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Topic: Solar cycle

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	Solar Cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		During the cycle the zone of appearance of the solar spots move toward the equator and reach latitudes of 80 from the equator in the minimum.
		This cycle is called Cycle of the Hayl and it is the result of migration of magnetic flow from latitudes 400 to the poles.
		The existence of the solar cycle is explained by the theory of the solar dynamo.
	www.astro.bas.bg /~pi/astro/sun/solcycle.html (304 words)

	Learn More about the Solar Maximum
		Whether fluctuations in the solar magnetic field, expulsions of plasma called coronal mass ejections, emissions of high-energy flares, or changes in the sunspot number, variations in solar activity can be dramatic and therefore highly interesting.
		To track the solar cycle, scientists plot the average of Wolf numbers (values from a method of counting sunspots devised by Johann Rudolf Wolf in 1848) from various observatories daily to get a sunspot number graph.
		Solar maximum, the peak of solar activity, occurs, according to the latest predictions, in the year 2000.
	www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov /istp/outreach/solarmax/learnmain.html (767 words)

	[No title]
		The solar corona material is massive in size (they can occupy up to a quarter of the solar limb), and frequently accompanied by the remnants of an eruptive prominence, and less often by a strong solar flare.
		Note also that data from Ulysses during solar minimum have shown that the solar wind from the Sun's poles has a higher speed than the speed in the ecliptic, so then the heliopause should be further from the Sun in the polar direction.
		The earlier spots in the solar cycle appear at higher latitudes and the later spots in the solar cycle emerge nearer to the equator.
	solar-center.stanford.edu /gloss.html (2724 words)

	XR2 Solar Cycle
		Solar Cycle team at Prince Alfred College in South Australia built a hybrid XR2 for competition.
		Solar cycles are raced in various parts of the world, including Australia, Japan, USA, South Africa, and Malaysia.
		Solar cycles are hybrid vehicles powered by a combination of human power and power from solar cells.
	www.rqriley.com /xr2_solar.htm (223 words)

	Solar cycle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For 28-year cycle of Julian calendar, see Solar cycle (calendar).
		The Schwabe solar cycle is the eleven-year cycle of solar activity of the sun.
		The Babcock Model explains the 11 and 22 year cycles as being due to a shedding of entangled magnetic fields.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Solar_cycle (190 words)

	Summary of Panel Findings
		The general trend in recent solar activity cycles (Figure 1) is toward larger amplitude sunspot cycles; Cycle 19 was the largest in recorded history (smoothed sunspot number maximum of 201 in March, 1958), and Cycle 22 was the third largest (smoothed maximum of 159 in July, 1989).
		While all cycles have multiple-maxima, even-numbered cycles tend to have a broad maximum late in the declining phase of the solar activity cycle attributed to a favorable orientation of the solar dipole (positive polarity in the northern solar hemisphere) which is oppositely directed to Earth's dipole field.
		Criticisms of long-term solar cycle prediction focus on the thin physical foundation beneath such predictions and the limitations of the data used to define and extend solar and geophysical variability.
	www.sec.noaa.gov /info/Cycle23.html (2548 words)

	Sunspot Cycle Predictions
		Relationships have been found between the size of the next cycle maximum and the length of the previous cycle, the level of activity at sunspot minimum, and the size of the previous cycle.
		Another indicator of the level of solar activity is the flux of radio emission from the Sun at a wavelength of 10.7 cm (2.8 GHz frequency).
		It is an important indicator of solar activity because it tends to follow the changes in the solar ultraviolet that influence the Earth's upper atmosphere and ionosphere.
	science.nasa.gov /ssl/pad/solar/predict.htm (885 words)

	Dr. SOHO's FAQ: Sunspots and the Solar Cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Those latitudes change with the sunspot cycle: The first spots in a solar cycle (what we are seeing now, in early 1997) appear around 30 degrees North or South of the equator.
		In fact, the present solar cycle (Cycle 23, which started late in 1996) is expected to be of similar strength to the last couple of cycles.
		The solar cycle is believed to be driven by a magnetic dynamo process in the interior of the Sun.
	sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov /explore/faq/sunspots.html (3051 words)

	Solar cycle [Oulu] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The main periodicity in the Sun's activity is the 11-year cycle called the solar cycle.
		The last full solar cycle (1986.8-1996.4) is labelled to be #22; the "first" one was the 1755-1766 cycle.
		At the beginning of a cycle the solar magnetic field resembles a dipole which axis is aligned with Sun's rotation axis.
	www.oulu.fi /~spaceweb/textbook/cycle.html (463 words)

	solar cycle (calendrical) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		When used in talking about calendars and not sunspots, the solar cycle is the number of years that must pass before all the days in a year will again fall on the same days of the week.
		For the sake of simplicity, we will discuss the solar cycle for the Julian calendar, which has exactly 365 days in most years and a 366-day leap year every fourth year.
		The solar cycle for other calendars can be found similiarly, by computing the product of the lengths of their cycles, removing common factors.
	www.sizes.com /time/solar_cycle.htm (436 words)

	NASA - Solar Cycle Update
		Solar minimum and solar maximum--"Solar Min" and "Solar Max" for short--are two extremes of the sun's 11-year activity cycle.
		At maximum, the sun is peppered with spots, solar flares erupt, and the sun hurls billion-ton clouds of electrified gas toward Earth.
		Solar flares and radiation storms can damage silicon brains and electronic guts almost as badly as their organic counterparts.
	www.nasa.gov /vision/universe/solarsystem/18oct_solarminimum.html (717 words)

	Sun Spot Cycles, or Solar Cycles, Affect Earth’s Weather (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The number of sun spots observed indicates the amount of activity and the length of the solar cycle under observation.
		Regular observation of solar activity has shown that sun spots are concentrated in two bands around the Sun.
		Solar cycles of activity and inactivity, characterised by more or less sun spots, flares and other signs, are important to us on Earth and regular reports on scientific findings of observations of sun spot cycles are published on the internet.
	www.sunspotcycle.com (407 words)

	What is the solar cycle?
		Near the minimum of the solar cycle, it is rare to see sunspots on the Sun, and the spots that do appear are very small and short-lived.
		During this "solar maximum", there will be sunspots visible on the Sun almost all the time (often there are more than 100 spots visible at a time!), and some of those spots will be very large (up to 50,000 km in diameter) and last several weeks.
		As the solar cycle progresses, newer sunspots appear closer and closer to the equator.
	starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/StarChild/questions/question17.html (604 words)

	Solar Cycle maximum, sun spots, coronal mass ejection, CME, solar flares
		The Sun is also the source of the solar wind; a flow of gases from the Sun that streams past the Earth at speeds of more than 500 km per second (a million miles per hour).
		Over the 11 year cycle of solar activity, the number of sunspots seen on the Sun increases from nearly zero (the solar minimum) to over 100 at the time of the solar maximum - then decreases to near zero again as the next cycle starts.
		The sun now is on the upswing of its 23rd activity cycle, a numbering scheme that dates from the mid-19th century.
	www.revelations.org.za /Solar.htm (631 words)

	Solar Cycle Update (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The sunspot cycle appears to be on schedule for a peak in mid-2000, but this year's Solar Max may be slightly smaller than peaks registered in 1978 and 1989.
		Solar activity is indeed on the rise, says Dr. David Hathaway, a solar physicist at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, but there may be nothing to worry about.
		In the course of a solar maximum, Hathaway says the "frequency of solar eruptions is dramatically increased." During a solar minimum, a week or more will pass without any solar eruptions.
	spacescience.com /headlines/y2000/ast22mar_1m.htm (1030 words)

	A graphical comparison of solar cycles 21, 22 and 23 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Solar cycle 23 was originally predicted to reach the same magnitude as cycle 21 with the monthly smoothed sunspot number reaching 160.
		Cycle 22 is not a good comparison due to the unusually short time it took to reach its maximum.
		One advantage of using this statistical (numerical) approach is that the start month of a solar cycle is the same as the month of the solar minimum.
	www.dxlc.com /solar/cyclcomp.html (238 words)

	A Canonical Poem to the Nine Muses (Lunar Calendar, Manifesting Cycle: The Nine Angelic Orders and the Solar Angels)
		The Serpent is the 32nd of the Solar Calendar's 144 duodeciles, and marks the end of the second ninth of the Wheel: that ninth belonging to the Seraphim and to Melpomene.
		The Unicorn is the 33rd of the 144 Solar duodeciles, initiating the third ninth of the Wheel: that ninth governed by Polymnia and the Cherubim in the Calendar of Manifestation.
		Jupiter is the 65th of the 144 Solar duodeciles, and marks the beginning of the fifth ninth of the Solar Year: that ninth of the Wheel belonging to the Principalities and to Calliope in the Lunar Calendar of Manifestation.
	www.artesmagicae.com /musespoem.htm (3565 words)

	Sacramento Peak: Sunspots and the Solar Cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Near the minimum of the solar cycle it is rare to see spots on the Sun, and the spots that do pop up are very small (they are pores, less than 1500 miles or 2500 km in diameter) and last perhaps a day.
		The differential rotation of the Sun (the variation of rotation period with latitude) is thought to be the cause of the solar cycle, the variation in the activity level of the Sun as measured, for instance, by the number of sunspots.
		When the Sun is very active (near the maximum of the solar cycle) then its magnetic field makes it harder for cosmic rays to reach the Earth, leading to a lower measured cosmic ray flux on Earth, and lower levels of C-14 in the atmosphere.
	www.sunspot.noao.edu /PR/answerbook/sunspots.html (4994 words)

	Solar Cycle
		The 11 year sunspot cycle is related to a 22 year cycle for the reversal of the Sun's magnetic field.
		Although the number of sunspots is the most easily observed feature, essentially all aspects of the Sun and solar activity are influenced by the solar cycle.
		Because solar activity (such as coronal mass ejections) is more frequent at solar maximum and less frequent at solar minimum, geomagnetic activity also follows the solar cycle.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /cgi-bin/tour_def/sun/activity/solar_cycle.html (393 words)

	ESA - Science - Science News Release
		During the solar cycle, the X-ray emission from the Sun varies by a large amount (about a factor of 100) and is strongest when the cycle is at its peak and the surface of the Sun is covered by the largest number of spots.
		For instance, a temporary disappearance of the solar cycle in the 18th century corresponded with an exceptionally cold period on Earth.
		SOHO is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA to study the Sun, from its deep core to the outer corona, and the solar wind.
	www.esa.int /esaSC/Pr_8_2004_s_en.html (1149 words)

	solar cycle challenge adelaide sustainable power race pedal prix (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The World Solar Cycle Challenge is a biennial event and is recognised as the world's leading solar assisted human powered vehicle event.
		Solar cycles are either two or three wheeled with three categories defined by the number of wheels, standard or experimental models, and can be further divided by battery and solar cell type.
		Solar cycle crews consist of at least two and not more than six riders, with no competitor able to ride for more than a two hour period.
	www.bikesa.asn.au /Events/wscc.htm (410 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Though the actual difference between solar maximum and minimum output is relatively small (only two-tenths of one percent of the total solar output), the temperature change is thought to be magnified in the earth's atmosphere through the effect the changes have on clouds.
		The evidence is mounting for the solar cycles/global temperature connection.
		The solid, rose line shows the solar cycle length (years) and the red dots the mean temperature (°C) at Armagh Observatory.
	www.intellicast.com /DrDewpoint/Library/1186 (1609 words)

	SOLAR POWERED ELECTRIC CYCLES AND CYCLING, SOLAR AND BATTERY ASSISTED ELECTRIC CYCLES
		Calling in to The Courier office in Perth, he admitted that solar power was not always tremendously useful in Scotland and as he travelled further north, he found himself increasingly reliant on leg-power.
		“During the cycle I stop to do little presentations in the towns and cities with a laptop that is also powered by solar energy,” he said.
		Karlis appreciates that he has a hard task ahead as his cycle continues but is relishing the challenge—and particularly enjoyed visits to Perth and Forfar.
	www.solarnavigator.net /solar_cycle.htm (338 words)

	Solar Cycle Update
		Even during the lowest ebb of solar activity, you can usually find one or two spots on the sun.
		Solar minimum and solar maximum - "Solar Min" and "Solar Max" for short -are two extremes of the sun's 11-year activity cycle.
		The most recent solar maximum was in late 2000.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/solarscience-04zd.html (634 words)

	Solar Observing by Peter Meadows (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The duration of a solar cycle can be as short as 7 years or so long as 17 years.
		The Sun was then at sunspot minimum when the previous solar cycle finished and the current solar cycle started.
		Activity reduced again and it was reasonably stable during the remainder of 2000 and for the early part of 2001.
	www.meadows3.demon.co.uk (428 words)

	Julian Day Numbers
		For example, a solar eclipse was seen at Nineveh on June 15, 763 B.C. (Julian Calendar), according to the Assyrian chronicles in the British Museum, and a lunar eclipse occurred there on the night of April 14-15, 425 B.C. (Julian Calendar).
		The solar cycle is the period after which week days and calendar dates repeat in the Julian calendar.
		Scaliger knew that the year of Christ's birth (as determined by Dionysius Exiguus) was characterized by the number 9 of the solar cycle, by Golden Number 1, and by number 3 of the indiction cycle, or (9,1,3).
	www.hermetic.ch /cal_stud/jdn.htm (2907 words)

	The Sunspot Cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This period of solar inactivity also corresponds to a climatic period called the "Little Ice Age" when rivers that are normally ice-free froze and snow fields remained year-round at lower altitudes.
		The connection between solar activity and terrestrial climate is an area of on-going research.
		Our current predictions of solar activity for the next few years can be found at this link.
	science.nasa.gov /ssl/pad/solar/sunspots.htm (702 words)

	Top Climate Events Linked to Solar Motion Cycle
		Figure 24 in my paper "Solar Activity: A Dominant Factor of Climate Dynamics" shows however, that all maxima and minima in the global monthly-mean atmospheric temperature anomalies observed after 1958 can be explained by a solar cycle.
		The IPPC that continues to consider solar activity a minor factor in climate change is not in a position to present similar results produced by general circulation models or otherwise.
		Cycle 20 with the highest monthly sunspot number R = 106 was much weaker than cycle 21 (R = 165) and cycle 22 (R=158), but it produced nearly as much flares as cycle 21 and considerably more than cycle 22.
	www.john-daly.com /topevnts.htm (6644 words)

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