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Topic: Sokoto Caliphate

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	Sokoto - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sokoto is a city located in the extreme northwest of Nigeria, near to where the Sokoto River and Rima river meet.
		Being the seat of the Sokoto Caliphate, the city is an important centre of Nigerian Islam, and the population is predominantly muslim.
		Sokoto is in the dry Sahel surrounded by sandy savannah and isolated hills.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sokoto (806 words)

	Fulani Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		While the Sultan of Sokoto was paramount the Emirs controlling the other cities, especially Kano steadily increased in power during the nineteenth century.
		In 1903 both Sokoto and Kano were sacked and the Empire collapsed, being divided between the French and British.
		The Sultan of Sokoto remains to this day the main religious leader of Nigerian Muslims, and the position is still held by descendents of dan Fodio.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fulani_Empire (831 words)

	3. Regions. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		The Sokoto Caliphate became one of the most dynamic political, religious, and economic regions in Africa.
		Under the Sokoto Caliphate, Arabic became the language of diplomacy, and the aristocracy developed distinctive vernacular poetry.
		Each year, the Sokoto Caliphate launched new military campaigns to expand the empire or to reclaim territory lost to rebellion.
	www.bartleby.com /67/1510.html (774 words)

	Nigeria - Usman dan Fodio and the Sokoto Caliphate
		The caliphate was a loose confederation of emirates that recognized the suzerainty of the commander of the faithful, the sultan.
		Ilorin, which became part of the caliphate in the 1830s, was initially the headquarters of the Oyo cavalry that had provided the backbone of the king's power.
		By the middle of the nineteenth century, when the Sokoto Caliphate was at its greatest extent, it stretched 1,500 kilometers from Dori in modern Burkina Faso to southern Adamawa in Cameroon and included Nupe lands, Ilorin in northern Yorubaland, and much of the Benue River valley.
	www.countrystudies.us /nigeria/9.htm (831 words)

	Sokoto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Sokoto is a city located in the Northwestern region of Nigeria and is the modern day capital Sokoto state.
		It is also the former of the Sokoto Caliphate that ruled most Northern Nigeria from the period of Usman dan Fodio 's 1804-1812 jihad until its defeat at the hands Frederick Lugard 's Royal West African Frontier Force in The city has an estimated population of 000 people as of 2004.
		War on the savannah: The military collapse of the Sokoto Caliphate under the invasion of the British Empire, 1897-1903 (Annales Academiµ Scientiarum Fennicµ.
	www.freeglossary.com /Sokoto (230 words)

	The Sokoto Caliphate and its legacies
		For purpose of this paper, the historical phases of the caliphate can be identified: (1) the establishment of the caliphate (1804-37); (2) its pre-colonial transformation (1837-1903); (3) the colonial era (1903-1960); (4) the post-independence experiments with national government (1960-99); (5) the challenges of the Fourth Republic (1999-present).
		The Sokoto Caliphate was a loose confederation of emirates that recognized the leadership of Usman Dan Fodio as "Commander of the Faithful." By mid-19th century there were about 30 emirates linked to Sokoto, including the large market state of Kano.
		The caliphate stretched from present-day Burkina Faso in the west, to Cameroun in the east.
	www.dawodu.com /paden1.htm (2982 words)

	Sokoto, Nigeria, Pictures
		Sokoto, city in Nigeria, capital of Sokoto State, near the confluence of the Rima and Sokoto rivers.
		Sokoto is located at the junction of two highways connecting the city to Zaria and Jega, and it is served by an airport.
		Sokoto is an important center of Nigerian Islam, but it is also the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop.
	www.greatestcities.com /Africa/Nigeria/Sokoto_city.html (317 words)

	caliphate - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition - HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		CALIPHATE [caliphate], the rulership of Islam; caliph, the spiritual head and temporal ruler of the Islamic state.
		A third competing contemporaneous caliphate was established by the Fatimids in Africa, Syria, and Egypt (909-1171).
		He was succeeded briefly by a cousin, but in 1924 the caliphate was abolished by Kemal Atatürk.
	www.highbeam.com /ref/doc0.asp?docid=1E1:caliphat (618 words)

	afrol News - Your Portal to Africa!
		The ancient Emirate of Adamawa was a part of the Sokoto Caliphate, the politically dominant empire of the Central Sudan in the 19th century.
		The "caliphate" of the Fulbe was to become the biggest and most influential empire of Central Sudan in the 19th century.
		The Caliphate of Sokoto, and in particular the Emirate of Adamawa, was economically based on slavery and slave trade.
	www.afrol.com /html/archive/fulbe_adamawa.htm (5529 words)

	The Sokoto Caliphate and Nation-Building
		This International Conference on the Sokoto Caliphate and its Legacies, can only serve a useful purpose, if, right away, we locate it in the national, regional, and global, contexts, and circumstances, in which it is taking place, and locate its subject in the actual historical epoch in which it existed.
		The Sokoto Caliphate was a polity established in a particular historical epoch in which we have to place it, if we are to begin to grasp an important aspect of its contemporary significance.
		It created the Sokoto Caliphate, a polity incorporating people from hundreds of ethnic groups, covering a territory of about one million square kilometres, slightly larger than the area of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, spread over what are now the territories of the republics of Mali, Niger, Benin, Nigeria, Chad and Cameroon.
	www.dawodu.com /usman2.htm (3318 words)

	Sokoto - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Sokoto was founded in 1809 by Usuman dan Fodio, the Fulani leader who established a large Muslim empire including most of N Nigeria.
		In 1903, Sokoto fell to British forces under Frederick Lugard.
		The politics of history: the legacy of the Sokoto Caliphate in Nigeria.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/S/Sokoto.asp (197 words)

	BNW News: Biafra Nigeria World News: Pride of Africa: Biafra NigeriaWorld is the Authority on BiafraNigeria:: the home ...
		Sokoto Caliphate is the foundation of unity in Nigeria — Dikko
		The Sokoto Caliphate is one of the greatest empires in Africa.
		The Sokoto Caliphate is the foundation of unity in Nigeria.
	news.biafranigeriaworld.com /archive/2004/jul/05/127.html (752 words)

	arewahouse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		As celebration marking the 200 years of the Sokoto Caliphate reaches its climax today, President Olusegun Obasan-jo yesterday arrived Sokoto, the headquarters of the caliphate.
		Obasanjo, while on courtesy visit to the Sultan of Sokoto, Alhaji Muhammadu Maccido, in his palace as part of his schedule of activities, showered praises on the monarch and members of the royal family for having a legacy worthy of pride.
		Harping, specifically on the worthy legacy of the Sokoto Caliphate, Obasanjo said the Sultan and all members of the royal family have a legacy to be proud of.
	www.arewahouse-abu.org /event1.htm (848 words)

	Britain Sokoto Conquest 1903
		His objective was to conquer the entire region and to obtain recognition of the British protectorate by its indigenous rulers, especially the Fulani emirs of the Sokoto Caliphate.
		Under indirect rule, caliphate officials were transformed into salaried district heads and became, in effect, agents of the British authorities, responsible for peacekeeping and tax collection.
		The fall of this great city and that of Sokoto in March, 1903, was followed by the submission of the minor Emirates, and convinced those which had already submitted that their belief that the British would be exterminated by these powerful Emirs was vain.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/sierra/sokotocaliphate1903.htm (866 words)

	A Caliphate with Multiple Legacies
		Activities marking the week-long celebration of the bicentenary anniversary, of the Sokoto Caliphate (1804-2004) which started in Abuja on Monday, June 14, with a three-day international conference, were rounded off with a grand civic reception, at the Shehu Kangiwa square in Sokoto on Sunday June 20.
		Following this, he said the ideology and institutions of the Caliphate were seen as feudal and retrogressive and its value in conflict with and irrelevant to modern society.
		Speaking on the importance and significance of the celebration, Ibrahim Gidado, Sokoto State Commissioner for Information, told journalists that the event was significant because it was aimed at paying tribute to the dedication, foresight and intellectual skills of the Caliphate's founding fathers in state craft and nation building.
	www.newswatchngr.com /editorial/allaccess/nigeria/10628125513.htm (1022 words)

	BNW News: Biafra Nigeria World News: Pride of Africa: Biafra NigeriaWorld is the Authority on BiafraNigeria:: the home ...
		Alhaji Mohammed Bello Idris is one of the emerging ideologues of the Sokoto Caliphate.
		A Caliphate is a Moslem state governed by a Caliph who is the Sultan and that is when the Sultan assumes both religious and political responsibilities of the state.
		Sultan of Sokoto is somewhat powerless as a result of colonialisation, but he remains a natural leader who can be consulted when the need arises because the people listen to him.
	news.biafranigeriaworld.com /archive/2004/jul/05/132.html (1559 words)

	Nigeria - MSN Encarta
		After the war, a loose federation of 30 emirates emerged, each recognizing the supremacy of the sultan of Sokoto, located in what is now far northwestern Nigeria.
		Militarily and commercially powerful, the Sokoto caliphate dominated the region throughout the 19th century.
		The Oyo state of Ilorin broke away from the empire in 1796, then joined the northern Sokoto caliphate in 1831 after Fulani residing in Ilorin seized power.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761557915_10/Nigeria.html (1186 words)

	SurfWax: News, Reviews and Articles On Sokoto
		Sokoto, home to the Sultan of Sokoto, is seen as the historic centre of Islam in Nigeria.
		SOKOTO State Governor Attahiru Dalhatu Bafarawa yesterday, called on Nigerians to be more vigilant at the nation's borders as an attempt to promote peace and security in the country.
		of Ajero ofIjero Ekiti, the Osemawe of Ondo, the Emir of Suleja, the Sultan of Sokoto...
	news.surfwax.com /worldcities/files/Sokoto_Nigeria.html (5053 words)

	ACADEMIC FORUM OF THE ISLAMIC MOVEMENT IN NIGERIA
		During both the “festive of ideas” in Abuja and the extravagant durbar in Sokoto, the performers in the game of manipulating historical realities, were at pains to arrive at one difficult point: that the present polity, sparring the recent secondary aberrations, is drawn from the ideals and examples of the jihadists,or at least its continuation.
		Since the caliphate helped to shape, and continues to influence the influence the political landscape of what come to be modern Nigeria, attempts were made “to locate the Jihad movement and the revolution in the national, regional and global context and circumstances”.
		Those sons and daughters of the caliphate, who remain faithful to its ideals and principles, are to be bold enough to accept the bitter fact of collapse of the caliphate and thus mourn its demise, meanwhile charting ways of reinventing it.
	www.transcampus.faithweb.com /editorial.htm (709 words)

	:: BlackElectorate.com ::
		Sokoto, in Nigeria’s north, stood until British colonial rule as the center of a Muslim kingdom that spanned parts of six modern African nations — Nigeria, Cameroon, Togo, Benin, Niger and Burkina Faso.
		In Sokoto’s central square on Sunday, Muslim Hausa and Fulani fighters in flowing robes and medieval battle garb paid fierce homage to that history.
		Sokoto today is part of 12 predominantly Muslim states that have adopted strict Islamic Shariah laws since 2000.
	www.blackelectorate.com /print_article.asp?ID=1143 (646 words)

	Islamic jihad yields to Nigerian politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		SOKOTO - Firebrand Muslim preacher Hussain Yusuf Mabira attended the 200th anniversary celebration of Islamic holy war in Nigeria, and was sickened by the display.
		Thousands flocked to the northern town of Sokoto to remember the 19th century Islamic scholar, Usman dan Fodio, whose empire conquered swaths of West Africa and ruled northern Nigeria for 100 years.
		Usman's Sokoto Caliphate ceased to wield real power after independence from Britain in 1960, when the central and state governments became the "kingmakers".
	www.namibian.com.na /2004/July/world/045038D58E.html (910 words)

	Dr Usman Muhamad Bugaje: The Impact of usman Dan fodio's Jihad beyond the Sokoto Caliphate
		This paper is not about the Sokoto Jihad as such, for this has been adequately addressed by other papers of the conference, rather, the paper is about its impact beyond the Sokoto Caliphate.
		It may still be necessary, however, to begin with some broad outline of the Sokoto Jihad, highlighting those aspects especially significant to its impact beyond the immediate theatre of the Jihad.
		It was the good fortune of Hausaland and ultimately of the people Bilad al-Sudan (the land of the Blacks) that Allah raised among their ranks a scholar who was not prepared to accept the decadent status-quo with the usual fatalism, as the will of God, but saw it as his primary responsibility to change it.
	www.webstar.co.uk /%7Eubugaje/beyond.html (1675 words)

	Amana Online
		By the time I completed my secondary education and got admission into the then University of Sokoto, I luckily came across a book titled The Sakkwato Model by Usmanu Bugaje, that was the beginning of my voyage in the vast ocean of scholarship about Sakkwato.
		Caliph’s Sister (by Jean Boyd) was published in 1989, I saw its review, but there was no way I could get that book at the time.
		Most of the published knowledge about Sakkwato Caliphate is in the English Language, thanks to the late Professor Abdullahi Smith who initiated the reconstruction of our historiography.
	www.amanaonline.com /Articles/art_181.htm (2035 words)

	Nigerian Sokoto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Caring for the cattle is a man's responsibility and boys of the "Fulbe Na'i" (cattle Fulani) take up their responsibility as keepers of the herd as soon as they are able.
		Sokoto Fulbe are suspicious of modern education, although the Nigerian government has implemented education programs for the nomadic cattle herders.
		The glory days for Sokoto Fulbe were the days of Shehu Usman dan Fodio, but we still have Fulbe of influence today.
	www.wagateway.org /NigerianSokoto.htm (970 words)

	Nigeria - THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: REVOLUTION AND RADICAL ADJUSTMENT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		First, between 1804 and 1808, the Islamic holy war of Usman dan Fodio established the Sokoto Caliphate, which not only expanded to become the largest empire in Africa since the fall of Songhai but also had a profound influence on much of Muslim Africa to the west and to the east (see fig.
		Although the transatlantic slave trade did not end until the 1860s, it was gradually replaced by other commodities, especially palm oil; the shift in trade had serious economic and political consequences in the interior, which led to increasing British intervention in the affairs of Yorubaland and the Niger Delta.
		The rise of the Sokoto Caliphate and the economic and political adjustment in the south strongly shaped the course of the colonial conquest at the end of the nineteenth century.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-9338.html (210 words)

	caliphate
		The Abbasid dynasty (749–1258) is sometimes called the caliphate of Baghdad.
		He was succeeded briefly by a cousin, but in 1924 the caliphate was abolished by Kemal
		Religious inquisition as social policy: the persecution of the 'Zanadiqa' in the early Abbasid Caliphate.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0809901.html (401 words)

	sokoto-state (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Sokoto State had for long been one of the educationally backward in term of the number of schools; primary, secondary and tertiary levels.
		There were not enough schools, classrooms were inadequate, the standard of facilities and services were not encouraging, and teachers’ morale was low due to irregular payment of salaries and benefits, lack of training opportunities and absence of incentives for hardworking ones.
		The death of the Sokoto state commissioner of forestry and Animal health, Alh.
	www.sokoto-state.com (953 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > World -- Muslims mark 200th anniversary of Africa's largest Islamic empire, appealing ...
		SOKOTO, Nigeria – Saluted by sword-waving Muslim warriors on horses and camels, African presidents and emirs on Sunday celebrated the 200th anniversary of a holy war that launched the sub-Sahara's greatest Islamic empire and urged an end to rising Christian-Muslim violence that has killed thousands here.
		Appeals for peace – evoking six years of fiery religious rampages by machete-waving mobs in Nigeria, Africa's most populous nation –; overlaid a day of musket-blasting pageantry in Sokoto, capital of the 19th-century Sokoto caliphate, or kingdom.
		Sokoto, in Nigeria's north, stood until British colonial rule as the center of a Muslim kingdom that spanned parts of six modern African nations –; Nigeria, Cameroon, Togo, Benin, Niger and Burkina Faso.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/world/20040620-1101-nigeria-jihadempire.html (763 words)

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