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	Fulani Empire - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Poor and on the periphery of Hausaland, it was ruled by a remnant of the defunct Gao empire.
		The empire in the nineteenth century is often referred to as the Sokoto Caliphate.
		In 1903 both Sokoto and Kano were sacked and the Empire collapsed, being divided between the French and British.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Sokoto_Empire (861 words)

	Sokoto - LoveToKnow Watches (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The sultan of Sokoto throughout the 19th century exercised an overlordship over the Hausa states extending east from the Niger to Bornu and southward to the Benue and Adamawa.
		The province of Sokoto occupies the north-west corner of the British protectorate, and is bounded west and north by French territory.
		The emir of Sokoto took an oath of allegiance to the British Crown and Sokoto became a British province, to which at a later period Gando was added as a subprovince - thus making of Sokoto one of the double provinces of the protectorate.
	74.1911encyclopedia.org /S/SO/SOKOTO.htm (1543 words)

	Sokoto - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sokoto (which is the modern/anglicised version of the local name, Sakkwato; also known as Sakkwato, Birnin Shaihu da Bello or "Sokoto, Capital of Shaihu and Bello") is a city located in the Northwestern region of Nigeria, and is the modern day capital of Sokoto State (and its predecessor, the Northwestern State).
		The city is also the former capital of the Sokoto Caliphate that ruled most of Northern Nigeria from the period of Usman dan Fodio's 1804-1812 jihad until its defeat at the hands of Frederick Lugard's Royal West African Frontier Force in 1903.
		Sokoto is known for the Sultan's Palace, the Shehu Mosque and for its large market.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sokoto (160 words)

	[No title]
		The sultan of Sokoto throughout the loth century exercised an over-lordship over the Hausa states extending east from the Niger to Bornu and southward to the Benue and Adamawa.
		The Sokoto or Fula empire was founded at the beginning of the loth century.
		The emir of Sokoto took an oath of allegiance to the British Crown and Sokoto became a British province, to which at a later period Gando was added as a subprovince—thus making of Sokoto one of the double provinces of the protectorate.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=61982 (1809 words)

	Africa and Slavery, 1801 to 1860
		The caliph of the Sokoto Empire from 1817 to 1837 was Muhammad Bello, who wrote tracts on science, law, morality, history and Islamic doctrine.
		The Oyo empire, weakened by civil wars, became a source of slaves for its neighbors, and slaves from Oyo and Igbo were exported from Bonny and Brass despite patrolling British gunships.
		With the decline of the Maravi Empire in the 1700s the Prazeros had gained control over the ivory trade, and in the mid-1800s, well-armed with guns and without powerful state to oppose them, they extended their hunting and raiding 300 miles (480 km) inland from the coast.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h37-af.html (7010 words)

	Boston.com / News / World / Africa / Muslims mark empire's 200 years in Africa
		SOKOTO, Nigeria -- Saluted by sword-waving Muslim warriors on horses and camels, African presidents and emirs on Sunday celebrated the 200th anniversary of a holy war that launched the sub-Sahara's greatest Islamic empire and urged an end to rising Christian-Muslim violence that has killed thousands here.
		Sokoto, in Nigeria's north, stood until British colonial rule as the center of a Muslim kingdom that spanned parts of six modern African nations -- Nigeria, Cameroon, Togo, Benin, Niger and Burkina Faso.
		Sokoto today is part of 12 predominantly Muslim states that have adopted strict Islamic Shariah laws since 2000.
	www.boston.com /news/world/africa/articles/2004/06/20/muslims_mark_empires_200_years_in_africa (700 words)

	Sokoto: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		It became the capital of the empire and was built up in the 1820s by Muhammadu Bello, dan Fodio's son.
		The assassination of the Sultan of Sokoto in 1966 was a cause of the Nigerian civil war (see Biafra, Republic of).
		Outriders of Empire: When European Explorers Began Venturing into the Sahara in the 18th and 19th Centuries, They Were Doing So the Name of Geographical Advancement.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/101271654 (1446 words)

	Fulani Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		One of the more marginal Hausa states was that of Gobir poor and on the periphery of Hausaland it was ruled by a remnant of the defunct Gao empire.
		He built up the new capital a Sokoto turning it into a major centre, and the empire in the nineteenth century is often referred to as the Sokoto Caliphate.
		Overtime the empire also became far more Hausan in character with the Hausa language becoming the official language.
	www.gogoglo.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/f/fu/fulani_empire.html (836 words)

	Rise and Fall of the Adamawa Emirate
		The "caliphate" of the Fulbe was to become the biggest and most influential empire of Central Sudan in the 19th century.
		The Caliphate of Sokoto, and in particular the Emirate of Adamawa, was economically based on slavery and slave trade.
		After the failure of the Sokoto Caliphate to conquer the Muslim empires of Bornu and Baghirmi, the northern and eastern borders were locked.
	www.afrol.com /archive/fulbe_adamawa.htm (5500 words)

	sokoto-state
		It was in recognition of his enormous contributions to the development of Sokoto State in particular and Nigeria as a whole that His Eminence, the Sultan of Sokoto, Alh.
		Sokoto was among he first States to be visited by President Obasanjo in 1999 which was a proof that Governor Bafarawa is a master of not only business and politics but diplomacy as well.
		The present Sokoto state is bounded in the North by Niger Republic, Kebbi state on the South-west and Zamfara state on the east.
	www.sokoto-state.com /new-bafarawa.html (2263 words)

	[No title]
		Clapperton continued his journey alone through Kano to Sokoto, the capital of the Fula empire, where by order of Sultan Bello he was obliged to stop, though the Niger wa.s only five days' journey to the west.
		Clapperton was the first European to make known from personal observation the semi-civilized Hausa countries, which he visited soon after the establishment of the Sokoto empire by the Fula.
		In 1829 appeared the Journal of a Second Expedition into the Interior of Africa, andc., by the late Commander Clapperton, to which was prefaced a biographical sketch of the explorer by his uncle, Lieut.-colonel S. Clapperton.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=16013 (687 words)

	Adamawa
		The ancient Emirate of Adamawa was a part of the Sokoto Caliphate, the politically dominant empire of the Central Sudan in the 19th century.
		The oldest written sources mentioning the Fulani in the Baghirmi empire (southeast of Lake Chad) are dated to the 16th century.
		The caliphate of the Fulani was to become the biggest and most influential empire of Central Africa in the 19th century.
	www.jamtan.com /jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=4&linksPage=284 (2467 words)

	Rise and fall of the Fulani Empire: 17th to early 20th century
		Under him the Empire was spilt into two divisions; one was ruled by his brother while the other was ruled by his son.
		The Empire continued to be an economic success, Hausaland, now unified, reached a level of unprecedented prosperity and the region remained safe from raids by Saharan nomads.
		While the Sultan of Sokoto was paramount, the emirs controlling the other cities, especially Kano, steadily increased in power during the 19th century.
	www.nigeriafirst.org /printer_3895.shtml (673 words)

	Nigeria.Arena \|HISTORY
		The new state that arose during Usman dan Fodio's jihad came to be known as the Sokoto Caliphate, named after his capital at Sokoto founded in 1809.
		By the middle of the nineteenth century, there were thirty emirates and the capital district of Sokoto, which itself was a large and populous territory although not technically an emirate.
		when the Sokoto Caliphate was at its greatest extent, it stretched 1,500 kilometers from Don in modern Burkina Faso to southern Adamawa in Cameroon and included Nupe lands, llorin in northern Yorubaland, and much of the Benue River valley.
	siyanbola.esmartweb.com /Nigeria/nigmap13.htm (805 words)

	Kingdoms
		The empire's legacy is still celebrated in the name of the Republic of Ghana; apart from this, however, modern-day and ancient Ghana share no direct historical connections.
		It came under the domination of the Ghana Empire in the 11th century, of the Mali Empire in the 13th century and of the Djolof Empire in the 14th century.
		At the end of the 15th century the Tekruur was conquered by Koli Tenguela, a Fulani from the south who gave it its independence and created a new dynasty, the Denianke and a new kingdom the Fuuta Tooro.In the 16th century the Fuuta Tooro conquered the neighboring states of Djolof and Cayor.
	www.jamtan.com /jamtan/fulani.cfm?chap=2&linksPage=216 (1722 words)

	Toucouleur Historic Background
		Another popular explanation is that the Toucouleur are a cultural mix of the ethnic groups that used to inhabit the northern regions incorporated in the Tekrur Empire.
		This Segou Tekrur empire, though almost as large as that of the Sokoto Fulani to the east, was by no means so soundly based.
		After the fall of the Toucouleur empire in 1893 the West African territories were subdivided into governable regions by the various imperialist powers in the Western Sahara, predominantly the French.
	www.byhisgrace.cc /toucouleur/Profile/Historic-Background.htm (1492 words)

	Fulani (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		A quarrel developed, Uthman was proclaimed 'commander of the faithful', and in the ensuing jihad (holy war) all the Hausa states collapsed.
		Bello had built the city of Sokoto, of which he became the sultan, and he considerably extended the empire, establishing control of west Bornu and pushing down into the Yoruba Empire of Oyo.
		Kano and Sokoto were sacked in 1903, when the empire ended, although the emirates survived under the system of indirect rule instituted by the first High Commissioner, Frederick Lugard.
	www.ijebu.org /fulani (238 words)

	Islamic empire commemorated (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		RE-CREATE: Muslim warriors, known as the courtesans of the sultan of Sokoto, participate on horse and camels in the festival in Sokoto, Nigeria, on Sunday marking the 200th anniversary of a holy war that created the sub-Sahara’s greatest Islamic empire.
		SOKOTO, NIGERIA — Saluted by sword-waving Muslim warriors on horses and camels, African presidents and emirs Sunday celebrated the 200th anniversary of a holy war that launched the sub-Sahara's greatest Islamic empire and urged an end to rising Christian-Muslim violence that has killed thousands here.
		Sokoto, in Nigeria's north, stood until British colonial rule as the center of a Muslim kingdom that spanned parts of six modern African nations - Nigeria, Cameroon, Togo, Benin, Niger and Burkina Faso.
	www.ocregister.com /ocr/2004/06/21/sections/nation_world/nation_world/article_142084.php (760 words)

	History of Niger
		Long before the arrival of French influence and control in the area, Niger was an important economic crossroads, and the empires of Songhai[?], Mali, Gao[?], Kanem[?], and Bornu[?], as well as a number of Hausa states, claimed control over portions of the area.
		During recent centuries, the nomadic Tuareg formed large confederations, pushed southward, and, siding with various Hausa states, clashed with the Fulani Empire of Sokoto[?], which had gained control of much of the Hausa territory in the late 18th century.
		In the 19th century, contact with the West began when the first European explorers--notably Mungo Park (British) and Heinrich Barth (German)--explored the area searching for the mouth of the Niger River.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/hi/History_of_Niger.html (1042 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Sokoto
		The FULANI, pastoral nomads hitherto oppressed, followed his call, and in a number of campaigns he brought the interior of modern Nigeria under his control; the ADAMAWA emirate in modern norrthern Cameroon was part of his Empire, founded by one of his commanders.
		In 1811, Usman dan Fodio's Empire was split in 3 parts, MUHAMMAD BELLO inheriting the eastern emirates.
		In the 1880es, the area of Sokoto is given as c.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/westafrica/sokoto.html (368 words)

	Amana Online
		The Fulani Empire of Sokoto was the last of the five great empires that rose and fell in the Sudan between the eighth and twentieth centuries.
		The late author, who for over twenty years was an Administrative Officer in Northern Nigeria, the core of the Sokoto Empire, was an accomplished Hausa scholar who also published a volume of translations.
		He was therefore able to supplement the established English and Arabic authorities by introducing new information gathered from Fulani and Hausa sources, much of which he collected himself in the course of his service.
	www.amanaonline.com /Sokoto/table_of_content.htm (200 words)

	Oyo Civil War 1817-1835
		Ilorin, which became part of the caliphate in the 1830s, was initially the headquarters of the Oyo cavalry that had provided the backbone of the king's power.
		An attempted coup d'état by the general of the cavalry in 1817 backfired when the cavalry itself revolted and pledged its allegiance to the Sokoto Caliphate.
		He declared his allegiance to the Sokoto empire and was recognised as Emir.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/oscar/oyo1817.htm (1051 words)

	Igba Vishigh OP: Chapter 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		It was in this situation the Sokoto became restless, and therefore faced imminent danger with the British troops under the command of Colonel Moland.
		The Sultan of Sokoto attended the meeting, with thirteen provinces sending in their delegations and of course, the Sardauna was there.
		The Sardauna of Sokoto was interviewed by the Gaskiya ta fi Kwabo, 15 August 1960.
	www.diafrica.org /nigeriaop/Vishigh/phd3.htm (11479 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Fulani (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		One, based on Massina, for a time controlled Timbuktu; the other, centered at Sokoto, included the Hausa States and parts of Bornu and W Cameroon.
		The Fulani emir of Sokoto continued to rule over part of N Nigeria until the British conquest in 1903.
		1964); H. Johnston, The Fulani Empire of Sokoto (1967).
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/F/Fulani.asp (410 words)

	Dr Usman Muhamad Bugaje: The Impact of usman Dan fodio's Jihad beyond the Sokoto Caliphate
		Following the Capture of Kebbi by the Sokoto Mujahidin in 1806, which gave the Jama’a a permanent base, the jihad went swiftly in the favour of the Jama’a.
		Even among those who remained behind in the Sokoto Caliphate, the Mahdi had ready supporters, for nor sooner did the news of the Mahdi reached the Sokoto Caliphate, Hayatu b.
		Thus not only did the Sokoto Jihad created the idea of a Mahdi in the Nile Valley, but it provided the midwives that delivered it and saw it through its most critical stage.
	www.webstar.co.uk /~ubugaje/beyond5.html (639 words)

	Notes on Conquest of the Western Sudan--Part I
		In addition, the French considered Egypt to be within their sphere of influence ever since the epxedition of Napoleon I, and they feared that the British occupation of Egypt would upset the balance of power in the region and interfer with french access to eastern Asia.
		Umar's empire in the Upper Senegal Valley was an obstacle, and Faidherbe vowed to remove it.
		In 1873 the sons of a princess of Sokoto, Mukhtar and Abibou, tried to overthrow him and were defeated.
	courses.wcupa.edu /jones/his311/archives/sec/kanya1.htm (9253 words)

	Ogiso Times and Eweka Times: A Preliminary History of the Edoid Complex of Cultures
		It is striking that Benin built its empire in the same centuries as the brilliant Songhai who composed, from the little state networks that they took over from Mali, a huge empire of several states in what historians, using an Arabic term, call the Western Sudan.
		Songhai's empire was vast, stretching from modern Mauritania to the Hausa states of modern Northern Nigeria.
		History of the British Empire was severe on enemies of British imperialism, whether they be Americans victorious from their revolt against the British in 1776 or the Benin in West Africa defeated by the British in a vicious campaign of 1897.
	www.waado.org /UrhoboHistory/Addresses_Lectures/Ogiso-Oba.htm (9515 words)

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