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Topic: Solar maximum

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	Solar maximum -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Solar maximum or solar max is the period of greatest solar activity in the (additional info and facts about solar cycle) solar cycle of the (A typical star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system) sun.
		During solar maximum, (A cooler darker spot appearing periodically on the sun's photosphere; associated with a strong magnetic field) sunspots appear.
		Solar maximum is contrasted with (additional info and facts about solar minimum) solar minimum.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/so/solar_maximum.htm (116 words)

	Solar minimum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Solar minimum is the period of least solar activity in the solar cycle of the sun.
		During this time sunspot and solar flare activity diminishes, and often does not occur for days at a time.
		Solar minimum is contrasted with the solar maximum, where there may be hundreds of sunspots.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Solar_minimum (112 words)

	Learn More about the Solar Maximum
		Whether fluctuations in the solar magnetic field, expulsions of plasma called coronal mass ejections, emissions of high-energy flares, or changes in the sunspot number, variations in solar activity can be dramatic and therefore highly interesting.
		To track the solar cycle, scientists plot the average of Wolf numbers (values from a method of counting sunspots devised by Johann Rudolf Wolf in 1848) from various observatories daily to get a sunspot number graph.
		Solar maximum, the peak of solar activity, occurs, according to the latest predictions, in the year 2000.
	www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov /istp/outreach/solarmax/learnmain.html (767 words)

	[No title]
		The solar corona material is massive in size (they can occupy up to a quarter of the solar limb), and frequently accompanied by the remnants of an eruptive prominence, and less often by a strong solar flare.
		Note also that data from Ulysses during solar minimum have shown that the solar wind from the Sun's poles has a higher speed than the speed in the ecliptic, so then the heliopause should be further from the Sun in the polar direction.
		The earlier spots in the solar cycle appear at higher latitudes and the later spots in the solar cycle emerge nearer to the equator.
	solar-center.stanford.edu /gloss.html (2724 words)

	Solar Max 2000.com : What is Solar Max?
		The part of the cycle with low sunspot activity is referred to as "solar minimum," the portion with high activity is known as "solar maximum." The year 2000, it is believed, will be the solar maximum for the current solar cycle.
		Radio operators are familiar with solar maximum and have to deal with an increase in static on the airwaves.
		It has yet to be seen whether the upcoming solar maximum will affect us here on earth (or in earth's orbit) in the way some of the past maximums have.
	www.exploratorium.edu /solarmax/whatis.html (881 words)

	Solar Maximum Repair (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Canadarm's capture of the ailing Solar Maximum Mission satellite proved not only that it could be called upon in an emergency but also that it could come through when everything else had failed.
		The idea was that Nelson, hanging on to the TPAD which in turn was clamped to Solar Max, could slow the satellite's rotation by firing small thrusters on his backpack.
		To make matters worse, Solar Max was now tumbling faster than ever and the prospects for grabbing it with the arm were looking bleak unless the rotation rates could be slowed.
	www.spacenet.on.ca /stories/robotics/solarmax (1079 words)

	Sun's Fury Returns, Marking Double Peak in Cycle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Says David Hathaway, a solar physicist at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center: "The current solar cycle appears to be double-peaked," and the second peak has arrived.
		The subsequent dip toward solar minimum seemed premature to Hathaway, and indeed it was.
		Hathaway notes a widespread misconception that solar activity varies every 11 years "like a pure sinusoid." In fact, he says, solar activity is chaotic; there is more than one period.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/astronomy/solar_max_020123.htm (841 words)

	Solar Maximum is here (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Every 11 years the sun undergoes a period of activity called the "solar maximum", followed by a period of quiet called the "solar minimum".
		During the solar maximum there are many sunspots, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections, all of which can affect communications and weather here on Earth.
		During the previous solar polar passes, scientists had expected to find that the cosmic rays would be funneled toward the poles by the Sun's magnetic field.
	www.solcomhouse.com /solarmax.htm (2224 words)

	The Solar Maximum Mission
		The Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) was launched on 14 February 1980 to, primarily, study the Sun during the high part of the solar cycle.
		The primary objective of HXRBS was to study hard X-ray spectra of solar flares on time scales as short as 10 ms.
		The crystal was surrounded on all sides (except for the solar direction) by a CsI (Na) shield of thickness 3.2 cm.
	heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/heasarc/missions/solarmax.html (526 words)

	Sun Spotting
		The last solar maximum occurred in 1989 and caused millions of people in Canada to lose their power.
		The solar flare forecasters at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) are in constant contact with NASA during the solar maximum so that if a very large flare erupts, NASA can reschedule an astronaut's space walk.
		The solar maximum presents scientists with an unparalleled opportunity to study the science of the sun.
	www.acfnewsource.org /science/sun_spotting.html (712 words)

	Sunspot Cycle Predictions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The maximum in this signal occurs at sunspot minimum and is proportional to the sunspot number during the following maximum.
		Another indicator of the level of solar activity is the flux of radio emission from the Sun at a wavelength of 10.7 cm (2.8 GHz frequency).
		It is an important indicator of solar activity because it tends to follow the changes in the solar ultraviolet that influence the Earth's upper atmosphere and ionosphere.
	science.nasa.gov /ssl/pad/solar/predict.htm (885 words)

	Summary of Panel Findings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The general trend in recent solar activity cycles (Figure 1) is toward larger amplitude sunspot cycles; Cycle 19 was the largest in recorded history (smoothed sunspot number maximum of 201 in March, 1958), and Cycle 22 was the third largest (smoothed maximum of 159 in July, 1989).
		In advance of the panel meeting, forecasts of solar and geomagnetic activity were requested from the scientific community through the electronic newsletters of the appropriate sections of the American Geophysical Union and the American Astronomical Society; replies were considered by the panel along with forecasts published in the open literature.
		While all cycles have multiple-maxima, even-numbered cycles tend to have a broad maximum late in the declining phase of the solar activity cycle attributed to a favorable orientation of the solar dipole (positive polarity in the northern solar hemisphere) which is oppositely directed to Earth's dipole field.
	www.sel.noaa.gov /info/Cycle23.html (2548 words)

	CNN - Forget Y2K: Prepare for the solar maximum - September 1, 1999
		But the event portends the upcoming "solar maximum" -- a fickle wave of even more energetic solar flares and ejections that could disrupt radio communications for pilots, blow out transformers and power grids and deliver lethal radiation doses to humans in space.
		Solar maximums, about as predictable as a child's moods, occur about every 11 years.
		The upcoming maximum could bring about far more damage and disruption at least in space because there simply is more stuff there to harm due to the recent boom in the commercial satellite industry.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/space/9909/01/solar.flares (940 words)

	Sun Spot Cycles, or Solar Cycles, Affect Earth’s Weather
		The number of sun spots observed indicates the amount of activity and the length of the solar cycle under observation.
		Regular observation of solar activity has shown that sun spots are concentrated in two bands around the Sun.
		Solar cycles of activity and inactivity, characterised by more or less sun spots, flares and other signs, are important to us on Earth and regular reports on scientific findings of observations of sun spot cycles are published on the internet.
	www.sunspotcycle.com (465 words)

	Solar Storms
		The maximum usually coincides with an increase in two other kinds of extremely bad "space weather." In one, powerful solar flares hurl protons and electrons almost to the speed of light.
		When the solar wind hits the Earth's magnetic field, electrons and protons inside the field are accelerated into currents that flow along the gossamer-thin magnetic field lines and converge on the polar regions.
		Since the last solar maximum in 1990, hundreds of millions of people have come to depend on flawless, reliable work by an armada of satellites worth tens of billions of dollars.
	solar.physics.montana.edu /press/WashPost/Horizon/196l-031099-idx.html (2652 words)

	No Escaping Charged Particles During Solar Maximum
		Solar flares -- sudden local brightenings on the sun's surface -- usually produce X-rays and radio emissions as well as charged particles and gas eruptions.
		Scientists had expected to find that the sun's magnetic field lines, which are stretched out into space by the solar wind, would keep charged particles originating in solar flares near the equator confined to a fairly narrow band near their origination point.
		It thus appears that even at polar latitudes, where only Ulysses has gone before, spacecraft can be exposed to almost the same solar energetic particle environment as spacecraft on the plane of the ecliptic, where the Earth and the planets follow their orbits around the sun.
	unisci.com /stories/20013/0807011.htm (710 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Readiness for the Upcoming Solar Maximum (1998)
		Readiness for the Upcoming Solar Maximum analysis and interpretation funds under the heavily oversubscribed NASA Research and Analysis program.2 In addition to the existing program, six new NASA-sponsored Sun-Earth Connection missions are to be launched before the solar maximum to fill in additional pieces of the Sun-Earth Connection puzzle.
		Assessment of NSF Activities for Solar Maximum NSF's capability to exploit scientific targets of opportunity quickly was illustrated recently in the agency's rapid response to the plunge of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 into Jupiter's atmosphere.
		Readiness for the Upcoming Solar Maximum Consider an accelerated research initiative in solar physics to take advantage of the large data sets expected from the Yohkoh and SOHO experiments during the solar maximum, so that knowledge gained can be rapidly put to use.
	www.nap.edu /books/NI000802/html/25.html (6746 words)

	Coming Soon: Solar Max
		Activity on the Sun (like sunspots, flares, and solar storms) follows an eleven-year "sunspot cycle" or "solar cycle" from minimum to maximum.
		Solar maximum -- which falls during the year 2000 -- means that the Sun will produce more "space weather" (explosions that happen at the Sun and can cause magnetic storms and aurora on Earth) than usual.
		This means an exciting time for scientists, but it can also affect everyone: magnetic storms can knock out power and communications or disturb satellites.
	www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov /istp/outreach/solarmax (204 words)

	Solar Max
		The Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) was designed to provide coordinated observations of solar activity, in particular solar flares, during a period of maximum solar activity.
		Between the instrument module and the MMS was the transition adaptor, supporting two fixed solar paddles that supplied between 1500 and 3000 W of power.
		Quick and coordinated responses to solar flares were considered essential for meeting the scientific objectives of the mission.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/solmax.htm (316 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Solar wind discoveries at solar maximum
		The newest observations from the Ulysses spacecraft suggest the heliospheric chaos of solar maximum occupies a unique and rather short-lived portion of the solar cycle; the majority of the cycle is dominated by large polar coronal holes and a relatively simple solar wind structure, according to Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) space scientists.
		During most of the solar cycle, the solar wind at high latitudes is almost uniformly fast, while lower latitudes emit a wind of varying speeds.
		The sun's polar coronal holes shrink and ultimately disappear around solar maximum because the magnetic field is unevenly spread around the surface of the sun.
	spaceflightnow.com /news/n0110/16solarwind (1130 words)

	Pictures of Solar Maximum
		Solar maximum is the two-to-three year period around that peak when the Sun's activity is most complex and turbulent, and the space around Earth is most disturbed.
		Notice the dramatic changes in the Sun's atmosphere from solar minimum in 1996 (left image) to solar maximum in 2000 (right image).
		This sequence was captured by the Polar satellite at the height of the storm.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /gsfc/spacesci/sunearth/solarmaxpics.htm (728 words)

	SPACE.com -- Solar Max is Over, Future Getting Brighter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This solar cycle, as it is called, is measured by the number of sunspots, tangles of magnetic energy that reflect the overall activity near the surface of the Sun.
		During the peak in activity, called the solar maximum or solar max, the Sun also releases energy through coronal holes, open magnetic fields that cause sharp increases in the amount of charged particles riding outward on the ever-present solar wind.
		During solar maximum, extra doses of the most extreme wavelengths of ultraviolet light heat Earth's upper atmosphere, a region called the thermosphere, which starts at about 60 miles up (100 kilometers).
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/solarsystem/sun_weather_010828-1.html (1131 words)

	Solar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A solar flare occurs when magnetic energy that has built up in the solar atmosphere is suddenly released.
		When the solar cycle is at a minimum, active regions are small and rare and few solar flares are detected.
		The outer solar atmosphere, the corona, is structured by strong magnetic fields.
	www.solcomhouse.com /solar.html (2895 words)

	Watching the Angry Sun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Solar physicists are enjoying their best-ever look at a Solar Maximum thanks to NOAA and NASA satellites.
		December 22, 2000 --As the Sun's stormy season approaches its zenith, solar scientists have the best seat in the house, using the largest coordinated fleet of spacecraft and ground observatories ever assembled to observe these angry outbursts of solar radiation and predict the impact of turbulent space weather.
		Solar maximum is the two-to-three year period around that peak when the Sun's activity is most tempestuous and the Earth is buffeted with powerful solar gusts.
	spacescience.com /headlines/y2000/ast22dec_1.htm (806 words)

	Solar Cinema -- dramatic movies of solar prominences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		With solar maximum just around the corner, the Sun is putting on a show that rivals the most sizzling Hollywood thrillers.
		SOHO monitors solar activity from a permanent vantage point 1.5 million kilometers ahead of the Earth in a halo orbit around the L1 Lagrangian point.
		SOHO (the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory) is a mission of international cooperation between NASA and the European Space Agency.
	sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov /whatsnew/solarcinema/ast20jan_1.htm (750 words)

	Solar Max 2000!
		The ongoing solar maximum may itself be a double -- and the second peak has arrived.
		Some time during the year 2000, the sun reached "Solar Maximum", the peak intensity of its 11 year cycle.
		Sunspots typically inhabit the surface of the sun and they seem to grow in number as we approach solar maximum.
	spacekids.hq.nasa.gov /osskids/solarmax2000.html (408 words)

	Ulysses probes the solar maximum (September 2000) - News - PhysicsWeb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		"Solar activity has been increasing for the past three or four years, and now Ulysses has started observing much more disturbed conditions at increasing solar latitudes," explains Andre Balogh of Imperial College, a principal scientific investigator on the mission.
		Instead of coronal holes covering the polar regions, hot and active regions are generating a surprising amount of disturbance over the whole Sun now." Ulysses provides this unique perspective because it is the only spacecraft to have flown in an orbit outside the ecliptic, the plane in which the planets orbit the sun.
		It also showed that the boundary between the fast solar winds and the more irregular equatorial winds was unexpectedly distinct.
	physicsweb.org /article/news/04/9/8 (379 words)

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