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Topic: Soil profile

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Soil

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Pedology (soil study)

FAO soil classification

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	Water and the Soil
		The water table is the dividing line in the soil profile separating the unsaturated zone, in which pore spaces are filled by a combination of water and gases, from the saturated zone, in which essentially all pores are filled with groundwater (fig.
		Most soils are a combination of sand, silt, and clay, and the percentages of these various particle sizes determine the amount of water held in soil pores and the amount and rate of percolation to greater depths.
		A clay soil may be unsuitable for crops because drainage is too slow, whereas a sandy soil may require irrigation because the water percolates quickly and does not remain in the root zone where it is available to plants.
	pmep.cce.cornell.edu /facts-slides-self/facts/wat-so-grw85.html (2688 words)

	Soil Mapping
		The soil profile is defined as a vertical section of the soil from the ground surface downwards to where the soil meets the underlying rock.
		The soil profile can be as little as 10 cm thick in immature soils and as deep as several metres in tropical areas where the climate is conducive to rapid alteration of the underlying rock to form soil.
		In some soils the B horizon results purely from the weathering of the underlying rock whereas in other soils this weathering is supplemented by the translocation of materials from overlying horizons.
	www.soil-net.com /advanced/soil_profile.htm (565 words)

	Soil Data from FAO & GISS
		The soil type data file was derived from the highest level of the FAO soil units and is based on the work of Zobler (1986).
		Soil texture was derived from the soil profile information associated with each soil unit, using the methodology described in the SOURCE and THEORETICAL BASIS sections of this readme.
		Soil texture, profile depth and average slope values were not available for all of the soil types mapped by Zobler (1986).
	daac.gsfc.nasa.gov /interdisc/readmes/soils.shtml (3556 words)

	Virtual Tones (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Soil is produced by soil forming processes that act on the materials deposited or accumulated by geologic activities.
		Soil characteristics are determined by physical and mineral composition of the parent material, climate during accumulation, plant and animal life on and in the soil, the relief or lay of the land, and length of time for soil formation.
		The soil profile is composed of soil horizons.
	nesen.unl.edu /lessons/geosphere/soilstackup.htm (1479 words)

	A Soil Profile \| NRCS Soils
		Soil scientists, who are also called pedologists, observe and describe soil profiles and soil horizons to classify and interpret the soil for various uses.
		Soil horizons differ in a number of easily seen soil properties such as color, texture, structure, and thickness.
		Soil scientists use the capital letters O, A, B, C, and E to identify the master horizons, and lowercase letters for distinctions of these horizons.
	soils.usda.gov /education/resources/k_12/lessons/profile (360 words)

	Soil Profile (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Soils develop over long periods of time, perhaps ten thousand years, as a response to the soil forming factors.
		The soil profile in mineral soils has three horizon types, from the surface downwards called A, B and C. Horizons can usually be distinguished by color differences, but closer study also shows differences in chemical and physical properties.
		In Grassland soils the upper A horizon is usually the darkest layer in the profile.
	interactive.usask.ca /ski/agriculture/soils/soilform/soilform_prof.html (883 words)

	Soil - Encyclopedia of Earth
		Soil pH is primarily controlled by the concentration of free hydrogen ions in the soil matrix.
		Soils with a relatively large concentration of hydrogen ions tend to be acidic.
		Soils of the humid tropics are generally red or yellow because of the oxidation of iron or aluminum, respectively.
	www.eoearth.org /article/Soil (4335 words)

	Soil
		Soil forms the upper-most layer of the earth's crust and is made up of inorganic and organic matter.
		Clay soils have a large proportion of the smallest particles and are the least suitable for plant growth.
		Soils which have approximately equal proportions of sand and clay are called loams and are best for plant growth because they contain enough air and can hold moisture.
	www.botany.uwc.ac.za /Envfacts/facts/soil.htm (789 words)

	soil profile properties and interpretations (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This soil thickness may or may not be the same as that designated for purposes of profile descriptions.
		Soil wetness is a reflection of the rate at which water is removed from the soil by both runoff and percolation.
		Soil use limitations (no more than three) may be included at the discretion of the host school, but the host school must notify all teams and provide tables with criteria well in advance so that the teams can practice the interpretations.
	www.ag.auburn.edu /aaes/soiljudge/handbook/profileprop.html (937 words)

	Soil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Soil, comprising the pedosphere, is positioned at the interface of the lithosphere with the biosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere.
		Soil formation, or pedogenesis, is the combined effect of physical, chemical, biological, and anthropogenic processes on soil parent material resulting in the formation of soil horizons.
		Soil acidification is accelerated by the use of acid-forming nitrogenous fertilizers and by the effects of acid precipitation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soil (3604 words)

	Sabine Grunwald
		When soil moisture is high, as in wet or humid climates, there is a net downward movement of water in the soil for most of the year, which usually results in greater leaching of soluble materials, sometimes out of the soil entirely, and the translocation of clay particles from upper to lower horizons.
		Thus, at the top of the slope, the soils tend to be freely drained with the water table at considerable depth, whereas the soils at the backslopes and footslopes are poorly drained, with the water table near or at the soil surface.
		As the drainability deteriorates, the oxidized soil profile, with its orange-red colors due to ferric oxides, is transformed into the mottled and gleyed profile of a reduced soil (soil color: gray, green).
	grunwald.ifas.ufl.edu /Nat_resources/soil_forming_factors/formation.htm (4269 words)

	SOIL (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Soils vary with topography primarily because of the influence of moisture and erosion.
		Contact our office for a copy of a soil survey that has maps and descriptions of all of the soils in Shawnee county or how to obtain one for soils in your area.
		This is the layer that soil conservation efforts are focused.
	www.cjnetworks.com /~sccdistrict/soilpro.htm (612 words)

	Soils -- April 1997 Crop and Soil News/Notes
		The amount of NO that moves through a soil profile with rainfall is dependent upon 1) the amount of rainfall 2) soil textural class and 3) restrictions in the soil profile.
		Soils in the Willamette Valley are generally silt loam or silty clay loam surface on the surface and have a subsurface horizon of higher clay content than the surface that will slow water percolating through the profile.
		Assume soil profile NO -N concentration for March of 1995 to be similar to those found in March of 1994.
	cropandsoil.oregonstate.edu /newsnotes/9704/soils.html (1282 words)

	Soil profile - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A soil profile is a cross section through the soil which reveals its horizons (layers).
		A) Surface soil: Layer of mineral soil with most organic matter accumulation and soil life.
		When eluviation is pronounced, a lighter colored "E" subsurface soil horizon is apparent at the base of the "A" horizon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soil_profile (216 words)

	Soil Profiles
		These include the relief or topography of the land, the organisms present in the environment, the climate under which the soil was formed, the parent material or the original minerals that gave rise to the soil, and the time that all of these processes have been occurring.
		Soil profiles are collected with a soil auger, a digging tool that allows scientists to extract a core, or narrow cylinder, of soil to a depth of a few feet or more.
		Loam- a soil intermediate in texture between clay and sand, consisting of a mixture of clay, sand, gravel, silt.
	courses.soil.ncsu.edu /ssc570/student_projects/571_web_page/profiles.htm (920 words)

	Soil Monoliths
		Soil horizons are layers approximately parallel to the soil surface which differ from adjacent layers in properties such as texture, color, structure, and chemical composition.
		Soil texture refers to the percentage of sand, silt, and clay particles in a soil.
		A soil monolith is a thin, mounted vertical section of a soil profile.
	cropsoil.psu.edu /courses/Soils101/Labs/monolith.html (1425 words)

	Factors of Soil Formation, Plymouth County
		Soils that occur at lower elevations such as in swales, adjacent to drainage-ways and water bodies, and within depressions generally receive surface runoff from higher elevations and often have a seasonal high water table at a shallow depth.
		Soil mottles are the combination of gray and reddish spots produced by alternating aerated and saturated conditions (oxidation-reduction process) within the soil profile.
		Soil mottling is common in the upper solum of the poorly drained Ridgebury and Walpole soils; and in the lower portion of the solum in the Scio, Scituate, Deerfield and Sudbury soils.
	nesoil.com /plymouth/formation.html (2330 words)

	Kings Park Elementary
		But the key ingredient to the making of soil is the living and once-living things that are found in it.
		Soil is a mixture of four main ingredients: weathered rock, organic matter, air, and water.
		Soil and Water - Butler Soil and Water Conservation District
	www.fcps.edu /KingsParkES/technology/webquests/soil/index.htm (363 words)

	Soils: Soil Profiles
		Continued weathering and soil horizon development process leads to the development of a soil profile, the vertical display of soil horizons.
		In some soils the B horizon is enriched with calcium carbonate in the form of nodules or as a layer.
		The preceding paragraphs describe a generic soil profile, yet not all soils have each one of the horizons, nor are they all the same with respect to thickness composition and structure.
	www.uwsp.edu /geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/soil_systems/soil_development_profiles.html (539 words)

	processes
		Surface crusting (soil sealing): A process which results in the formation of soil crusts on the soil surface, ranging in thickness from a few mm to perhaps as much as 3 cm, that is much mor compact, hard and brittle, when dry, than the material immediately beneath.
		Soils are considered as a system or network in which interconnected processes form soil features.
		Because of the complexity of the soil system it is not possible to examine and descibe each process and their cause effect relationships.
	www.soils.wisc.edu /courses/SS325/processes_old.htm (868 words)

	Soil Profile (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The area chosen for soil analysis is part of the pine barrens, a region of upland soils.
		The surface of the soil is covered by fine granular sand similar to the type that you find on the New Jersey beaches.
		The soil supports the growth of the pitch pine and a variety of oaks such as fljack, scarlet, pin, and chestnut.
	chsweb.lr.k12.nj.us /psidelsky/soil_profile.htm (216 words)

	C:\WINDOWS\TEMP\labdes01.htm
		Soil formation, or pedogenesis is a complex combination of processes with one or several being dominant depending upon the influence of environmental factors.
		This soil is derived from acid-gray quartzite, and is normally shallow and excessively drained, occurring on high slopes and ridgetops.
		Slide 23 A soil derived from shaly glacial till, quite thin with a distinct Ap horizon and a fragipan in the B horizon.
	www.esf.edu /for/yanai/soils/labdes01.htm (1990 words)

	European Soil Bureau - Activities: Soil Profile Analytical Database of Europe
		To overcome the latter problem, the decision was made to define two different kinds of profiles, for each STU and record estimated and/or measured soil profile data depending on availability (Madsen and Jones, 1995).
		The estimated soil profile data were based on expert judgement that these data are representative of the modal concept of an STU rather than a georeferenced profile.
		The measured soil profile data are derived directly from georeferenced soil profiles that have been described and sampled in the field, and analysed in the laboratory.
	eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu /esbn/SPADE.html (436 words)

	s3chap2 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the Orthod soil, the E horizon has become very developed, and the zone of illuviation is labeled a Bhs horizon (h for humus and s for iron and aluminum).
		Calcium carbonate can be identified in a soil profile because it is very light in color and reacts with a 10% solution of HCl to give off CO as a gas or the soil "bubbles".
		Soil scientists use their scientific knowledge of the soil and their grasp of soil forming factors to "describe" the soil in the field.
	www.soils.agri.umn.edu /academics/classes/soil2125/doc/s3chap2.htm (969 words)

	Understanding and Correcting Soil Acidity
		Below soil pH 5.5 (pH is the measurement of soil acidity–the lower the pH, the higher the soil acidity), aluminum may be concentrated enough to limit or stop root development.
		Soil acidity can be corrected easily by liming the soil, or adding basic materials to neutralize the acid present.
		The most important source of buffering in an acidic soil is the exchange of the limelike elements–mostly calcium–attached to the surface of soil particles.
	www.noble.org /Ag/Soils/SoilAcidity/index.htm (1058 words)

	CHAPTER 2 - SOIL AND WATER
		Soil structure refers to the grouping of soil particles (sand, silt, clay, organic matter and fertilizers) into porous compounds.
		In a prismatic structure, movement of the water in the soil is predominantly vertical and therefore the supply of water to the plant roots is usually poor.
		Soil with an impermeable layer not far below the rootzone should be irrigated with precaution, because in the case of over irrigation (too much irrigation), the perched water table may rise rapidly.
	www.fao.org /docrep/R4082E/r4082e03.htm (2433 words)

	EUSOILS - European Soil Portal Home Page
		European Soil Data Center: is one of the ten environmental data centres in Europe and is the focal point for soil data at European level.
		Soil susceptibility to compaction is the probability that soil becomes compacted when exposed to compaction risk...
		Guidelines for the use of native mosses, transplanted mosses and soils in assessing organic and inorganic contaminant fallout.
	eusoils.jrc.it (575 words)

	Tea Plant Soil Profiles and Ecology Indicators
		It is essential to carry out an in depth profile of land before allocating land for growing tea; this is because good root growth and distribution is essential.
		Soil should ideally be analysed to a depth of one and a half meters.
		The redness of the soil indicates that their is a high state of oxidation of iron compounds, therefore if sub-soil is not rd it is indicative that impeded drainage is occurring.
	www.coffee-tea.co.uk /soilprofiles.php (312 words)

	The Dirt on Soil: DiscoverySchool.com
		Students often think of soil as inert and dead, but the living systems that create and make up healthy soil are incredibly dynamic and complex.
		Soils are often found in layers, with each having a different chemical composition and texture.
		Have a few describe what a soil profile is and then direct them that they will recreate the soil profile they just studied in poster (or diorama) form.
	school.discovery.com /schooladventures/soil/teacher_tips.html (1594 words)

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