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	Solar panel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A solar water heater uses the sun's energy to heat a fluid, which is used to transfer the heat to a heat storage vessel.
		Solar photovoltaic panels contain arrays of solar cells that convert light into electricity.
		Solar panels are constructed of these cells cut into appropriate shapes, protected from radiation and handling damage on the front surface by bonding on a cover glass, and cemented onto a substrate (either a rigid panel or a flexible blanket).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Solar_panel (2092 words)

	solar cell array
		The solar radiation "constant" varies due to atmospheric effects at times close to sunrise and sunset, and also changes over the course of a year, but is reasonably constant between the hours of 8:00 and 16:00 of any given day.
		The total energy which the solar array can produce over the course of an entire day is equal to the integral of the available power function over the course of a day.
		The horizontal solar array required by the hab to produce crew oxygen from water and function at 1700W 24 hours a day has a cross-sectional area equal to that of the proposed hab itself, 40% of which is dedicated to manufacture oxygen.
	members.aol.com /beanstalkr/elevatorclub/solarcellarray.html (1196 words)

	Solar panel -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Solar panels are devices consisting of (A cell that converts solar energy into electrical energy) solar cells that convert ((physics) electromagnetic radiation that can produce a visual sensation) light into (A physical phenomenon associated with stationary or moving electrons and protons) electricity.
		The solar cells are sometimes called (A cell that converts solar energy into electrical energy) photovoltaic cells, photovoltaic meaning literally "light-electricity".
		To date, solar power, other than for propulsion, has been practical for spacecraft operating no farther from the (A typical star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system) sun than the orbit of (The 4th planet from the sun) Mars.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/so/solar_panel.htm (1499 words)

	Solar array (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The solar array consists of 14 + 4 parallel connected solar panels with the sections of 196 x 196 mm in size made on the basis of silicon solar cells.
		Six single-side panels are mounted on the facets of the subsatellite at the distance of 10 mm from metallic surface, 12 panels are to be deployed in space.
		The maximum total power of the solar array at the nominal solar orientation is 36 W. The solar array was made by NPO "Kvant", Moscow, Russia.
	www.iki.rssi.ru /interball/solar.html (150 words)

	Photovoltaic Power Options for Mars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The flexible array is visible deployed on the ground behind the lander, while the regenerative fuel cell unit, with spherical pressure tanks for the hydrogen, oxygen, and water reactants, is visible in the foreground.
		The solar array specific mass of 0.9 kg/m2 is roughly the target mass of a high-efficiency solar array designed for GEO [5].
		The solar array area required for propellant processing is 1850 m2, equivalent to an array 43 meters square.
	powerweb.grc.nasa.gov /pvsee/publications/mars/marspower.html (3570 words)

	American Solar Challenge Car Tour - Solar Array (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The array is made up of many (often several hundred) photovoltaic solar cells that convert the sun's energy into electricity.
		The cell types and dimensions of the array are restricted by the Regulations, depending on the vehicle size and class.
		The power produced by the solar array varies depending on the weather, the sun's position in the sky, and the solar array itself.
	www.formulasun.org /education/se9_array.html (304 words)

	Help: SOLARC Spacecraft/solar array interaction code
		Once the potentials on the spacecraft and solar array have been determined, other calculations may be performed such as determining the plasma current and calculating the erosion on particular surfaces.
		This model is applicable to solar arrays in which the interconnect area (the area of exposed conductor) is 5% of the total solar array cell area.
		However, the energies of particles incident on solar array surfaces are close to threshold energies and, therefore, accurate modelling of the yields near threshold is essential.
	www.spenvis.oma.be /spenvis/help/background/charging/solarc/solarc.html (3073 words)

	Photovoltaic Solar Electric Systems How They Work
		Solar electricity can be used to run DC motors, or it may be stored in batteries for later use, or converted instantly into AC power and 'net metered' into the utility grid.
		In a utility intertied type solar electric system the DC power from the solar array is converted instantly into 120/240 volt AC power and fed directly into the utility power distribution system of the building.
		A charge controller is wired between the solar modules and the battery to monitor and control the current from the modules and shut the current off when the battery is fully charged.
	www.bigfrogmountain.com /research.htm (2002 words)

	Artemis Project: Space Solar Array Technology 1997
		Solar cell efficiencies are also tabulated in the journal Progress in Photovoltaics [5]; the reader should be cautioned that efficiencies listed are measured under terrestrial (Air Mass 1.5) solar illumination conditions, and efficiencies under space (AM0) conditions are lower.
		Inflatable technologies for solar array deployment have been reaching maturity [20], and deployment of a large-area inflatable structure was demonstrated from the space shuttle.
		Solar array technology made incremental improvements in 1997.
	www.asi.org /adb/02/08/space-solar-technology-1997.html (2101 words)

	Solar Array Durability Abstracts
		A solar array segment was recently removed from the Mir core module and returned for ground-based analysis.
		Exposure to atomic oxygen and intermittent tensioning of the solar array were conducted to verify the solar array's durability to low Earth orbital atomic oxygen and to the docking threat of plume loading both of which are anticipated over its expected mission life of fifteen years.
		Flash testing to verify electrical performance of the solar array was performed with a solar simulator before and after the exposure to atomic oxygen and tensile loading.
	www.lerc.nasa.gov /WWW/epbranch/other/solarar.htm (1080 words)

	Solar Array inst. and memo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This procedure is to be used by the solar array team during the array building process.
		I created it assuming that the members of the solar array team are familiar with the basic concept of how the array will work and how it will be integrated into the rest of the car.
		The project director, being a former solar array captain, thought he would be a nice person and come in early to start the array by himself.
	www.public.iastate.edu /~jnoland/solar.html (1526 words)

	Natural Bridges National Monument - Solar Array (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The PV array is located on an acre of land across the road from the visitor center.
		Direct current electricity from the array is either stored in lead-acid batteries or passed to a 50 kilowatt inverter, that converts DC electricity into AC electricity.
		Since solar energy is not always available - at night or on cloudy days - a remote PV system such as the one at Natural Bridges must have a way to store electricity.
	www.nps.gov /nabr/pvsystem.htm (922 words)

	First ISS Solar Array Delivered
		The 108 by 38-foot solar array wing, the largest ever built for spaceflight, is the first of eight flight wings Missiles & Space is building to provide electricity to the ISS.
		The functional testing of the solar array flight hardware has involved several extension and retraction cycles of the 108-foot deployment mast and solar array blankets.
		The eight solar arrays will be launched on four shuttle flights, as assembly of the Space Station continues.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/solarcell-98k.html (540 words)

	Lightweight Inflatable Solar Array (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Current solar array designs for more than 100 watts may exceed mass and volume restrictions, both of which are critical.
		To meet the solar array requirements of these small satellites, it was clear a new and unique approach was required; one that would involve thin flexible structures and solar arrays.
		An array of them is flexible only in the sense that they can be attached to a flexible substrate that can be accordion-folded in such a way that the cells themselves are not creased.
	www.lgarde.com /people/papers/infsa.html (3652 words)

	Developing an Inflatable Solar Array (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In Phase 1, a proof of concept torus and array was constructed and deployed in the laboratory.
		To meet the solar array requirements of these smallsats, it was clear a new and unique approach was required; one that would involve thin flexible structures and thin flexible solar arrays.
		An array of them is flexible only in the sense that they can be attached to a flexible substrate that -can be accordion-folded in such a way that the cells themselves are not creased.
	www.lgarde.com /people/papers/developarray.html (3950 words)

	STS-97 Payload: PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY ASSEMBLY (PVAA):
		There are two solar array wings on the P6 module, each deployed in the opposite direction from each other.
		Each Solar Array Wing is the largest ever deployed in space, weighing over 2,400 pounds and using nearly 33,000 solar arrays, each measuring 8-cm square with 4,100 diodes.
		The motor used to rotate, deploy and retract the solar arrays is a three-phase, 200W DC stepper motor.
	www.shuttlepresskit.com /STS-97/payload81.htm (690 words)

	Solar Array Efficiency (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In an ideal environment, solar cells would convert all of the sunlight falling onto them into electricity.
		However, in Remote Area Power Supply (RAPS) systems and many other practical applications, it is not the efficiency of the cells that is important, but the efficiency of the array and the way that it is connected to the rest of the RAPS systems.
		Determine the theoretical energy output of the array, using the information supplied in this activity regarding the area of the array and the average yearly insolation value for plane of array and horizontal that you have just determined.
	wwwphys.murdoch.edu.au /WebRAPS/schoolraps/array.htm (449 words)

	Dark Forward Electrical Testing of Mir Solar Array
		The primary objective of testing was to assess the overall electrical performance of the flight array after handling and shipment from Russia to NASA Kennedy.
		The dark forward current-voltage response of the solar cell bypass diodes was measured by reversing the polarity of the power supply,.
		Solar cell dark forward and bypass diode forward current-voltage response for generator 7 of the Mir Cooperative Solar Array.
	www.lerc.nasa.gov /WWW/RT1996/6000/6920k.htm (551 words)

	Solar Panels and Solar Energy facts and info for Pool Heating, Cooking - Solar energy ,information
		A solar panel is a device that converts the free energy from the sun into more readily usable forms, either absorbing its heat to directly heat water or air or converting its light into electricity.
		Calculators with small solar cells on the front are commonplace and dual-powered electrical items such as radios and lanterns are increasingly more familiar sights for sale in our local appliance stores.
		“Solar panel” is also a slightly misleading phrase; panels are comprised of modules that are in turn made up of interconnected solar cells.
	www.siemenssolar.com (333 words)

	Solar Vehicle Anniversary
		In 1986 the vehicle was retired and taken apart, but the solar array is still producing electricity for an off-grid home.
		Drag from the top and bottom surface of the solar array did affect speed, but nothing could be done about it.
		It took the solar array three days to recharge the batteries, but batteries gave the vehicle "punch." It could "lay rubber" and go over 60 miles per hour (96 km/h).
	www.solarsolar.com /suncar.html (1656 words)

	Deep Space 1: Advanced Technologies: Solar Concentrator Arrays (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The innovative array uses 720 lenses to focus sunlight onto 3600 solar cells, each converting the light into electricity to power the ion propulsion system and the rest of the spacecraft.
		The array is one of three new technologies that had to work correctly immediately after launch in order for the mission to proceed; stored battery energy was sufficient only for a few hours.
		A substantial part of the validation of the array was the mechanical deployment and subsequent pointing.
	nmp.jpl.nasa.gov /ds1/tech/scarlet.html (187 words)

	Hubble Space Telescope Solar Array 3 Damper
		In 1998 and 1999, CSA designed, built, tested, and delivered solar array dampers for the two new solar array wings that were installed during Servicing Mission 3B.
		The solar array dampers are integral to the solar array masts, and are now suppressing the fundamental bending modes of the deployed wings at approximately 1.2 Hz (in-plane) and 1.5 Hz (out-of-plane).
		The unique damper design, a combination of titanium spring and viscoelastic damper, was developed using a system finite element model of the solar array wing with measured viscoelastic material properties.
	www.csaengineering.com /vibdamp/hubble.shtml (381 words)

	Solar Array Demonstrates Commercial Potential At NASA Dryden
		One of the fixed arrays contains standard less-efficient cells, and is being used as a baseline comparison for the newer fixed-cell array.
		According to SunPower, typical commercial-grade solar cells are in the range of 12 to15 percent efficient at converting sunlight to electricity, while the new cells are 20 percent efficient, or up to 50 percent better than the older technology.
		The demonstration is comparing the potential advantage of the tracking array over the fixed array, verifying the effectiveness of the dirt-repellant coating over the protective glass housing the solar cells, and the effect, if any, of dust and dirt on the arrays.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/solarcell-05a.html (865 words)

	SPACE.com -- Second Solar Array Coaxed Open At Station
		CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - A second massive solar wing was coaxed and finally jerked into place at the International Space Station late Monday, clearing the way for a spacewalk aimed at delivering abundant electricity to the power-starved outpost.
		In a deliberate stop-and-go operation that took two hours, Endeavour's astronauts inched the delicate array out in fits and starts, trying to avoid the type of whip-cracking wave that left an identical wing slack after a speedier deployment Sunday.
		Existing electrical supplies from Russian arrays are so sparse that one of the station's three pressurized work areas remains off limits to the station's first full-time crew, which took up residence at the complex in early November.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/missions/sts97_pm_001204.html (1119 words)

	NASA - Powering the Future NASA Glenn Contributions to the International Space Station (ISS) Electrical Power ...
		Known as the Mir Cooperative Solar Array (MCSA), it was delivered to Mir during the second Shuttle/Mir docking mission (STS-74) in November 1995.
		Data on array performance were recorded by the Russians and sent to NASA Glenn to be compared with computer-based predictions.
		When the arrays are producing power, the station structure will also tend to float to a voltage close to the array voltage.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/glenn/about/fs06grc.html (2066 words)

	SetSail.com - the serious cruising sailor's website
		Half of this array would keep up with the fridge/freezer if we were ashore for some length of time and not opening the fridge/freezer doors.
		When we built Beowulf we thought hard about a solar array, but in the end did nothing, as we felt our loads were going to be a lot higher and we did not want the weight or windage of the array back aft.
		Between solar and wind, we prefer solar when there is space, as noise is eliminated and there is very little maintenance.
	www.setsail.com /dashew/ac_systems.html (3117 words)

	GreenBiz News \| Lowe's Installs Largest Retail Outlet Solar Array
		The 370-kilowatt solar system, which leverages an existing asset -- the roof of the building-- generates enough electricity during the daytime to power more than 370 homes.
		Lowe’s new solar electric system spares the environment from thousands of tons of emissions, such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide, which are major contributors to smog, acid rain and global warming.
		It is estimated that over the 30-year lifetime of Lowe's solar electric system, the solar generated electricity will reduce emissions of carbon dioxide by nearly 3000 tons.
	www.greenbiz.com /news/news_third.cfm?NewsID=25776 (616 words)

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