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Topic: Solar and Heliospheric Observatory

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	SOHO
		The primary scientific aims of the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory mission (SOHO) are to investigate (1) the physical processes that form and heat the Sun's corona, maintain it and give rise to the expanding solar wind, and (2) the interior structure of the Sun.
		Imaging and collection of spectroscopic plasma diagnostics of the solar chromosphere, transition region and corona, as well as in-situ solar-wind measurements are used to study the corona and solar wind.
		Solar interior structure is investigated by helioseismological means and by the observation of variations in solar irradiance.
	www.solarviews.com /germ/soho.htm (278 words)

	Solar and Heliospheric Observatory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) is a spacecraft that was launched on 2 December 1995 to study the sun, and began normal operations in May 1996.
		Solar Ultraviolet Measurement of Emitted Radiation (SUMER) which measures plasma flows, temperature and density in the corona.
		Solar Wind ANisotropies (SWAN) which uses telescopes sensitive to a characteristic wavelength of hydrogen to measure the solar wind mass flux, map the density of the heliosphere, and observe the large-scale structure of the solar wind streams.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory (1213 words)

	CNN.com - Sun erupts in biggest storm in years - Oct. 29, 2003
		The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory satellite spies the third most powerful solar flare on record, the bright blip near the sun's middle, on October 28.
		The outburst was classified an X17.2 flare, the third largest on record, according to Paal Brekke, a project scientist with the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), a sun-watching satellite mission jointly run by NASA and the European Space Agency.
		Solar flares are associated with coronal mass ejections, or CMEs, eruptions from the sun that, if headed our way, can disrupt communications satellites and power grids.
	www.cnn.com /2003/TECH/space/10/28/solar.flare/index.html (512 words)

	Solar And Heliospheric Observatory (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		1) " Solar" -- In the context of Solar And Heliospheric Observatory
		3) " Heliospheric" -- In the context of Solar And Heliospheric Observatory
		4) " Observatory" -- In the context of Solar And Heliospheric Observatory
	www.beyondtheorange.com.cob-web.org:8888 /Help/4713-Solar-And-Heliospheric-Observatory.Html (183 words)

	ESA - Space Science - SOHO overview
		Its length along the sun-pointing axis is 4.3 metres, and the span of the extended solar panels is 9.5 metres.
		SUMER (Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation) from the Max-Planck-Institut für Aeronomie, Germany.
		A key objective of this SOHO Solar Cycle Mission is to better understand the cyclic activity of the Sun, from changes in its interior through its atmosphere and out into interplanetary space.
	www.esa.int /esaSC/120373_index_0_m.html (1301 words)

	Solar Flare Leaves Sun Quaking
		The white, feathery object in the center is the solar flare that caused the quake.
		A solar flare is an explosion in the atmosphere of the Sun, caused by the tearing and reconnection of strong magnetic fields.
		These shock waves are the solar quake, and can be seen as concentric rings spreading outward from beneath the flare, much like ripples spreading from a rock dropped into a pool of water.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/sohopr3.htm (965 words)

	eoPortal directory: SOHO (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory)
		Spectroscopic measurements of the solar corona out to 10 solar radii from the sun's center (detailed description of the extended solar corona that can be used to address a broad range of scientific questions regarding the nature of the solar corona and the generation of the solar wind.
		The Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) is being observed with active cavity radiometers (PMO6 and DIARAD) which are traceable to the SI scale of irradiance through direct comparison with cryogenic radiometers on the ground and in vacuum for the PMO6, and thorough characterization in the laboratory for the DIARAD.
		The solar physics specialists, however, succeed to reveal a rhythmic movement produced at the surface of the sun, generated by the reverberation of the sound waves within.
	directory.eoportal.org /pres_SOHOSolarandHeliosphericObservatory.html (6001 words)

	ScienceDaily: NASA Observatory Tracking Rare Solar Event
		SOHO Spacecraft Will Lead A Fleet Of Solar Observatories (May 31, 2006) -- New funding, to extend the mission of the European Space Agency's venerable solar watchdog SOHO, will ensure it plays a leading part in the fleet of solar spacecraft scheduled to be launched over the...
		Solar eclipse -- A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Earth and Sun and the Moon obscures Earth's view of the Sun totally or...
		Passive solar heating and passive cooling—approaches known as natural conditioning—provide comfort throughout the year by reducing, or eliminating, the need for fossil fuel.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2003/05/030505084808.htm (1707 words)

	APOD Search Results for "SOHO"
		The solar surface, graphically shown by the yellow quarter circle at the lower right, is blocked from view by a smooth occulting disk.
		Four images from two SOHO (Solar Orbiting Heliospheric Observatory) instruments have been nested to show the ultraviolet Sun at center and a large eruption of material from the right-hand solar limb.
		Solar tornadoes, however, can be larger than the entire Earth, and sustain wind gusts over 1000 times stronger than their Earth counterparts.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /cgi-bin/apod/apod_search?SOHO (10629 words)

	Solar Cinema -- dramatic movies of solar prominences
		SOHO monitors solar activity from a permanent vantage point 1.5 million kilometers ahead of the Earth in a halo orbit around the L1 Lagrangian point.
		On January 18, 2000, the space-based Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope captured these images of a huge eruptive prominence escaping the Sun.
		SOHO (the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory) is a mission of international cooperation between NASA and the European Space Agency.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2000/ast20jan_1.htm (744 words)

	EO Newsroom: New Images - Massive Solar Flare
		A massive solar flare erupted from the surface of the Sun at 9:51 UTC on October 28, 2003.
		In the center of the image is an occultation disc, which allows the sensor to focus on the scattering of light from the Sun’s surface off the free electrons in the Sun’s corona.
		Today’s solar flare appears as the bright green-white feature toward the bottom left of the solar disc.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16345 (575 words)

	Solar Dynamics Observatory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) is a NASA mission under the Living With a Star (LWS) program.
		Some consider SDO to be a follow-on mission to the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO).
		The Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI), led from Stanford University in Stanford, CA, studies solar variability and characterizes the Sun’s interior and the various components of magnetic activity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory (435 words)

	Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Launched in 1995, the ESA/NASA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) is the world's flagship solar physics space mission and, in its long period of operation, it has revolutionised our understanding of the Sun.
		Our unique view of the solar atmosphere has enabled the discovery of a number of phenomena, including solar tornadoes and the fact that the Sun's atmosphere is riddled with Earth-sized explosions known as blinkers.
		It has allowed solar scientists to explore the processes that govern the Sun's dynamic, violent, highly structured atmosphere and to understand what generates huge eruptions and explosions that occur within that solar atmospere.
	solar.bnsc.rl.ac.uk /ralsolphys/soho.html (358 words)

	NASA - Intrepid Solar Spacecraft Celebrates 10th Anniversary
		The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft celebrates its 10th anniversary December 2.
		- Monitoring the sun's energy output (the "total solar irradiance" or "solar constant") as well as variations in the sun's extreme ultraviolet radiation, both of which are important to understand the impact of solar variability on Earth's climate.
		The observatory was originally designed for a two-year mission, but its scientific insights proved so valuable that in 1997, it was granted an extension until 2003.
	www.nasa.gov /vision/universe/solarsystem/soho2005.html (644 words)

	Comet Champion of the Solar System
		SOHO's primary mission is to investigate the solar interior, the solar atmosphere, and the solar wind.
		The C2 instrument monitors the corona from 2.5 to 6 solar radii from the center of the visible Sun.
		If you're interested in joining the hunt for sungrazing comets, a good place to start is the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory's realtime images web page where coronagraph data are posted every 30 minutes, and sometimes even more frequently.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2000/ast28aug_2.htm (1524 words)

	Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)
		The solar explosion, called a flare, was accompanied by an ejection of hot, electrically charged gas directed toward the Earth.
		The new model uses recent observations from the European Space Agency/NASA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) and the NASA WIND spacecraft.
		Severe solar weather is often heralded by dramatic auroral displays (northern and southern lights), but space storms are occasionally harmful, potentially disrupting satellites, radio communications and power systems.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /gsfc/spacesci/solarexp/cme.htm (1000 words)

	Real-time and Near-real-time Solar Image Sites
		The Space Environment Center (SEC) provides real-time monitoring and forecasting of solar and geophysical events. An ongoing analysis of the sun is important in combining current data, climatological statistics, and relevant research results to formulate predictions of solar and geophysical activity.
		Mauna Loa Solar Observatory (MLSO) H-Alpha disk and limb composite images and Mark III K-Coronameter data from Mauna Loa Solar Observatory, Hawaii.
		Solar Data Analysis Center (SDAC) NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Current full disk magnetograms and Helium 10830 images from Kitt Peak, the current x-ray image from GOES 12 satellite, Ca II K spectroheliograms from NSO-Sac Peak, and HAO Mk.III coronagraph images.
	www.sec.noaa.gov /solar_sites.html (519 words)

	SOHO: Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
		SOHO's solar visible light and UV imagers and spectrographs (MDI, SUMER, CDS, EIT, LASCO and UVCS) are producing a wealth of data, the analysis of which has barely begun.
		In fact, the concept is now emerging that the 'slow' solar wind, which emanates from the Sun's equatorial regions, is nothing else but an almost uninterrupted series of small and large CMEs.
		Two formal SOHO workshops complement these: one on 'The Corona and Solar Wind near Minimum Activity' in June 1997 in Oslo, and one on helio- seismology in June 1998 in Boston.
	esapub.esrin.esa.it /sp/sp1211/soho2.htm (1120 words)

	SpaceWeather.com -- News and information about meteor showers, solar flares, auroras, and near-Earth asteroids (via ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A minor solar wind stream flowing from the indicated coronal hole could reach Earth on Nov. 3rd.
		NOAA Space Environment Center -- The official U.S. government bureau for real-time monitoring of solar and geophysical events, research in solar-terrestrial physics, and forecasting solar and geophysical disturbances.
		Current Solar Images --a gallery of up-to-date solar pictures from the National Solar Data Analysis Center at the Goddard Space Flight Center.
	www.spaceweather.com.cob-web.org:8888 (544 words)

	SDAC Home Page (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		SolarMonitor offers up-to-date information on solar activity, including images, flare locations, flare predictions, and links to the LMSAL "last events" page, which gives a graphic view of solar and heliospheric activity through soft X-ray, energetic proton, and solar wind data.
		Some people appear to think that the expected Solar Dynamics Observatory downlink rate of 1 Terabyte (Tbyte) = 1000 Gbyte a day is lot of data.
		Solar and heliospheric physics selections under the umbrella ROSES-2005 NASA Research Announcement
	umbra.nascom.nasa.gov.cob-web.org:8888 /sdac.html (698 words)

	Stanford SOLAR Center (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Launched ten years ago, SOHO (the SOlar and Heliospheric Observatory) still enjoys an uninterrupted view of the Sun.
		The ionosphere reacts strongly to the intense x-ray and ultraviolet radiation released by the Sun during a solar flare or solar storm.
		The Solar Center has a project to place ionospheric monitors in high schools and community colleges around the world.
	solar-center.stanford.edu.cob-web.org:8888 (303 words)

	SOHO: The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory -- Past FREE Homepage Resource
		SOHO: The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory features an uninterrupted view of the sun.
		Learn about some of the sun's most perplexing riddles: the origin of the solar wind, the sun's extensive outer atmosphere, and the stream of highly ionized gas that blows continuously outward throughout our solar system.
		From the center out, those layers are: the solar interior composed of the core, the radiative zone, the convective zone, the visible surface known as the photosphere, the chromosphere, and finally the outermost layer, the corona.
	www.ed.gov /free/past/2005/116.html (118 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS) to be flown aboard the ESA/NASA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) is designed to probe the solar atmosphere through the detection of spectral emission lines in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelength range 15 nm to 80 nm.
		Spatial and temporal resolutions of down to a few arcseconds and 1 second, respectively, allow such studies to be made within the fine-scale structure of the solar corona.
		The pre-launch calibration is achieved through the use of a hollow cathode discharge source which is used as a transfer standard to allow calibration of the CDS against the primary standard of the BESSY electron storage ring in Berlin.
	stacks.iop.org /0026-1394/32/647 (365 words)

	SOHO (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory) (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		SOHO was the second spacecraft (after ISEE-3, 18 years earlier) to be placed in a halo orbit –; in this case, an elliptical orbit around the first Lagrangian point (L1), 1.5 million km ahead of Earth.
		The data it collects will help astronomers understand how the solar corona is heated and how it expands into the solar wind, and will provide new insight on the Sun’s structure and interior dynamics from the core to the photosphere.
		The spacecraft was built by ESA, tracking and data acquisition are shared by NASA and ESA, and mission operations are conducted by NASA.
	www.daviddarling.info.cob-web.org:8888 /encyclopedia/S/SOHO.html (203 words)

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