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	Solar power - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Solar design is the use of architectural features to replace the use of grid electricity and fossil fuels with the use of solar energy and decrease the energy needed in a home or building with insulation and efficient lighting and appliances.
		Solar heating systems are generally composed of solar thermal collectors, a fluid system to move the heat from the collector to its point of usage, and usually a reservoir to stock the heat for subsequent use.
		Solar cells (also referred to as photovoltaic cells) are devices or banks of devices that use the photovoltaic effect of semiconductors to generate electricity directly from the sunlight.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Solar_power (4329 words)

	Solar constant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The solar constant is the amount of incoming solar radiation per unit area, measured on the outer surface of Earth's atmosphere, in a plane perpendicular to the rays.
		The solar constant is not quite constant; see solar variation.
		The solar constant is relatively constant, but varies according to sunspot activity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Solar_constant (287 words)

	The Sun
		The solar wind and the much higher energy particles ejected by solar flares can have dramatic effects on the Earth ranging from power line surges to radio interference to the beautiful aurora borealis.
		Recent data from the spacecraft Ulysses show that during the minimum of the solar cycle the solar wind emanating from the polar regions flows at nearly double the rate, 750 kilometers per second, that it does at lower latitudes.
		Further study of the solar wind will be done by the recently launched Wind, ACE and SOHO spacecraft from the dynamically stable vantage point directly between the Earth and the Sun about 1.6 million km from Earth.
	seds.lpl.arizona.edu /nineplanets/nineplanets/sol.html (1420 words)

	AllRefer.com - solar constant (Astronomy, General) - Encyclopedia
		solar constant, the average amount of radiant energy received by the earth's atmosphere from the sun; its value is about 2 calories per min incident on each square centimeter of the upper atmosphere.
		The actual value of the energy varies with several factors; the most important factor is the earth's distance from the sun, which changes because of the earth's elliptical orbit.
		For computing the value of the solar constant, the astronomical unit, or average earth-sun distance, is used.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/solarcon.html (198 words)

	The Solar Constant: 1.3661 and The Earth/matriX Temperature Scale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		We have made references previously to the significance of the solar constant and the thermodynamic temperature scale in previous essays and extracts in the Earth/matriX series, but with some of the most recent data becoming available now, we consider a more detailed review to be in order.
		The solar constant refers to the unit of measurement concerning the amount of solar radiation received by the Earth from the Sun.
		Supposedly the concept of a "constant" means that the particular event being observed or analyzed remains constant throughout the Universe.
	www.earthmatrix.com /sciencetoday/solar-constant.html (1399 words)

	TECH ISP - Solar Sails Fundamental Physics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A photon sail is a spacecraft accelerated by the momentum of the electromagnetic photons that are reflected from it.
		The solar sail is accelerated by momentum transfer from photons emitted by the Sun that strike the sail.
		The solar flux striking the sail surface varies with the square of the inverse of the distance to the Sun's center.
	www.inspacepropulsion.com /tech/sails_physics.html (2311 words)

	Solar constant
		The purpose of this activity is to derive the value of the solar constant and of the temperature of the Sun's photosphere from a measurement of the Sun's radiation at ground level.
		The solar constant (as defined for planet Earth) is the power collected at the top of the atmosphere by a unit area perpendicular to the light path.
		The term "solar constant" is a misnomer because it is not a constant.
	www.amtsgym-sdbg.dk /as/solarconstant (2954 words)

	NGDC/WDC STP, Boulder-Total Solar Irradiance Data via FTP from NGDC
		The "solar constant" is, in fact, not constant.
		The downward trend through the 1991-1997 period is similar in slope and amplitude to that observed by ACRIM I during the decling phase of solar cycle 21.
		The solar constant is the total amount of energy received from the sun per unit time per unit area exposed normally to the Sun's rays at the average Sun-Earth distance and outside of the Earth's atmosphere.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /stp/SOLAR/ftpsolarirradiance.html (1701 words)

	Changing Sun, Changing Climate
		By the early 1920s, he had concluded that the solar "constant" was misnamed: his observations showed large variations over periods of days, which he connected with sunspots passing across the face of the Sun.
		About all he seemed to have shown for certain was that the solar constant did not vary by more than one percent, and it remained an open question whether it varied anywhere near that level.
		He calculated that the solar cycles were currently acting opposite to the rise in carbon dioxide, so as to give the world an equable climate until about the year 2000.
	www.aip.org /history/climate/solar.htm (7237 words)

	- Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium: Solar Constant - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In the actual context about the "Global Climate change" of the Earth, it is well recognized that the knowledge of the short and long term behavior of the "Solar Constant" (solar irradiance at a distance from the Sun of 1 astronomical unit) is of paramount importance.
		It is known since only one decade that the solar constant changes with the solar cycle.
		The problem is to know how this behavior is linked to the peculiarities of the solar cycles inclusive eventual long term changes, drifts or variations due for instance on solar effects like diameter changes or else.
	estirm2.oma.be /solarconstant/solar.html (273 words)

	Global Warming — The solar constant isn't constant. The sun is a variable star.
		In his report, Solar Activity: A Dominant Factor in Climate Dynamics, Dr. Theodor Landscheidt discusses that the distance of the nucleus of the Sun from the center of the mass of the solar system varies in an eleven-year cycle.
		Depending on whether the nucleus of the Sun is closer or farther removed from the center of mass of the solar system, and depending on the Sun's position in its oscillation around that centre of mass, solar activity ranges from being virtually absent to being very pronounced.
		The solar dynamo theory developed by H. Babcock, the first still rudimental theory of sunspot activity, starts from the premise that the dynamics of the magnetic sunspot cycle is driven by the sun’s rotation.
	www.fathersforlife.org /REA/warming4.htm (1468 words)

	Solar Mass Loss, the Astronomical Unit, and the Scale of the Solar System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The gravitational effect of the solar wind is very small, and has negligible secular effect on the major axes, while that of the radiation would have to be treated through a relativistic discussion.
		The effect of varying solar mass can be extracted from their equations (15) and (16) with the linear term discarded, as that term represents the direct effect of a varying gravitational "constant" on the Earth-Moon attraction, which does not change with
		The stress-energy tensor of the solar radiation field is too different from such a nearly isotropic tensor for one to attempt such a treatment.
	home.comcast.net /~pdnoerd/SMassLoss.html (3128 words)

	Solar constant -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		More results on "Solar constant" when you join.
		The value of the constant is approximately 2 calories per...
		The basic method used for determining solar parallax is the determination of trigonometric parallax.In accordance with the law of gravitation, the relative distances of the planets from the Sun are known, and the distance of the Sun from the Earth can be taken as the unit of length.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9336854?tocId=9336854 (814 words)

	The Inconstant Sun
		An earlier centuries-long surge in solar activity (inferred from studies of tree rings) had the opposite effect: Vikings were able to settle the thawed-out coast of Greenland in the 980s, and even grow enough wheat there to export the surplus to Scandinavia.
		SOLCON, short for "Solar Constant radiometer," is a high-precision solar-intensity sensor that Joukoff and colleagues keep at the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium.
		Although the solar constant is high at the peak of the sunspot cycle, individual sunspots ironically cause dips in the Sun's brightness.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2003/17jan_solcon.htm (1535 words)

	Changes in ‘solar constant’ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Initially it was 70% of what it is now, and during the Carboniferous, about 300 million years ago, when the first dinosaurs appeared and tropical vegetation grew abundantly, it was about 2.5% less than today.
		During the evolution of the Earth climate conditions developed suitable for flora and fauna to flourish, and these conditions were sustained notwithstanding the increase in solar radiation.
		The 'solar constant' also varies on the shorter time scales, from days to years, on the order of 1-5 W m
	www-das.uwyo.edu /~geerts/cwx/notes/chap02/solar_constant.html (245 words)

	A Tale of Two Mysteries on shuttle Discovery
		The Solar Maximum Mission found that solar radiance increased by 0.1% at the maximum of the sunspot cycle.
		Scientists are predicting that the next solar maximum will occur in the year 2000.
		SPARTAN Scientist Dr. Richard Fisher noted that investigators were pleased to have the satellite in orbit near a solar maximum cycle and that its instruments had captured sought-after data on a solar mass ejection event.
	science.nasa.gov /newhome/headlines/ast05nov98_1.htm (1346 words)

	NGDC/STP - Solar Irradiance Data Archived at NGDC
		Total solar irradiance describes the radiant energy emitted by the sun over all wavelengths that falls each second on 1 square meter outside the earth's atmosphere--a quantity proportional to the "solar constant" observed earlier in this century.
		It measures the solar energy flux in Watts/square meter.
		The data contains six sets of satellite observations: values from NIMBUS-7, from the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) spacecraft, from the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS), from the NOAA-9 and 10 platforms, and from the Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS).
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /stp/SOLAR/IRRADIANCE/irrad.html (175 words)

	Earth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		If the solar constant were to decrease significantly, then much of the life on Earth would perish.
		Mars presently receives about 0.4 times as much sunlight per unit area than the Earth does, so if the solar constant at the Earth dropped to less than 0.4 times its present value, we'd probably be in trouble.
		Some people think that the Earth will become uninhabitable (because of an increasing solar constant and other reasons as well) in about two thousand million years.
	www.sunspot.noao.edu /sunspot/pr/answerbook/earth.html (489 words)

	solar constant on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Outlook keeps getting brighter for green energy; The cost of harnessing solar power used to be prohibitive.
		Componentes cíclicos en lo largo del ciclo solar.(TT: Cyclic components in the length of solar cycle.)
		Investment Alliance Signed to Take Solar Tower Development to China.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/s1/solarcon.asp (289 words)

	- Chapter 13
		If the solar constant is really dropping like that, things out here will be pretty bad, too.
		After all, if the solar constant dropped a very little, it might mean a terrific drop in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum—and that's what makes ions of oxygen and nitrogen and hydrogen and such.
		It was an idea that really ought to change the facts resulting naturally from a lowered solar constant in a Sol-type star.
	www.baen.com /library/0743471628/0743471628__13.htm (11621 words)

	SVS Animation 2644 - The Solar 'Constant' - Faculae vs. Sunspots
		Three views of the Sun showing different levels of solar activity.
		The color table has been altered to enhance the appearance of the faculae (white regions) which are hotter than sunspots (red-fl regions) and whose greater total area contribute to increasing the solar flux reaching the Earth.
		HAO is a division of the National Center for Atmospheric Research which is supported by the National Science Foundation.Special thanks to Vanessa George (University of Colorado/LASP) and Randy Meisner(Michigan State University)
	svs.gsfc.nasa.gov /vis/a000000/a002600/a002644/index.html (99 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) has been monitored with absolute radiometers since 1978 onboard five different satellites:
		The result is shown in the Figure below.
		Reference: Fröhlich, C. and Lean, J.: 1998, Total solar irradiance variations: The construction of a composite and its comparison with models, in F.
	www.pmodwrc.ch /solar_const/solar_const.html (174 words)

	The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: solar constant @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: solar constant @ HighBeam Research
		SOLAR CONSTANT [solar constant] the average amount of radiant energy received by the earth's atmosphere from the sun; its value is about 2 calories per min incident on each square centimeter of the upper atmosphere.
		Our archive contains millions of documents from thousands of sources and goes back over 23 years.
	highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1E1:solarcon&refid=ip_almanac_hf (141 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Energy Citations Database (ECD) Document #6512308 - Measurement of the solar constant
		Availability information may be found in the Availability, Publisher, Research Organization, Resource Relation and/or Author (affiliation information) fields and/or via the "Full-text Availability" link.
		640104 -- Astrophysics & Cosmology-- Solar Phenomena; ;SOLAR CONSTANT; VARIATIONS
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=6512308 (74 words)

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