during the Farm Bill process as Congress considers the costs and the benefits of continuing the Conservation Reserve Program and compliance policy.
	www.pmac.net /science2.htm (233 words)

	Soil Erosion soil erosion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		When you're in the hunt for excellent information relating to soil erosion, you'll find it difficult extricating the best information from amateurish soil erosion suggestions and directions so it's prudent to know ways of moderating the information offered to you.
		A good pointer to follow when you are presented with help or advice concerning a soil erosion page is to verify the ownership of the website.
		This could reveal the people behind the website soil erosion identifications The easiest way to reveal who owns the soil erosion website is to look on the 'about' page or 'contact' page.
	www.soil-erosion.info (243 words)

	Soil Erosion
		It is the soil which nourishes and provides for the whole of nature; the whole of creation depends on the soil which is the ultimate foundation of our existence.
		Much of the chemical weathering that takes place in soils is the result of the activities of soil micro-organisms, if this biological activity is reduced as a consequence of reduced organic matter levels, then the soils ability to provide nutrients for growing crops will be reduced.
		Care is needed to maintain soils in fertile condition and to prevent or minimise economic and environmental impacts of erosion.
	www.ecifm.rdg.ac.uk /erosion.htm (1228 words)

	New Page 2
		Erosion is therefore influenced by rainfall intensity and raindrop size (greater in the tropics)
		Keep the soil moist so that surface tension films (adhesion) keep the particles together - ploughing just before high winds can help as this brings wetter soil to the surface but can't be used very often as it depletes soil moisture, and can't be done if fields have been drilled.
		In some parts of the world, the soil is never turned over as the water that would be lost by evaporation as a result is necessary for plants to grow in these areas.
	www.geographypages.co.uk /serosion.htm (1149 words)

	01/10/01 -- Soil erosion threatens farm lands of sub-Saharan Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Soil erosion is one of the chronic environmental problem facing some developing countries especially in the tropics.
		Swelling populations, poor land management, vulnerable soils and hostile climates are all preconditions that exacerbate soil erosion.
		Mutamba says in terms of biophysical degradation, soil erosion has a telling effect on the environment and quality of life for both human and animal life.
	forests.org /archive/africa/soerthre.htm (1368 words)

	Corn and the Environment- Corn, Soil Structure and Erosion
		Good soil structure is important in allowing crop plants to yield well, and in helping resist erosion caused by the action of rainfall, melting snow in early spring, and wind.
		The control of soil erosion and the use of soil tests which ensure that excessive phosphate fertilizer is not applied are means of reducing water contamination by phosphates.
		While this helps to improve the structure of deeper soil layers, it is less effective in stabilizing surface soil than are the fine, shallow roots of crops such as perennial grass species and winter cereals.
	www.ontariocorn.org /envt/enverosion.htm (376 words)

	Soil Erosion
		The application shall be accompanied by a soil erosion and sedimentation control plan and any other document which the authorizing agency may require.
		COMMERCIAL PROJECTS that require critical soil erosion measures or that require stabilization measures involving expenditures of more than $500.00 may be required to issue a Surety Bond for the cost of stabilization posted with the Clare County Soil Erosion Department by the owner and a corporate surety agency.
		A person shall prepare a soil erosion and sedimentation control plan for any earth change within 500 ft of a body of water or earth change greater than or equal to one acre.
	www.clareco.net /Soil_Erosion/soil_erosion_home.htm (867 words)

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