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	Soil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Soil is unconsolidated rock particles on the surface of the earth, mixed with organic matter from plant decay.
		Soil is vital to all life on earth because it supports the growth of plants, which supply food and oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
		Soils can be divided into two general layers or strata: topsoil, the topmost layer, where most plant roots, microorganisms, and other animal life are located, and subsoil, which is deeper and often more dense and less rich in organic matter.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soil (953 words)

	Learn more about Soil in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Soil is the layer of minerals and organic matter, in thickness from from centimeters to a meter or more, on the land surface.
		The organic part of soils is derived chiefly from the remains of vegetables and animals which have lived and died in and upon the soil, which have been spread over it by rivers and rains, or which have been added by the industry of man for the purposes of increased fertility.
		Such soils ought to be regularly summer-fallowed once in six, or at least once in eight years, even when they are comparatively in a clean state, as they contract a sourness and adhesion from wet ploughing, only to be removed by exposure to the sun and wind during the dry months of summer.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /s/so/soil.html (1368 words)

	Soil remediation
		"Soils contaminated with metals could produce tainted foodstuffs and drinking water," says Dr. Adriano, who is heading a group that plans to found an international soil remediation research center next year.
		Environmental remediation of such areas is often necessary, and with scientific input it can be done in a way that promotes long-term soil conservation, Dr. Adriano says.
		Another established approach is the use of potassium fertilizer to remediate areas contaminated with radioactive cesium.
	www.uga.edu /srel/soil.htm (881 words)

	Soil Article, Soil Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The organic part of soils is derived chiefly from the remainsof vegetables and animals which have lived and died in and upon the soil, which have been spread over it by rivers and rains, orwhich have been added by the industry of man for the purposes of increased fertility.
		A clayey soil, though distinguished by the color which it bears, namely fl, white, yellow and red, differs from all othersoils, being tough, wet, and cold, and consequently requiring a good deal of labor from the husbandman before it can besufficiently pulverized, or placed in a state for bearing artificial crops of corn or grass.
		All clayey soils require great industry and care, as well as a considerable portion of knowledge in dressing ormanagement to keep them in good condition; yet when their natural toughness is got the better of, they always yield the heaviestand most abundant crops.
	www.anoca.org /soils/organic/soil.html (1229 words)

	middleframe
		This process is low cost, portable, applicable to a variety of soil types, capable of handling high levels of gross contamination with heavy hydrocarbons and recovers the oil in the form of an easily transportable fuel.
		The remediated soil is often contaminated with organic solvents after processing, and the solvent must be treated because itself is also contaminated.
		Remediation of Sucarnoochee soil by agglomeration with petroleum coke.
	bama.ua.edu /~chemeng/techtransfer.htm (2198 words)

	Nelson Environmental Remediation Ltd. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Contaminated soil is loaded into a screening device which feeds soil over a weigh scale and into the rotary desorber.
		The heated and now clean soil is then fed through the auger quench system where multiple nozzle water spray system cools and rehydrates the clean soil as it exits the system.
		The soil continues through the drum, but during the last part of the journey, the soil is not veiled, but allowed to tumble along the bottom to allow the burner to operate properly and prevent soil from direct contact with the flame.
	www.environmental-expert.com /consulting/nelson/nelson.htm (1994 words)

	Thermal Soil Remediation
		Remediation is a process to remove petroleum contaminants such as gasoline, kerosene and fuel oil from soil.
		The thermal soil remediation process heats the soil in a rotating drum to a temperature high enough to vaporize the contaminants in the soil but not high enough to burn or incinerate it.
		A typical thermal soil remediation unit permitted by Ohio EPA heats the contaminated soil to at least 350-700°F to release the hydrocarbons.
	www.epa.state.oh.us /pic/facts/thermsr.html (914 words)

	Hydrobreak Soil Remediation
		For simple remediation using Hydrobreak it is generally safe to assume that contamination to a depth of 1 meter is treatable using the following method.
		The soil should be dug over to the full depth of the contamination in order to achieve maximum effectiveness.
		It is important at all times to keep the soil moist during the remediation process.
	www.biocleanequipment.com /hydsoil.htm (687 words)

	Current Environmental Solutions offering Six-Phase Heating™,
		The amount of current which can be made to flow through a given soil type is a function of the voltage applied and the resistance of that soil.
		Since distance and soil types are fixed components, current flow can be controlled by regulating soil moisture content and the applied voltage.
		Second, the steam acts as a carrier gas for the contaminants, enabling the contaminants to be swept out of the soil into the vacuum vent by increasing the permeability of the soil.
	www.cesiweb.com /powertool.htm (1067 words)

	Urban guerilla gardening and soil remediation : LA IMC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Soil remediation is often needed if there are toxins present in the soil.
		There are several ways to begin soil remediation of a potentially contaminated area.
		After a few crops are implemented the soil should be free of contaminants, though a test would be a good idea..
	la.indymedia.org /print.php?id=107029 (206 words)

	Soil Remediation Using In Situ Immobilization Techniques
		The risk to the environment from contaminated soil cannot be assessed by simply considering the total amount of potentially toxic metals within the soil because these metals are not necessarily completely mobile or biovailable.
		Soil amendments such as apatite, zeolite, clay minerals, iron oxides, and alkaline biosolids (waste by-products) were found to be suitable for remediating metal-contaminated soil.
		Soil amendments used with in situ remediation techniques decreased the mobility of metals by increasing retention of metals in the non-mobile solid phase.
	www.uga.edu /srel/Fact_Sheets/soil_remediation.htm (845 words)

	What is Soil Remediation?
		Soil vapor extraction, known as SVE, is the most frequently selected method for treatment of contaminated soil at superfund sites, brown-fields, refineries, gas stations, dry cleaners, and grain elevators.
		When incoming air passes through the soil on its way to the extraction wells, contaminants evaporate out of the spaces between the soil particles and are pulled by the air to the wells and removed.
		Because properties of the soil have such an important effect on the movement of soil vapors, the performance and design of SVE and Air Sparging systems depend greatly on the properties of the soil.
	www.fliteway.com /Pages/whatissoilremediation.html (943 words)

	NJDEP SRWM - Regulations: Soil Remediation Standards - Introduction (5) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The impact to ground water soil remediation standards are designed to prevent the unacceptable risk to human health from the ingestion of contaminated ground water caused by the migration of chemicals from the unsaturated soil zone to the ground water.
		The proposed impact to ground water soil remediation standards assume that soil contamination is present at the water table.
		The proposed to ground water soil remediation standards are calculated and subjected to a generally accepted method of rounding or may be modified based on PQLs.
	www.state.nj.us /dep/srp/regs/srs/proposed/introduction5.htm (891 words)

	EarthWorks Environmental -
		The METS designers realized that, for a remediation method to be reliable, we required a more efficient and thorough means of processing the soil and injecting the decontamination reagents or microorganisms into the soil.
		The contaminant molecules in the soil are already being degraded or neutralized by the time the soil emerges from the processing mill.
		The METS remediation process is based on thoroughly blending safe, decontaminating reagents and/or biological cultures into a suitably prepared soil matrix that includes proper moisture and aeration in a single operation.
	www.earthworksusa.com /faq.htm (1929 words)

	Lindmark Engineering: Projects: Soil & Groundwater Remediation
		The contaminated soil was transported within the property to a 300- by 300-foot bioremediation cell covered with an impermeable membrane.
		Gasoline had contaminated both soil and groundwater at the site, and there was additional groundwater contamination by chlorinated solvents that originated from an off-site source.
		Initially, we planned and supervised the excavation of 1,500 cubic yards of contaminated soil to the depth of groundwater for subsequent on-site landfarming and backfilling.
	www.lindmarkengineering.com /projects/soil_remediation2.html (796 words)

	RRes - AEN Division - Soil Protection and Remediation
		Some of these are added to soil purposely, as in the case of crop protection chemicals, but others enter soils inadvertently as contaminants in fertilizers and wastes or via atmospheric deposition.
		The aims are to protect against damage to soil health and the food chain, whilst contributing to the development of sustainable systems for waste disposal, and protecting and enhancing the rural environment by reducing pollution, protecting the public by reducing water pollution and contamination.
		Their transport into waters and uptake by plants as well as pesticide persistence in soil and movement to water are studied, and related to the physicochemical properties of pesticides, soil type, application technique and climatic factors.
	www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk /aen/soil_prot/soilprot.htm (920 words)

	4.8 Soil Flushing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Soil flushing is accomplished by passing the extraction fluid through in-place soils using an injection or infiltration process.
		Residual flushing additives in the soil may be a concern and should be evaluated on a site-specific basis.
		Soil flushing is a developing technology that has had limited use in the United States.
	www.frtr.gov /matrix2/section4/4_8.html (936 words)

	Gypsum New Zealand - Olives
		While with mature trees the reduced vegetative growth achieved with these soils is desirable, it is a different matter during establishment.
		Gypsum is a well-known and effective way to remedy many of these adverse soil conditions, especially in heavy soils with high clay contents.
		To gain the best benefit:cost from gypsum in terms of soil remediation, it makes sense that the gypsum should be distributed in line with an assessment of the severity of the soil problems.
	www.gypsum.co.nz /pages/product/olives.php (540 words)

	EarthWorks Soil Amendments, Inc.
		EarthWorks is a company which was formed to provide the landscape/soil remediation industry expertise in all facets of soil management.
		EarthWorks' goal is to offer landscape contractors, architects and developers the most effective and efficient solutions to soil remediation and management problems.
		We are achieving this goal by supplying organic soil amendments, conditioners and fertilizers that are derived from non-toxic materials which are safe for the environment.
	www.ewsa.com (101 words)

	Soil Remediation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Soil Remediation and soil sampling is used where the possibility of contaminated soil exists.
		This system uses a HDD (horizontal directional drilling) machine to install horizontal wells for the purpose of extraction of contaminants or injecting enzymes or chemicals to neutralize the contaminated soil.
		The extraction wells are then attached to a vapor extraction system, which withdraws contaminates from the soil, which is collected and then can be refined and used as a new product.
	www.accupipe.com /ARSI/soil.htm (164 words)

	Remediation Technologies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		GWRTAC focuses on innovative in situ ground-water and soil remediation technologies as compared to the standard "pump and treat" approach for groundwater, or soil excavation and treatment.
		Most applicable to volatile organic contaminants; modifications of the basic remedial process are proposed for application to semivolatile organic compounds, pesticides and inorganics.
		Most effective where ground-water is within ten feet of the ground surface, and soil contamination is within three feet of the ground surface.
	www.gwrtac.org /html/techs.html (1498 words)

	CNN.com - Nature - Researchers get to root of soil remediation - July 11, 2000
		Using plants to clean up contaminated soil, phytoremediation, is not new, but the Purdue team is the first to use grasses to clean up petroleum contaminated areas.
		Banks says her expertise solving hazardous waste problems combined with Schwab's strong plant and soils background is a marriage that makes their research in phytoremediation work.
		EPA is treating other parts of the site by composting soil, land farming (adding nutrients to soil with tillage), or letting natural processes work to degrade the contaminants.
	archives.cnn.com /2000/NATURE/07/11/soil.mediation.enn (942 words)

	Soil Remediation - Groundwater Remediation - On-site DNAPL and NAPL Remediation of Soil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Soil Remediation - Groundwater Remediation - On-site DNAPL and NAPL Remediation of Soil
		He is also an expert in the remediation technologies that support electrical resistance heating, including soil vapor extraction, multiphase extraction, air sparging, bioremediation, steam condensing, and catalytic and thermal oxidization.
		He has successfully developed and sold projects for in situ soil and groundwater remediation that have deployed soil vapor extraction, multi-phase extraction, air sparging, bioremediation, electrical resistance heating, and chemical oxidation.
	www.thermalrs.com /TRSPages/SOQ_Section3.html (1757 words)

	Electroosmotic Soil Remediation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Electroosmosis-induced pore water flow and elevated temperatures have been proven effective in the treatment of TCE in clay soils in a most cost efficient manner.
		At Paducah, the process reduced the soil concentrations from an average of 84 mg/kg (with a high of 1,500) to an average of 0.38 mg/kg (with a high of 4.5) in two years of operation.
		Soil Remediation, U. Department of Energy, Innovative Technology Summary Report (Green Book).
	www.terrancorp.com /electrokinetic/electro.htm (380 words)

	CLU-IN.ORG \| Technology Focus: SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION, Overview
		Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is used to remediate unsaturated (vadose) zone soil.
		A vacuum is applied to the soil to induce the controlled flow of air and remove volatile and some semivolatile organic contaminants from the soil.
		The status of projects included in the ASR 10th Edition is updated, and new information on projects derived from Records of Decision signed in 2000, 2001, and 2002 is added.
	www.clu-in.org /techfocus/default.focus/sec/Soil_Vapor_Extraction/cat/Overview (435 words)

	Soil Remediation
		The site was selected for demonstration of various techniques to remove the chemicals from the soil and control their release.
		The results showed that vapors extracted from the soil could be effectively removed by activated carbon beds, and the Brayton cycle process for regenerating the beds with hot gas was effective in restoring the carbon to good condition.
		Soil vapor extraction operations vaporized the solvents from the soil.
	www.nucon-int.com /company/sr.shtml (320 words)

	MecTool Soil Remediation System-1993 NOVA Award Winner
		It consists of soil boring and mixing tools, a hollow stem Kelly bar with integral gas or fluid delivery system, very high torque earth drilling equipment, soil shroud containment and collection system, and a computerized monitoring system for control and documentation of soil treatments.
		Steam and chemical remediation compounds are pumped into the top of the Kelly bar and injected into the soil through orifices along the trailing edges of the blades.
		Surrounding the Kelly bar is a dome shaped shroud that rests on the surface of the ground to capture and allow purification of any volatiles resulting from mixing the soil column.
	www.cif.org /nominations/nom_166.html (188 words)

	Practical Design Calculations for Groundwater and Soil Remediation - Jih-Fen (Jeff) Kuo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		To match the scope of Practical Design Calculations for Groundwater and Soil Remediation, you would have to comb through numerous publications.
		You may also be taking a chance on data that's already obsolete, due to rapid advancements in remediation technologies.
		Practical Design Calculations for Groundwater and Soil Remediation helps everyone involved in a site restoration project follow the same set of guidelines-for effective results.
	uswaternews.com /books/bksbycategory/3fEnvEngGeneral/pd1566702380.html (283 words)

	Soil
		''For the band of the same name, see Soil (band).
		See also: pedology -- pedogenesis -- soil degradation -- soil remediation -- FAO - Soil Unit Classification Scheme -- derelict soil -- Alluvium
		There is no prejudice that the work of art does not finally overcome.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/s/so/soil.html (1324 words)

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